Principles of learning and behavior:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Stamford, CT, USA
Cengage Learning
[2015]
|
| Edition: | Seventh edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 379-417) and indexes |
| Physical Description: | xiv, 433 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 27 cm |
| ISBN: | 1285088565 9781285088563 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of learning and behavior |c Michael Domjan, University of Texas at Austin ; with neuroscience contributions by James W. Grau, Texas A&M University |
| 250 | |a Seventh edition | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface.............................................................xii
About the Authors...................................................xiv
CHAPTER 1
Background and Rationale for the Study of Learning and Behavior..... 1
Historical Antecedents 4
Historical Developments in the Study of the Mind 5
Historical Developments in the Study of Reflexes 7
The Dawn of the Modern Era 9
Comparative Cognition and the Evolution of Intelligence 9
Functional Neurology 11
Animal Models of Human Behavior 12
Animal Models and Drug Development 13
Animal Models and Machine Learning 14
The Definition of Learning 14
The Learning-Performance Distinction 14
Learning and Other Sources of Behavior Change 15
Learning and Levels of Analysis 15
Methodological Aspects of the Study of Learning 16
Learning as an Experimental Science 16
The General֊Process Approach to the Study of Learning 20
Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research on Learning 23
Rationale for the Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research on Learning 23
Laboratory Animals and Normal Behavior 24
Public Debate about Research With Nonhuman Animals 24
Sample Questions 26
Key Terms 27
CHAPTER 2
Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization....................................29
The Nature of Elicited Behavior 30
The Concept of the Reflex 30
Modal Action Patterns 32
Eliciting Stimuli for Modal Action Patterns 33
The Sequential Organization of Behavior 35
Effects of Repeated Stimulation 36
Salivation and Hedonic Ratings of Taste in People 36
Visual Attention in Human Infants 38
vi Contents
The Startle Response 41
Sensitization and the Modulation of Elicited Behavior 42
Adaptiveness and Pervasiveness of Habituation and Sensitization 45
Habituation Versus Sensory Adaptation and Response Fatigue 46
The Dual-Process Theory of Habituation and Sensitization 47
Applications of the Dual-Process Theory 48
Implications of the Dual-Process Theory 48
Habituation and Sensitization of Emotions and Motivated Behavior 51
Emotional Reactions and Their Aftereffects 52
The Opponent Process Theory of Motivation 53
Concluding Comments 55
Sample Questions 56
Key Terms 56
CHAPTER 3
Classical Conditioning: Foundations................................................59
The Early Years of Classical Conditioning 60
The Discoveries of VuTfson and Snarskii 61
The Classical Conditioning Paradigm 61
Experimental Situations 62
Fear Conditioning 63
Eyeblink Conditioning 64
Sign Tracking and Goal Tracking 68
Learning Taste Preferences and Aversions 70
Excitatory Pavlovian Conditioning Methods 73
Common Pavlovian Conditioning Procedures 73
Measuring Conditioned Responses 74
Control Procedures for Classical Conditioning 75
Effectiveness of Common Conditioning Procedures 76
Inhibitory Pavlovian Conditioning 77
Procedures for Inhibitory Conditioning 79
Measuring Conditioned Inhibition 81
Prevalence of Classical Conditioning 83
Concluding Comments 85
Sample Questions 85
Key Terms 85
CHAPTER 4
Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms.................................................87
What Makes Effective Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli? 88
Initial Responses to the Stimuli 88
Novelty of Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli 88
CS and US Intensity and Salience 89
CS-US Relevance, or Belongingness 90
Learning Without an Unconditioned Stimulus 92
What Determines the Nature of the Conditioned Response? 94
The US as a Determining Factor for the CR 94
The CS as a Determining Factor for the CR 95
Contents vii
The CS-US Interval as a Determining Factor for the CR 96
Conditioned Responding and Behavior Systems 97
S-R Versus S-S Learning 98
Pavlovian Conditioning as Modification of Responses to the Unconditioned Stimulus 100
How Do Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli Become Associated? 103
The Blocking Effect 104
The Rescorla-Wagner Model 106
Attentional Models of Conditioning 113
Timing and Information Theory Models 114
The Comparator Hypothesis 116
Concluding Comments 118
Sample Questions 119
Key Terms 119
CHAPTER 5
Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations..........................................121
Early Investigations of Instrumental Conditioning 122
Modern Approaches to the Study of Instrumental Conditioning 125
Discrete-Trial Procedures 125
Free-Operant Procedures 126
Instrumental Conditioning Procedures 130
Positive Reinforcement 131
Punishment 131
Negative Reinforcement 132
Omission Training or Negative Punishment 132
Fundamental Elements of Instrumental Conditioning 134
The Instrumental Response 134
The Instrumental Reinforcer 138
The Response-Reinforcer Relation 141
Sample Questions 152
Key Terms 152
CHAPTER 6
Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior..................................155
Simple Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement 156
Ratio Schedules 157
Interval Schedules 160
Comparison of Ratio and Interval Schedules 162
Choice Behavior: Concurrent Schedules 165
Measures of Choice Behavior 166
The Matching Law 167
Mechanisms of the Matching Law 169
Complex Choice and Self-control 172
Concurrent-Chain Schedules 172
Self-Control Choice and Delay Discounting 173
Concluding Comments 181
Sample Questions 182
Key Terms 182
viii Contents
CHAPTER 7
Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms................................185
The Associative Structure of Instrumental Conditioning 186
The S-R Association and the Law of Effect 187
Expectancy of Reward and the S-0 Association 188
R O and S(R-O) Relations in Instrumental Conditioning 194
Response Allocation and Behavioral Economics 196
Antecedents of the Response-Allocation Approach 197
The Response Allocation Approach 201
Behavioral Economics 204
Contributions of the Response-Allocation Approach and Behavioral Economics 208
Concluding Comments 209
Sample Questions 209
Key Terms 210
CHAPTER 8
Stimulus Control of Behavior......................................................211
Identification and Measurement of Stimulus Control 212
Differential Responding and Stimulus Discrimination 212
Stimulus Generalization 213
Stimulus and Reinforcement Variables 216
Sensory Capacity and Orientation 217
Relative Ease of Conditioning Various Stimuli 217
Type of Reinforcement 218
Stimulus Elements Versus Configurai Cues in Compound Stimuli 219
Learning Factors in Stimulus Control 220
Stimulus Discrimination Training 221
What Is Learned in Discrimination Training? 227
Spence’s Theory of Discrimination Learning 227
Interactions Between S+ and S-: The Peak-Shift Effect 229
Stimulus Equivalence Training 231
Contextual Cues and Conditional Relations 234
Control by Contextual Cues 234
Control by Conditional Relations 240
Concluding Comments 243
Sample Questions 243
Key Terms 243
CHAPTER 9
Extinction of Conditioned Behavior................................................245
Effects of Extinction Procedures 247
Forms of Recovery From Extinction 249
Spontaneous Recovery 249
Renewal of Conditioned Responding 250
Reinstatement of Conditioned Responding 252
Resurgence of Conditioned Behavior 254
Enhancing Extinction 255
Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials 255
Contents ix
Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction 256
Repetition of Extinction/Test Cycles 256
Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts 257
Presenting Extinction Reminder Cues 258
Compounding Extinction Stimuli 259
Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation 260
What Is Learned in Extinction? 264
Paradoxical Reward Effects 266
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect 267
Resistance to Change and Behavioral Momentum 269
Concluding Comments 271
Sample Questions 271
Key Terms 272
CHAPTER 1 0
Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment......................................273
Avoidance Behavior 274
Origins of the Study of Avoidance Behavior 274
The Discriminated Avoidance Procedure 275
Two-Process Theory of Avoidance 276
Experimental Analysis of Avoidance Behavior 277
Alternative Theoretical Accounts of Avoidance Behavior 284
The Avoidance Puzzle: Concluding Comments 289
Punishment 289
Experimental Analysis of Punishment 290
Theories of Punishment 300
Punishment Outside the Laboratory 303
Sample Questions 304
Key Terms 304
CHAPTER 11
Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms......................................307
Comparative Cognition, Consciousness, and Anthropomorphism 308
Memory: Basic Concepts 310
Stages of Information Processing 310
Types of Memory 311
