Understanding ultrasonic level measurement - Milligan, Stephen (Momentum Press, 2013)
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on February 22, 2013). - Index -- Glossary
Includes bibliographical references (p. 153) and index
Chapter one. History of ultrasonics -- Ultrasonics and level measurement -- Product development map -- Ultrasonic theory -- Sound -- Using sound -- Frequency and wavelength -- Measurement principle -- The medium and the message -- Sound intensity -- Sound velocity and temperature -- Sound velocity and gas -- Sound velocity and pressure -- Sound velocity and vacuum -- Sound velocity and attenuation -- Sound reflection -- Sound diffraction -- Sound pressure level (SPL) -- Sound intensity changes -- Summary --
Chapter two. -- Ultrasonic instrumentation -- The transducer -- Transducer environments -- Transducer accuracy -- Transducer resolution and accuracy -- Impedance matching -- Axis of transmission -- Beam width -- Beam spreading -- Ringdown -- The controllers -- Digital filtering -- Averaging echoes -- Echo extraction algorithms -- Summary -- Notes --
Chapter three. -- The sound and the slurry -- Topics -- Transducers and ultrasonic systems -- Single systems -- Compound systems -- Transducers -- Temperature and transducer material -- Temperature sensors -- Sound and differential amplifiers -- Single-ended receiver -- Differential receiver -- Application temperature -- Housing material -- Range and power -- Conditions -- Dust -- Stilling wells -- Foam facing -- Moisture on transducer face -- Transducer selection -- Blanking distance and height placement -- Temperature -- Installation -- Transducer design: the heart of the matter -- Summary --