Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
Nitra
Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied
2015
Bratislava Veda, vydavateľstvo SAV 2015 |
| Series: | Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae / Studia
tomus 24 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Literaturverzeichnis Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 172 Seiten Illlustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9788089315628 9788022414203 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804175702909517824 |
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| adam_text | Literatúra:
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SUMMARY
The publication presents the results of the investigation of part of the burial ground in Zdaha, Kosi-ce-okolie district with a specific design of burials and grave goods. The obtained information is the base for a more precise cultural and chronological classification of the monuments from the territory on the edge of the Vekerzug culture in the Hallstatt era framework. The author accepts the territorial-chronological division of the Vekerzug culture by J. Chochorowski (1985, 153) and classifies the monuments from Zdaha in the framework of the northeastern group of the Vekerzug culture.
The village of Zdaha is situated in the south of the Kosice Basin, under the southwestern Slanske Hills (Fig. 1-3; Tab. XL: 1, 2), near the rivers of Hornad and Olsava. The strategical importance of the territory is documented by the traces of settlement on various sites in various time periods (Fig. 4). The burial ground on the site of Doboky is situated east of the village residential area (Fig. 1-3).
55 cremation burials have been uncovered over the area of approx. 650 m2. Burial 19/06 comes from the Early Roman period (Mirossayova 2010a, 241, Fig. 6), other burials belong to the Hallstatt period. The upper level of the burials starts approx. 0.4-0.5 m deep, rarely 0.2 m under the current surface. Most burials are disturbed or even destroyed by intense farming.
In the investigated part of the burial ground in Zdaha, there are cremation burials; inhumation burials are not present. According to their main features, they can be divided into three basic groups.
Urn burials
There are 12 burials of this type (1/04, 3/06; 6/06, 9/06; 12/06; 13/06; 20/06; 23/06; 24/06; 39/08,43/08; 44/08). The urn placed on a flat stone (burials: 1/04; 3/06; 23/06; 24/06; 39/08) or directly on the bottom of the pit (burials: 12/06; 43/08) is tiled with stones. In burial 9/06, the urn was standing on a fragment of a quern stone (Tab. XXXVI: 5) with probably a symbolical function. Urns without stone tiling are rare (burial 20/06 - Tab. XVII).
Cremation remains were poured in urns or partly in urns and partly around them (burial 12/06). Handmade barel-shaped pots with plastic decoration (Fig. 11: 16-26) and vases with S-shaped profiles undecorated (Tab. XI: 19; XVII: 5) or with four protrusions on the maximum diameter (Tab. XXXIII: 9) were frequently used as urns. In one case, a vase with vertically fluted bulge was used (Tab. VIII: 3). Urns are covered with bowls. Grave goods include handmade jugs, cups (Fig. 11: 1-15), barrel-shaped pots or another bowl (burials 13/06; 23/06; 24/06). Pottery made on wheel is rare in urn burials (burial 9/06 -Tab. X: 4). In burial 12/06, a bowl replaced the missing bottom of the urn (Tab. XI: 1).
Urn burials on the biritual burial grounds of the Vekerzug culture are generally attributed to the domestic population. Descendants of the Gava and Kyjatice cultures were supposedly present in the area of the Kosice Basin. The stone constructions of urn burials are typical of the Kyjatice burial grounds in Slovakia and the adjacent northeastern part of Hungary (Kemenczei 1984, 42). Their design changes in time from quadratic boxes (stage HA) to a more loose arrangement of stones (stage HB) (Furmdnek/Mitds 2010, 104). The burial ground of Dvorniky-Vcelare on the western edge of the Kosice Basin, which was intensely settled by the Kyjatice culture population, is the nearest one to Zdana (Lamiovd-Schmiedlova 2009). The author leaves the problem of interpretation of the urn burials stone tiling as the continuation of the local Kyjatice tradition open. The undecorated vases with rounded or bent bulges (burial 12/06 - Tab. XI: 19; 20/06 - Tab. XVII: 5) and the amphora from the disturbed burial 8/06 (Tab. IX: 2, 3) have their models in the Kyjatice culture in the Late Bronze Age.
Burials with stone constructions
24 of the studied burials in Zdana had stone constructions (2/04; 1/05; 4/05; 5/05; 1/06; 2/06; 7/06; 11/06; 15/06; 16/06; 18/06; 21/06; 22/06; 25/06; 26/06; 28/06; 30/06; 32/07; 33/07; 34/07; 37/08; 40/08; 41/08; 45/08).
The burials were rectangular, with NW-SE oriented longer axis, deviating in the NNW-SSE direction, less frequently in W-E or N-S directions. Their sizes vary from 1.0 x 1.6 m to 2.0 x 3.2 m. Shallow pits are sunk in the bedrock 0.1-0.2 m deep, deeper ones reach 0.3-0.7 m deep. The stone construction of burial 21/06 was found on the bedrock level (Tab. XVIII). Local pyroxenic-amphibolic andesites and daci-tes, less frequently rhyolites of 8 x 10 cm-30 x 40 cm, rarely larger, were used for the construction of bu-
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rials.1 Evidently, larger stones were intentionally selected and gradually laid along the walls of recessed burial pits. Besides tiled bottoms, no other construction elements or traces of wooden constructions have been discovered. Burial 41/08 is an exception. It has a hollow on the southern edge of the burial pit with the diameter of 0.58 m and is sunk in the bedrock 0.25 m deep. It is filled with dark soil with charcoals (Tab. XXXI). A wooden stela was probably placed in it. The form of the so-called earth-embanked burials with cremation remains together with offerings on the bottom of the pit or spread among the stones of the fill prevails among the burials with stone constructions. Use of urns combined with cremation remains in two burials is unusual (burials 5/05, 41/08). The reasons for various placing of cremation remains have not been clearly explained yet.
Placing pottery goods in the burials with stone constructions was not uniform. Vessels or their fragments were placed in the corners of burial pits (burial 5/05, 40/08, 1/04, 30/06, 34/07) or on the bottoms (16/06, 25/06, 32/06). It was not possible to identify the exact location of the vessels in the disturbed stone constructions.
