Holdings: International private law

International private law: a Scots perspective

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Crawford, Elizabeth B. (Author), Carruthers, Janeen M. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Edinburgh W. Green 2015
Edition:	Fourth edition
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	cxxxvii, 736 Seiten
ISBN:	9780414033986 0414033981

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Foreword.................................................................vii Preface to the Fourth Edition.............................................ix Preface to the Third Edition............................................xiii Preface to the Second Edition...........................................xvii Preface to the First Edition.............................................xix Table of Cases.........................................................xxxix Table of Statutes.......................................................ciii Table of Statutory Instruments.........................................cxiii Table of International Conventions.....................................cxvii Table of European Legislation...........................................cxxi PARA 1. Nature of the subject Nature...............................................................1-01 The name.............................................................1-03 Terminology..........................................................1-04 The law of a country.................................................1-05 Harmonisation........................................................1-06 Europeanisation....................................................1-07 The UK opt-in...................................................1-08 The EU Justice Agenda 2020......................................1-09 Implementation of the European justice agenda...................1-10 Continuity of interpretation among instruments..................1-11 EU accession to the ECHR........................................1-12 Global harmonisation EU—Third State interface........................................1-13 Hague Conference on Private International Law...................1-14 UK participation at the Hague Conference........................1-15 Engines for law reform-—potential for duplication and rivalry.......................................................1-17 Conclusion......................................................1-18 2. History............................................................2-01 Development of conflict rules in Scotland............................2-03 How Scottish are the conflict rales operative in Scotland?...........2-04 xxi CONTENTS 3. Operation of foreign law: theories of inclusion and rules of exclusion...............................................................3-01 The exclusion of foreign law: exceptions to the enforcement of foreign rights....................................................3-02 Revenue laws......................................................3—03 Penal laws........................................................3—04 Confiscatory laws.................................................3-05 Act of state and sovereign immunity.............................3-07 Public policy.....................................................3-08 Common law......................................................3-09 “Other public laws”.............................................3-10 The operation of statute law and the conflict of laws: territorial ambit of statutes.................................................3-11 The operation of ECHR and the conflict of laws.......................3-12 4. Method The stages in a conflict case........................................4—01 Characterisation.....................................................4-02 What is characterised?............................................4-03 Applications of characterisation..................................4-04 Manipulative characterisation.....................................4-05 False conflicts...................................................4-06 The incidental question..............................................4-07 Time.................................................................4-08 The end of the beginning.............................................4-09 Summary 4............................................................4-10 5. Renvoi Nature of the subject................................................5-01 History of the problem...............................................5-02 The theories.........................................................5-03 (1) Internal law theory.........................................5-04 (2) Partial renvoi, or single renvoi theory.....................5-05 (3) Foreign court theoiy or total renvoi or double renvoi theory......................................................5-06 The scope of operation of renvoi.....................................5-07 Succession........................................................5-08 The EU Wills and Succession Regulation..........................5-09 Contract..........................................................5—10 Delict............................................................5-11 Unjustified enrichment............................................5-12 Property..........................................................5-13 Family law........................................................5-14 Perspective.......................................................5—15 Renvoi cases.........................................................5—16 Re Annesley [1926] Ch. 692 .........................................5—17 Re Ross [1930] 1 Ch. 377 .........................................5-18 Re Askew [1930] 2 Ch. 259.........................................5-19 xxii CONTENTS Re O Keefe (Deceased) [1940] Ch. 124................................5-20 Re Duke of Wellington [1947] Ch. 506; affirmed [1948] Ch. 118..............................................................5-21 Summary 5..............................................................5-22 6. Domicile and other personal law connecting factors The nature of domicile.................................................6-01 Domicile, nationality and residence compared...........................6-02 Classes of domicile Introduction........................................................6-03 Domicile of origin / “under-16 domicile” Scots law prior to the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006..............6-04 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006......................................6-05 Domicile of dependence Scots law prior to the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006...............6-06 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006.....................................6-08 Domicile of choice....................................................6-09 Revival of domicile of origin......................................6-10 Revival of “under-16 domicile”.....................................6-11 Proof of acquisition of domicile of choice.........................6-12 Standard of proof...............................................6—13 Value of authorities............................................6—14 Residence.......................................................6-15 Intention.......................................................6-17 Loss of domicile of choice.........................................6—25 Death in itinere...................................................6-26 Particular cases (1) Mental incapaces...........................................6—27 (2) Married women..............................................6—28 (3) Persons seeking asylum.....................................6-30 (4) