Keeping the circle American Indian identity in eastern North Carolina, 1885-2004 - Oakley, Christopher Arris (University of Nebraska Press, 2005)
Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002
Includes bibliographical references (p. [149]-186) and index
Introduction: defining Indian identity -- Acculturated but not assimilated -- From pitchforks to time cards -- What's in a name? -- Protests and powwows -- Consolidation and the search for validation -- Conclusion: keeping the circle strong
Keeping the Circle presents an overview of the modern history and identity of the Native peoples in twentieth-century North Carolina, including the Lumbees, the Tuscaroras, the Waccamaw Sioux, the Occaneechis, the Meherrins, the Haliwa-Saponis, and the Coharies. From the late 1800s until the 1930s, Native peoples in the eastern part of the state lived and farmed in small isolated communities. Although relatively insulated, they were acculturated, and few fit the traditional stereotype of an Indian. They spoke English, practiced Christianity, and in general lived and worked like other North Carolinians. Nonetheless, Indians in the state maintained a strong sense of "Indianness."