Graves with indistinct designs
This group includes 16 burials whose original design is indistinct due to extensive disturbance. Urn or just a group of shards is placed in a shallow pit, together with calcinated bones and small offerings. The tiling made of several stones is irregular (2/05, 3/05, 6/05, 4/06, 5/06, 8/06, 14/06, 17/06, 27/06, 35/08, 36/08, 42/08). From some burials identified on the surface of the topsoil, only offerings have been preserved (7/05, 10/06, 31/06). Burials 36/06, 38/08, 43/08 had a special design. Cremation remains were poured in a shallow pit and covered with stones (Tab. XLVI: 1,2; XLVI: 3,4; XXIX: 2, 3). The author does not exclude the possibility that the burials represent a more simple burial design which also occured on the burial ground of Alsotelekes-Dolinka (Patay/Kiss 2001-2002,135).
With regard to the current state of the surface relief, the overground design and height of the stone embankment over the burial cannot be restored. The author assumes that the burials were marked, since they respect each other and no superposition was discovered within the studied area in Zdana. She inclines to the opinion of M. Parducz presented in relation to the analogous stone construction on the burial ground of Vamosmikola-Istvanmajor, on the left bank of the Ipef river (1969, 231), that the stone constructions of the burials must have been visible above the then surface. Larger mounds over the burials in Zdana did not occur, since the burials are situated very close to each other. The current surface of the site is intensely farmed and does not bear any traces of mounds (Fig. 2). No elevations were recorded even on an old map from the first military mapping survey (1764-1787 - Fig. 3).
Use of stone in burial constructions within the region of East Slovakia is a specific feature of the burial ground in Zdana. We come across similar design in the geographically close environment of northern Hungary (Alsotelekes-Dolinka (Patay/Kiss 2001-2002), Eger-Nagy-Eged (Fodor 2001), Mad-Szilvasvolgy (Kemenczei 2009,169, Taf. 153: 7-13), Dedestapolcsany-Verebce-teto (Toth 2012, 64, Table 6; 7), Vamosmikola-Istvanmajor (Laczus!Parducz 1969, Fig. 2). No anthropological material was found in eight burials in Zdana. It is not clear whether it is a result of disturbance in all cases (4/05, 1/06, 8/06, 17/06, 22/06, 30/06) or, similarly to other burial grounds of the Vekerzug culture (Parducz 1954, 89; 1955, 80; Patay/Kiss 2001-2002, 135), they are just cenotaphs - symbolic burials. The interpretation of a cenotaph is not unambiguous with burial 16/06 and burial 34/07 with well preserved stone construction and goods (Tab. XVI, XX-VII), in which no anthropological material was found but the contact with fire of a funeral pyre is indicated by finds (Tab. XVI: 4, 5; XXVII: 8, 9). Remains of funeral pyre were not detected within the studied area in Zdana. Traces of fire were found on the area of burial 45/08 (Tab. XLVIII: 5, 6; XXXIV: 3-5).
The range of vessel shapes is limited. Incomplete vessels or their fragments were put in the burials. Complete shapes are unique. They include the cup from burial 36/08 with remains of food (porridge)1 2 and the miniature vase in burial 32/07 (Tab. XXVI: 4). Intentional breaking of vessels before they were placed on the funeral pyre (burned fragments) or in the burial was part of the burial rite.
Ethnic and social structure
The structure of the society burying its people in Zdana is being studied on two levels. One of them
1 Identified by Prof. J. Kostalik, DrSc.. Faculty of Science, UPJS in Kosice.
2 Remains of a paleobotanical analysis by J. Mihalyova.
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represents the difference in the construction of burials of local people and members of foreign groups. The other one includes the differences in grave goods of individuals as a reflection of their social status.
The difference in the construction of burials indicates ethnically mixed population. Urn burials on ethnically diverse burials grounds of the Vekerzug culture in the Tisza region are attributed to the original domestic population keeping their burial rite and burial design. The burials with stone constructions on the ground of Zdana belong to foreigners . The material culture of the diverse community is affected by the cultural development in the territory of central and northern parts of the Tisza region in the Ha-llstatt period. Its profiling is influenced by elements of the disappearing domestic cultures, east Hallstatt and east European forest-steppe environment.
Within the second studied level, the above mentioned groups differ also in the grave goods in individual burials. Among the burials with stone constructions in Zdana, we can recognize a group representing higher social status of the buried individual. It is reflected in the parts of armour or weapons. The collections contain common decorations, e. g. simple rod-shaped iron bracelets and iron pins with loop-shaped heads of local provenance as well as types which were not generally available. They arrived to the local population burying their dead in Zdana either within direct or mediated trade exchange. The items of usually foreign provenance are represented by one type, when talking about products made of bronze (Tab. V: 14,19; XIV: 9) or precious metals (Tab. XXX: 3,4). The group of items with limited availability to common population includes amber and glass beads (Tab. XIV: 5, 6; XIX: 7; XXX: 14, 15; XXXI: 3, 4). The above mentioned types of decorations and, exceptionally, presence of weapons (burial 21/06) were found only in the burials with stone constructions in Zdana.
The richest burials with stone constructions include burial 5/05 (Tab. IV; V), containing a female (according to the grave goods), burials 15/06, 25/06 (Tab. XIV; XV; XXII), 40/08, 41/08 (Tab. XXX; XXXI; XXXII: 1-4). Burial 21/06 had different design and goods. It contained a set of weapons. Two iron spears with heads pointing inside the burial were laid under the first stone layer, iron bracelets and a knife were placed near them (Tab. XVIII: 1, 3-7). Fragments of vessels (Tab. XIX: 8-15) and an iron axehammer (Tab. XVIII: 1) were placed directly on the bedrock in the southeastern part of the burial, beads were laid near the southern edge (Tab. XIX: 1-9). Cremation remains were spread among the stones. Burial 21/06 is the only one within the burial ground in Zdana containig weapons. Its size is comparable with burial 136 (2.2 x 4.4 m) in Alsotelekes-Dolinka with weapons in two locations.