Working and Reference Memory 311
Delayed Matching to Sample 312
Spatial Memory7 in Mazes 316
Memory Mechanisms 323
Acquisition and the Problem of Stimulus Coding 323
Retrospective and Prospective Coding 325
Retention and the Problem of Rehearsal 328
Retrieval 330
Forgetting and Sources of Memory Failure 333
Proactive and Retroactive interference 334
Retrograde Amnesia 334
x Contents
Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Memory Updating 338
Reconsolidation 339
Concluding Comments 340
Sample Questions 341
Key Terms 341
CHAPTER 12
Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics......................................343
Food Caching and Recovery 344
Spatial Memory in Food Caching and Recovery 345
Episodic Memory in Food Caching and Recovery 346
Timing 349
Techniques for Studying the Temporal Control of Behavior 350
Properties of Temporally Controlled Behavior 351
Models of Timing 352
Serial Order Learning 355
Possible Bases of Serial Order Performance 355
Techniques for the Study of Serial Order Learning 359
Categorization and Concept Learning 363
Perceptual Concept Learning 364
Learning Higher-Level Concepts 368
Learning Abstract Concepts 369
Tool Use in Nonhuman Animals 370
Language Learning in Nonhuman Animals 371
Early Attempts at Language Training 372
Language Training Procedures 372
Components of Linguistic Skill 375
Evidence of “Grammar” in Great Apes 376
Sample Questions 377
Key Terms 377
References....................................................................... 379
Name Index.........................................................................419
Subject Index......................................................................427
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1285088565 9781285088563 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 013943623 |
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| physical | xiv, 433 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 27 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Cengage Learning |
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| spelling | Domjan, Michael 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)139070419 aut Principles of learning and behavior Michael Domjan, University of Texas at Austin ; with neuroscience contributions by James W. Grau, Texas A&M University Seventh edition Stamford, CT, USA Cengage Learning [2015] xiv, 433 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 27 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 379-417) and indexes Conditioned response Learning, Psychology of Behaviorism (Psychology) Lernverhalten (DE-588)4167413-3 gnd rswk-swf Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd rswk-swf Konditionierung (DE-588)4032036-4 gnd rswk-swf Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 s Lernverhalten (DE-588)4167413-3 s Konditionierung (DE-588)4032036-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028599992&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Domjan, Michael 1947- Principles of learning and behavior Conditioned response Learning, Psychology of Behaviorism (Psychology) Lernverhalten (DE-588)4167413-3 gnd Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd Konditionierung (DE-588)4032036-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4167413-3 (DE-588)4062862-0 (DE-588)4032036-4 |
| title | Principles of learning and behavior |
| title_auth | Principles of learning and behavior |
| title_exact_search | Principles of learning and behavior |
| title_full | Principles of learning and behavior Michael Domjan, University of Texas at Austin ; with neuroscience contributions by James W. Grau, Texas A&M University |
| title_fullStr | Principles of learning and behavior Michael Domjan, University of Texas at Austin ; with neuroscience contributions by James W. Grau, Texas A&M University |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of learning and behavior Michael Domjan, University of Texas at Austin ; with neuroscience contributions by James W. Grau, Texas A&M University |
| title_short | Principles of learning and behavior |
| title_sort | principles of learning and behavior |
| topic | Conditioned response Learning, Psychology of Behaviorism (Psychology) Lernverhalten (DE-588)4167413-3 gnd Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd Konditionierung (DE-588)4032036-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conditioned response Learning, Psychology of Behaviorism (Psychology) Lernverhalten Verhaltensforschung Konditionierung |
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