The existence of a certain differentiated social status among the individuals buried in urn burials is reflected in the number of pottery goods and bone industry - burials 9/06, (Tab. X), 12/06 (Tab. XI), 13/06 (Tab. XII), 24/06 (Tab. XXI), 43/08 (Tab. XXXIII). The grave goods include iron pins with loop-shaped heads (Tab. XI: 3, 5-9; Tab. XXI: 5, 6; XXXIII: 5) and iron rod-shaped bracelets (Tab. X: 8; XX: 6; XXI: 7; XXXIII: 7), the combination of an iron knife with an iron tip is less frequent (Tab. XVII: 2, 3). A thin sandstone base with traces of fire was found only in the disturbed burial 38/08 (Tab. XXXVI: 2).
No burials with horse rider equipment were found in the studied part of the burial ground in Zdana.
Iron weapons and tools
Deposits of weapons are very exceptional in the burials of Zdana. Iron spears from burial 21/06, which were 294 and 295 mm long (Tab. XVIII: 6, 7), belong the the long slim spear shapes with central ribs. The iron spear from the deposit in Nizna Mysla, which is 305 mm long, is their territorially closest analogy (Mirossayovd 1980, Fig. 1: 8). Another iron spear which was 161 mm long (Tab. XXXV: 7) was found on the topsoil surface. The iron axehammer from burial 21/06 belongs to the group of axehammers with long thin bodies, lowered blades and straightly cut rectangular rears (Tab. XVIII: 1). According to M. Parducz s classification, it belongs to type I, variation 1 (Pdrducz 1965,180), according to J. Chochorowski s classification, it is closest to forms 1 and 2, which are present in the highest percentages within the sites of the Vekerzug culture (form 1 - 40.3%, form 2 - 27.4%). Finds of long axehammers are concentrated in the territory of northeastern Hungary and are very variable in details (Chochorowski 1985, 101, Abb. 31: 1,
2, 10). Analogies to the axehammer from Zdana are found on the burial grounds of Alsotelekes - Dolin-ka and Eger - Nagy-Eged. The occurence of long axehammers is not limited to a short time period. Typo-logically comparable examples are dated to the 7th century BC (Gyongyos-Artand horizon - Chochoroiv-ski 2009, 112), younger ones are dated to the 6th century and the end of the 7th century BC (Senec, burial
3, Kozubova 2009, 86, Fig. 5:11) and continue to the second half of the 6th century BC (Dusek 1966, 99, Taf. LV: 5, 4; Kozubova 2013a, 107). Accompanying finds of the axehammer from burial 21/06 in Zdana do not contribute to more precise chronological classification.
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It is clear from the number of iron axehammers found in the burials of the Vekerzug culture that they were not a significant part of burials with weapons. Several scientists have pointed out their possible connection with the social status of the buried person (newer references Kozubovd 2008, 75; Scholtz 2012, 84A Symbolism can be related to a member of a foreign ethnic group with its genetic roots in the east European nomadic environment, or to a local individual as an adopted sign of a higher social status (e. g. urn burial 40 from the burial ground of Eger - Nagy-Eged - Kemenczei 2009,168, Taf. 146: 8). The complete set of weapons in burial 21/06 in Zdana comprised an axehammer, two long iron spears, an iron tip and a knife (Tab. XVIII: 1-3, 6-7).
The armour from the burial grounds of the Vekerzug culture inlcuded knife and spear blade sheaths made from iron. We know one incomplete corroded example with a spherical end found in Zdana during a surface collection (Tab. XXXV: 6). The author concludes the chapter dealing with weapons from the burial ground in Zdana with the statement that bronze three-bladed arrowheads, which are typical of the Vekerzug culture burial grounds, are absent in Zdana. They are rare in the burial ground in Alsotele-kes-Dolinka (Patay 1961, PI. V: 16; Patay/Kiss 2001-2002, 97, Abb. 11: 6, 7) and are not mentioned in the published burials from Eger - Nagy-Eged. Three-bladed heads are also absent in the collections of the Kusta-novice group in the area north of the Tisza river. Isolated finds from the territory of southeastern Slovakia come from settlements (Kosice-Sebastovce, Sena, Hrhov, Haj-Slaninova jaskyna cave, Borka, Izkovce).
Complete iron knives or their fragments are included as grave goods in nine burials from Zdana. They are typologically indistinct. With their shapes and sizes, they belong to the category of utility tools.
Other iron grave goods
Iron rings in the Vekerzug culture burials (Parducz 1954, PL XVIII: 15,20,21) are interpreted as part of horse harness. Presence of fragments of two iron rings in the rich burial 5/05 (Tab. V: 28, 29, 32) probably has the symbolical meaning of a higher social status attribute of the buried woman, which is also indicated by the grave goods.
Iron 148 and 151 mm long heads (burial 21/06 - Tab. XVIII: 2; 20/06 - Tab. XVII: 2) are more robust than awls. No exact analogies are known from the studied area of the northern Tisza region.
The iron inventory of the burial ground is completed with items of unclear type and function (Tab. XIV: 1, 2; XXXI: 5, 8). The corroded iron object from burial 43/08 resembles tweezers but was probably used as a pendant.
Parts of clothing and body decorations
This group of grave goods includes iron and bronze jewels and bead necklaces which were part of the person s equipment at cremation and are usually damaged by secondary fire of the funeral pyre. Less frequently, they were deposited in the burial later as offerings.
Iron bracelets were found in 13 burials in Zdana. Bracelets made of simple undecorated rods occur in two variantions. Variation 1 is designed as an open ring, ends of variation 2 are crossed. Bracelets were worn separately (Tab. XX: 3, 6; XXI: 7) or in pairs (Tab. XVIII: 4, 5; XXII: 10,14). Thery were used in a long time period, thus, they are not suitable for more exact dating. The oldest examples in East Slovakia are found in the burials from the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Hallstatt period (Zemplfn, burial 10 - Mirossayova 2009a, 36, Tab. IV: 1; Gasaj 1988, 264, Fig. 1: 5) and continue further in the Young and Late Hallstatt period. Within the burial ground in Zdana, we come across those bracelets in urn burials as well as burials with stone constructions.
As for the studied burials in Zdana, clothing fasteners are represented by iron pins with loop-shaped heads which were found in 8 burials. Their number in individual burials varies from 1 to 4 (burial 5/05). Evidence of using several pins to fasten the clothes is also known from other burial grounds (Kozubovd 2013a, 74).
The iron item with two rosettes from burial 2/05 (Tab. II: 6) has no analogies in the Tisza region. Its shape resembles double-rosette bronze pins (Novotna 1980, 163) which were popular with the bearers of the Orava group of the Lusatian culture in the north Carpathian region during the Hallstatt period.
The unique types of iron items discovered in Zdana include the corroded fragment of a small iron spiral (burial 7/06 - Tab. VI: 31) and incomplete iron buckles (burial 2/04 - Tab. I: 4, 5; 7/05 - Tab. VI: 30).
Compared with iron decorations, bronze examples are less frequent or represented by fewer individual types in Zdana. They occur in burials with stone constructions; in urn burials, they are rare (bu-
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rial 2/05).
Five complete and two fragmentary bronze bracelets of various types come from the studied part of the burial ground in Zdaña. Within the grave goods of the burials with stone constructions, three bracelets were complete (burial 5/05 - Tab. V: 14,19; 15/06 - Tab. XIV: 9) and two were found in fragments (burial 41/08 - Tab. XXXI: 1; 45/08 - Tab. XXXIV: 3). The bronze bracelets from Zdaña belonged to prestigious female jewels. The find contexts of other two bracelets from disturbed burials cannot be judged, since they were found on the surface (Tab. XXXV: 4, 5). The types of bronze bracelets from the studied area in Zdaña are represented by one example.
The bracelet with slightly ribbed body and crossed ends from burial 5/05 (Tab. V: 14) has numerous analogies in the groups of the southeastern Alpine circuit (Terzan 1975, 683, T. 7: 2, 3, 5; 10: 2). They start to appear in grave collection of stage Sticna 2 of the Dolenjska group since the 1st half of the 7th century
BC. Bronze rings with thickly ribbed bodies were a standard part of female clothing in the stage of snake-shaped fibulae in the 6th century BC. They were worn in pairs as bracelets or anklets. Their popularity survives in the Certosa stage (Tecco Hvala 2012, 304, 307).
The bracelet with distinctly crossed ends from burial 5/05 is made of a thin rod (Tab. V: 19) and has no analogies from the burial grounds of the Vekerzug culture or the east Hallstatt circuit. With its fine shaping and distinctly crossed ends, it is close to the bracelets with thickly ribbed bodies made in the southeastern Alpine workshops. It made a pair with the above mentioned bracelet.
The bracelet with oblique ribbing on 3A of its body which resembles turning (Tab. XXXV: 5) is comparable with the variations of bracelets from the burial grounds in Szentes-Vekerzug (Párducz/Csallány 1944-1945,106, Tab. XLIII: 6; Párducz 1954, 39, PL XXIV: 7,13; XXV: 11,12, Fig. 19: 4), Piliny-Borsos Berg (Ke-menczei 2009, 173, Taf. 174: 17), Vámosmikola-Istvánmajor (Laczus/Párducz 1969, PI. LV: 10, 11) and Nové Zámky (Stegmann-Rajtár 2009, 63, 87, Tab. II: 14).
The bracelet made from a massive rod with open, straightly cut ends, indicated widening and continuous decoration of engraved lines divided by an indistinct wide knob (burial 15/06 - Tab. XIV: 9) has parallels on the burial ground in Chotín IA (Dusek 1966, Taf. XXXIX: 29; Kozubová 2013b, Tab. 17: 4, 5) and in Szentes-Vekerzug (Párducz 1955, PI. XI: 2, XIV: 2). Comparable bracelets from female burials in the mounds of the southeastern Alpine cultural environment are dated to the end of stage HC and the beginning of stage HD (Stare 1975, 750, T. 8: 8; Knez 1993, 30, T. 37: 2). Similar dating within stages HC2-HD1 applies to the bracelet from the hillfort of Molpir in Smolenice (house 16 - Dusek/Dusek 1984, 304, Taf. 117: 3; Dusek 1974, 146).
The bracelet with smooth body decorated with irregularly placed pairs of engraved lines (Tab. XXXV: 4) was found on the surface, without any find context. Ring-shaped open bracelets with engraved decoration on their ends are very rare in the territory north of the Tisza river. This type might include the fragments of a bracelet from burial 45/08 in Zdaña which were defomed by the fire of a funeral pyre (Tab. XXXIV: 3).
The fragment of a bronze bracelet made from a thin rod found in burial 41/08 (Tab. XXXI: 1) cannot be more exactly typologically classified.
Other bronze goods
The closed bronze ring with semicircular cross-section which was reinforced in one spot (burial 5/05 - Tab. V: 20) resembles the bronze rings with lugs typical of the north Alpine environment in stage HD2 (ParzingeríStegmann-Rajtár 1988,175). With its shape, the ring is very similar to the example from inhumation burial 49 I-B of a male and a horse in Chotín (Dusek 1966, Taf. LV: 4; Kozubová 2008, 73, Fig. 1: 4; Ko-zubová 2013b, Tab. 103: 6); with its size, it resembles the bronze rings from deposit 2 in Sklabinsky Podzá-mok which made part of a rich combined necklace dated to stages HC2-HD1 (Pieta/Veliacik 2014, 14, 22, Fig. 6: 5; 7: 2, 4). We cannot exclude the possibility that the ring from burial 5/05 in Zdaña was a segment of a splendid necklace made of amber and glass beads found among the grave goods.
The closed bronze ring from burial 33/07 with circular cross-section, which was damaged by secondary fire (burial 33/07 - Tab. XXVII: 2), and the bronze ring with crossed ends (burial 1/05 - Tab. II: 1) belong to the group of simple ornaments with wide territorial and time spread.
Bronze pendants in Zdaña are represented by an incomplete ring-shaped pendant from burial 25/06. Its thickly ribbed body resembles snake-shaped hair rings (Tab. XXII: 8). Another bronze pendant with a loop transversely attached to the triangular body from burial 5/05 (Tab. V: 15) is analogous with two bronze pendants from the hillfort in Molpir in Smolenice (Dusek/Dusek 1984, Taf. 182: 21) and from Uher-
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ské Hradisté in Moravia (Cizmáf 2012, 74, Fig. 2: 4). Analogous iron variations of large pendats from the rich cremation burial in Gyongyos, com. of Heves, are interpreted as part of a wagon (Kemenczei 2009, 56, Taf. 150: 1-3, 7, 9).
The bronze pin with a globular head from burial 2/05 (Tab. II: 5) and a thin needle were probably used to fix a head cover, not as a clothes fastener. The fragment of a bronze plate (burial 12/06 - Tab. XI: 4), bronze wire (burial 20/06 - Tab. XVII: 1) and bronze fragments (burial 43/08 - Tab. XXXIII: 1-3) are morphologically unidentifiable.
Jewels made from precious metals
They are very rare on the burial ground in Zdaña. They are represented by the pair of silver decoration from burial 40/08 which could have been worn as earrings or hair rings. In the Hallstatt period, hair rings made from bronze or precious metals were popular jewels with the women of the societies living in the territory of the Carpathian Basin. The examples from Zdaña (Tab. XXX. 3, 4) are nail-shaped hair rings with conical heads made of thin plates and set on an open wire ring (Chochorowski s type 15 -1985, Abb. 13: 1). In the Carpathian Basin, they occur from the 1st half of the 6th to the middle 5th century BC (Chochorozvski 1985, 65). The so-far known examples of nail-shaped hair rings from the Carpathian Basin (Fig. 7) made from gold, silver and bronze and found in inhumation and cremation burials were not commonly available jewels. The higher social status of their female owners is emphasized by the rest of the grave goods found in their burials (Mirossayová 2012, 258, 259).
Parts of necklaces
The collection obtained from the burial ground in Zdaña is now the largest from the territory north of the Tisza river, regarding the number and types of its components. It contains beads made of amber, glass, clay, drilled-through stones and a small bronze spiral. Each kind was used in the necklaces separately or in various combinations (Plate 1). It is also possible that some individual beads found in the burials were sewn to the clothing or were used as head decoration.
In the territory of the Vekerzug culture, beads made from glass and glassy material are known mostly from burials (Horñák 2003, Map 1). Only a few individual examples have been recorded from East Slovakia so far (Mirossayová!Olexa 2009, 99 - see references and registry there). The analyzed collection from Zdaña contains 103 complete and undeterminable number of fragmentary beads altogether. Their number in the burials varies from two to several tens of pieces. According to the degree of their preservan-ce and their position in a burial, it is clear that the beads which were secondarily burned to cinder and melted were part of the dead person s clothes. After the cremation, they were deposited in an urn or on the bottom of the stone fill of the burial together with the ashes, calcinated bones or other jewels. Burial 25/06 is an example, in which the burned beads and fragments of incompletely burned bones in the cinder layer were fastly attached to an iron bracelet (Tab. XXII: 10a; XXXIX: 17). Some of the beads were placed in the grave as offerings (burial 1/05 - Tab. II: 2, 3, 5; 5/05 - Tab. V: 3-5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18; 21/06 - Tab. XIX: 3, 2, 7).
The original colour of the secondarily burned examples cannot be clearly identified. Roughly, they are divided into monochromatic and polychromatic beads. The monochromatic ones are made from trasparent glass or glassy material of various colours and shapes. The polychromatic ones are made from glassy material, opaque glass and are decorated with waves, loops and protrusions. The bead types from Zdaña have numerous analogies among the Vekerzug culture monuments (Dusek 1966,101; Chochorozvski 1985, 51n.) as well as in the east Hallstatt cultures. There is an exception of the unique bead made from white opaque glass with protrusions of transparent turquoise-blue glass (Tab. XIX: 7), which has no analogies in the Carpathian Basin (fig. 8). Its origin is searched in the east European environment. The number of simple globular, pressed, cylindrical, ring-shaped beads in the burials in Zdaña indicates that they were easily available. Beads of more complicated production, e. g. Chochorowski s types 11 and 25 represented by one or two pieces in Zdaña and other contemporary burial grounds of the Vekerzug culture (Kissfaludi 2004, Tábla XV: 13) were obtained from workshops which probably existed in the territory of today s Slovenia (Venclová 1990, 64; Egg 1996, 226). Burned examples with waves or engraved circular lines (burial 25/06) with preserved traces of blue paint (Tab. XXII: 6, 7,12) made from ceramic material obtained their cinder-like look after cremation (Tab. XXXVIII: 33, 38) and were probably an easily available immitation of glass beads with waves (Kozubovci 2002, 23) produced by southeastern Alpine glass
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workshops in the Late Hallstatt period (Teco Hvala 2012, 289, si. 107).
The amber beads in the burial ground in Zdana were part of grave goods in the burials with stone constructions (5/05, 15/06, 18/06, 21/06, 32/07, 37/08, 40/08). One example comes from a surface collection. The beads differ in shapes (Plate 2) and frequency of occurence. The amber beads from Zdana have not been analyzed. The analyses of the Bronze Age amber from the Carpathian Basin confirmed its northern Baltic origin (Markova 2009, 64 - see futher references there). The analyzed amber from the southeastern Alpine Dolenjska group (Kriz 2003, 78) and from the Vekerzug culture burial ground in Chotin (Beck/ Dusek 1969, 256, 257) has the same origin in the Hallstatt period. The amber from Zdana probably comes from the same source of raw material. No evidence has been provided so far to prove direct transport of the raw material or finished products along the long-distance routes from the north across East Slovakia and further to the Tisza region. The rare occurence of amber along the north Vistula river (Bukozvski 2002, 112,115, Map IV) confirms that the adjacent territory of southeastern Poland was not situated on the main amber trade routes in the Hallstatt period. The author inclines to the hypothesis that amber was brought to the population of Zdana together with other jewels by the Vekerzug culture societies in the Tisza region and by the contacts with the southeastern Alpine environment, whose influence in the Kosice Basin in stages HC2-HD is evident.
The richest collection of amber beads was found in burial 5/05 (143 complete and unidentifiable number in fragmets). Large numbers of amber beads were also found in burials 15/06 (60 pieces) and 32/07 (74 pieces). In other burials, their numbers were lower (burials: 40/08 - 9; 37/08 - 3; 18/06 - 1).
Other parts of necklaces include a fine small bronze spiral (burial 40/08 - it crumbled), drilled-throu-gh flat stones (Tab. XXII: 11; XXXI: 2) and clay beads (Tab. XXXIII: 4; XXXI: 6). Clay beads are accompanying finds in burials in the territory north of the Tisza river and in the Kustanovice group settlements (Popovic 2006, 41). Clay beads and drilled-through stones are very unique in the territory of the Vekerzug culture (Chochorowski 1985, 56).
The trapezoidal object with a hole in one corner made of a shard of a wheel-made vessel and the rectangular stone with a hole (burial 25/06 - Tab. XXII: 9,13) resembling a hanging whetstone were used as pendants.
The bone inventory in Zdana is poor. We do not know any analogies to the belt division ring made from bone found in burial 12/06 (Tab. XI: 2) in the territory of the Vekerzug culture. Its rectangular shape with 4 holes is similar to the bronze division rings from Sajoszentpeter and an unknown site in Hungary, which are decorated with a zoomorphic motive (Kemenczei 2009, Taf. 59: 5-7; 187: 2). The small fragment of a bone plate with finely ribbed edge from burial 23/06 (Tab. XX. 4) cannot be functionally interpreted. The burned fragments of a bone object (Tab. XXXV: 1) found on the surface of a disturbed burial have decoration identical with the traditional decoration technique typical of Young and Late Hallstatt domestic bone products (Studenikova 1987, 37, 38). The same motives occur on the bone objects which are functionally connected with whips - nagaykas of the Peski type (Kozubovd 2008, 57, 63, 70) or with boxes for storing paint (Kissfaludi 1997, 80, Abb. 13; 14). The functional interpretation of the object fragments from Zdana without find context remains open.
The pottery deposited in the burial on the ground in Zdana was not specifically made for burial purposes. Hand-made pottery prevails. The number of wheel-made vessels in Zdana is lower, compared with the Vekerzug culture burial grounds. The obtained collection consists of the goods which are commonly present in the Hallstat settlements. It does not differ with its material structure, surface finish or forms. A certain stereotype is visible in the representation of vases, pots, bowls, cups and jugs deposited in the burials as urns or grave goods. The pottery is not sensitive enough for the purposes of a more exact chronological classification of the burials. The vases with S-shaped profiles, tongue-shaped protrusions on the bulge or without them, vases with vertically fluted bulges and the vase with oblique fluting on the shoulders of the bent bulge and a group of engraved circular lines on the gray neck (Tab. IX: 2) - all these have their origin in the Gava and Kyjatice cultures. Barrel-shaped pots and bowls with incurved rims are common on the Hallstatt settlements of East Slovakia. The plastic tape combined with incisions is foreign among the decorative elements. Pots with such decoration were found in three burials with stone constructions (burial 5/05 - Tab. IV: 5; 1/06 - Tab. VII: 12; 31/07 - Tab. XXV: 6). The vessels were deposited in the burials either broken or damaged, e. g. with chipped off parts. Cups have chipped off handies which were not found in the burials. Complete shapes are exceptional. Breaking vessels on purpose before they were deposited on the cremation pyre (burned fragments) or while they were deposited in the burials was part of the burial rite.
The grave goods in Zdana included quern stones (burials 20/06, 38/08, 40/08, 41/08). One quern stone
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was found on the surface (Tab. XXXVII: 4). The custom of depositing sandstone quern stones in burials has a longer tradition among the nomadic groups in the Carpathian Basin and continues in the Late Hallstatt period (Studeníková 2005a, 373 - see further references there). Their presence was related to the life and status of the buried individual. Several scientists have been dealing with their function and the reasons why they were deposited in the burials. They occur mainly in female burials, less frequently in children s burials. It is considered that they could have been used to crush grains, sharpen weapons or spread paints (Scholiz 2012, 87 - see further references there). No traces of paint were observed on the quern stones from Zdaña. The black stain on the quern stone from burial 38/08 appeared while a plant or resin was burned, probably during the burial rite (XXIX: 1; XXXVII: 2). In the east European environment on the right bank of the Dnieper river, the shallow stone bowls and flat sandstone slabs in female burials are interpreted as portable altars - prothesis - used during magic rituals (Petrenko 1967, 36, 157, Tab. 25: 29, 3U
Connecting two stone flakes with the grave goods in Zdaña is problematic (Tab. XXXII: 5). They could have been transported from the neolithic settlement situated east of the burial ground to the place where they were discovered (Fig. 4: 6) (Béres 1997, 33),
The burial ground in Zdaña in the context of the settlement in the south of the Kosice Basin
No traces of a contemporary settlement have been identified near the burial ground in Zdaña. The nearest settlement is approx. 3 km far, on the left-bank terrace of the Hornád river, on the northern edge of the residential area of Trstené pri Hornáde (Fig. 6: 2). The site was settled in the Hallstatt, La Tene and Roman periods. The Hallstatt finds were contained in layer C. The settlement features were not indicated on the studied area (Jurecko 1983). The collection of Hallstatt finds from Trstené pri Hornáde contains fragments of hand-made as well as wheel-made pottery. The character of the material, surface finish, decorative elements and range of vessel shapes chronologically corresponds with the contemporary finds from the settlements in the Kosice Basin. The pots decorated with plastic finger-pressed tape combined with a row of incisions are an exception (Jurecko 1983, Fig. 6: 3, 4; 7: 8; 8: 10). They are comparable to the finds from Zdaña (burial 5/05 - Tab. IV: 5; 1/06 - Tab. VII: 2). On other territorially close Hallstatt settlements in Valaliky-Kosfany, Seña, Kosice-Barca, Kosice-Sebastovce and Blazice, pots with similar decoration have not been found and no parallels are known even in the wider area of the northern Tisza region. The author assumes that there was a historical relation between the population living in the settlement of Trstené pri Hornáde, multiple finds of iron items in the nearby village of Nizná Mysfa and the burial ground in Zdaña. The settlement in the Kosice Basin in the Hallstatt period has features culturally similar to the settlement continuing in the valley of the Hornád river to the place where it meets the Slaná river, with a concentration of settlements from the end of the 7th and the 6th centuries BC along its lower stream.
The culturally mixed finds from the burial ground in Zdaña bear features of the Miskolc-Diógyór horizon monuments, later Artand-Gyóngyos from the 7th century BC (Chochorowski 2009, 112), which are characterized by the common occurence of items typical of the Scythian circuit and the east Hallstatt culture. In Zdaña, burial 21/06 (Tab. XVIII: 1, 6, 7) can be used as an example, with its combination of two long spears and an axehammer. The pair of bronze bracelets in the rich burial 5/05 (Tab. V: 14, 19) and probably some types of glass beads (Tab. XXX: 14; XXXI: 3, 4) are of the east Hallstatt provenance.
Searching for the territory from which the foreign groups come, the design and character of grave goods have been studied. The connection between the burial grounds in Zdaña and northern Hungary with the environment of the Kustanovice group in Carpathian Ruthenia is problematic. It is true that the burial grounds of the Kustanovice group located in a similar geographical environment on the edges of the southern Carpathians have similar grave goods but differ with their carefully observed cremation burial rite and burying under mounds. The author assumes that the migration activities of the western Podolia group population of the central Dienster region moving to the upper Dniester region from the 2nd half of the 7th century BC, made part of the local population move as well. She inclines to the hypothesis that the mixed societies settling in Carpathian Ruthenia after they had passed the Carpathian passes and forming the Kustanovice group were part of older migration waves in the 2nd half of the 7th century BC. Other groups with different lifestyles and cultural habits reached the territory of northeastern Hungary and the adjacent area of southeastern Slovakia. Their presence in the south of the Kosice Basin is reflected in the burial ground in Zdaña. Part of the migrants from Zdaña could have had their origin somewhere in the northern Dniester region, in the environment of the Cerepin-Lagodiv group, from
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which they bring the burials with stone constructions. New east European societies come to the territory settled by the population of the disappearing Kyjatice and Gava cultures. The cultural development of the territory was later influenced by the contact with the developed east Hallstatt cultural environment and other east European societies of the Vekerzug culture who lived nearby.
The differences in the cultural development of the populations living in the territory of the Vekerzug culture were conditioned by several factors. Migration of foreign east European groups in the east Carpathian area was not a single event and the original environment was not culturally homogenous. They bring different lifestyle and burial customs from their original environment. Several experts (Me-izner-Nebelsick 2002, 493; Scholtz 2012, 89) have mentioned the forms and intensity of the cultural changes which resulted in regional differences on the territory of the Vekerzug culture. With the rising number of finds in northern Hungary, southeastern Slovakia and the Nyirseg region, it is clear that even within the northeastern group of the Vekerzug culture, the cultural development had its regional particularities. It is documented by the results of the investigation of the burial ground in Zdana, Doboky site, with typologically various inventory.
The discovery of the burial ground in Zdana confirmed that the presence of older non-stratified finds (iron bit of the Vekerzug type, clay stamp, cross bone quiver fitting) and the deposit of iron objects from Nizna Mysla was not a coincidence in the territory of the Kosice Basin. The above mentioned finds and the burial ground in Zdana prove the presence of foreign groups of east European origin. Evaluation of the co-existence of foreigners and the local population and their share in the changes of the social-economic development will be studied further, especially on settlements. Groups with originally agrarian way of life could have moved to the upper Tisza region together with the nomadic or semi-nomadic groups. This is supported by the grave goods from the investigated burials in Zdana, with minimum occurence of weapons, absence of warrior - rider burials and occurence of a typical farm tool - sickle (8 pieces in the multiple find in Nizna Mysla). Using horses in the groups settled on the northern edge of the east Carpathian territory (including southeastern Slovakia) cannot be clearly recognized due to the small number of finds. The important finds from the production settlements in Sena, Pri lanoch site (Gackovd/ Mirossayova/Simcik 2014), and Cecejovce, Gemerske site (Mirossayova 1994), reflect the important position of the Kosice Basin in the structure of the local population s economy in the Hallstatt period.
Within the current condition of the investigation on the burial grounds and individual burial finds in east Slovakia, two chronological horizons can be roughly determined: older - stages HB3/HaCl-HCl and younger - stages HC2-HC2/HaDl-HD2.
The older horizon of grave goods in the East Slovak Lowland is represented by flat urn burials with poor goods. The pottery is inspired by the forms of the Gava culture and Northern Urnfield culture (Bit-dinsky-Kricka 1976). The author assumes that they represent the transition between the end of the Bronze Age and the Early Hallstatt period, the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 8th century BC in the absolute dating (HB3/HC1). The grave goods bearing clear traces of foreign cultural environments - east European and Basarab culture - are dated to the 8th and the beginning of the 7th century BC (HC1-HC1/HC2).
The inventory of the burials of the younger horizon in the East Slovak Lowland is comparable to the burial grounds and settlements of the Vekerzug culture (stage HD).
Burials from the older horizon are absent in the Kosice Basin. The investigated part of the burial ground in Zdana, Doboky site, is dated within the frame of stages HC2/HD1, resp. HD1-HD2, approx, the last third of the 7th century to the 6th century BC. In east Slovakia, it is chronologically synchronous with the cremation burials in Michalovce-Pod Hradkom and younger burials in Zemplin. Within the northeastern group of the Vekerzug culture, it is contemporary with the burial grounds containing burials with stone constructions in northern Hungary and with the burial grounds in Nyirseg.
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OBSAH
Úvod.................................................................................9
Elena Mirossayová
Pohrebisko v Zdani v kontexte vyvoja severného Potisia v dobe halstatskej
Burial ground in Zdaña in the context of the development in the northern Tisza
region during the Hallsttat period..................................................11
1 Charakteristika náleziska........................................................11
1.1 Poloha náleziska..............................................................11
1.2 Geologické a pedologické pomery...............................................11
1.3 Historia osídlenia............................................................13
1.4 Historia vyskumu pohrebiska...................................................14
2 Vyskum pohrebiska................................................................14
2.1 I. etapa - vyskum 2004.......................................................14
2.2 II. etapa - vyskum 2005......................................................16
2.3 III. etapa - vyskum 2006......................................................16
2.4 IV. etapa - vyskum 2007.......................................................16
2.5 V. etapa - vyskum 2008.......................................................16
3 Analyza a vyhodnotenie úpravy hrobov.............................................16
3.1 Uprava hrobov.................................................................16
3.1.1 Urnové hroby.............................................................18
3.1.2 Hroby s kamennou konstrukciou............................................18
3.1.3 Hroby s neistou úpravou..................................................19
3.1.4 Vyhodnotenie úpravy hrobov...............................................20
3.1.5 Etnická a sociálna struktúra hrobov......................................21
4 Analyza a vyhodnotenie vybavy hrobov.............................................23
4.1 Zbrane a nástroje.............................................................23
4.2 Súcasti odevu a okrasy tela...................................................25
4.2.1 Zelezné okrasy...........................................................26
4.2.2 Bronzové okrasy..........................................................27
4.2.3 Sperky z drahého kovu....................................................29
4.2.4 Súcasti náhrdelníkov.....................................................30
4.3 Kosteny inventár..............................................................35
4.4 Keramika......................................................................36
4.4.1 Keramika vyrobená v ruke.................................................36
4.4.2 Keramika vyrobená na kruhu...............................................42
4.4.3 Drobné hlinené predmety..................................................42
4.5 Ostatné prílohy v hroboch.....................................................42
4.6 Zhrnutie......................................................................43
5 Pohrebisko v Zdani v kontexte s casovo subeznymi pohrebiskami severne od Tisy.....44
6 Pohrebisko v Zdani v kontexte s osidlenim juhu Kosickej kotliny...................»,.54
7 Ramcove datovanie hrobovych nalezov z Kosickej kotliny a Vychodoslovenskej niziny.....56
7.1 Stars! horizont pohrebisk.....................................................56
7.2 Mladsi horizont pohrebisk.....................................................61
8 Zaver............................................................................63
9 Katalog hrobov...................................................................67
10 Supis hrobovych nalezov z Kosickej kotliny a Vychodoslovenskej niziny...........86
Summary.............................................................................88
Literatura.........................................................................100
Obrazova priloha...................................................................106
Appendix............................................................................157
Michal Cheben
Geofyzikalne meranie na ziarovom pohrebisku v Zdani................................159
The geophysical measuring on the cremation burial ground in Zdana...................161
Jana Mihalyiova
Vysledky archeobotanickych analyz z vyskumu ziaroveho pohrebiska v Zdani...........162
The result of the archaeobotanical analyses from the investigatin of the cremation burial ground in Zdana....................................................................165
Jan Tirpak
Geofyzikalny prieskum na archeologickej lokalite Zdana.............................166
The geophysical investigation on the archaelogical site of Zdana...................166
Skratky pouzite v literature.......................................................172
Edicie
173
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Miroššayová, Elena |
| author_facet | Miroššayová, Elena |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Miroššayová, Elena |
| author_variant | e m em |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043206258 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)952188715 (DE-599)BVBBV043206258 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Ostslowakisches Gebiet Ždaňa |
| id | DE-604.BV043206258 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:20:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788089315628 9788022414203 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028629465 |
| oclc_num | 952188715 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 172 Seiten Illlustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied Veda, vydavateľstvo SAV |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae / Studia |
| spelling | Miroššayová, Elena Verfasser aut Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej Elena Miroššayová Nitra Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied 2015 Bratislava Veda, vydavateľstvo SAV 2015 172 Seiten Illlustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae / Studia tomus 24 Zusammenfassung auf Englisch Hallstattkultur (DE-588)4072254-5 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Ostslowakisches Gebiet (DE-588)4192726-6 gnd rswk-swf Ždaňa (DE-588)1099731542 gnd rswk-swf Ostslowakisches Gebiet (DE-588)4192726-6 g Ždaňa (DE-588)1099731542 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Hallstattkultur (DE-588)4072254-5 s DE-604 Studia Monographiae tomus 24 (DE-604)BV012446236 24 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Miroššayová, Elena Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej Hallstattkultur (DE-588)4072254-5 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072254-5 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4192726-6 (DE-588)1099731542 |
| title | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej |
| title_auth | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej |
| title_exact_search | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej |
| title_full | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej Elena Miroššayová |
| title_fullStr | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej Elena Miroššayová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej Elena Miroššayová |
| title_short | Pohrebisko v Ždani v kontekste vývoja severného Potisia v dobe halštatskej |
| title_sort | pohrebisko v zdani v kontekste vyvoja severneho potisia v dobe halstatskej |
| topic | Hallstattkultur (DE-588)4072254-5 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hallstattkultur Gräberfeld Ostslowakisches Gebiet Ždaňa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028629465&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012446236 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mirossayovaelena pohrebiskovzdanivkontekstevyvojasevernehopotisiavdobehalstatskej |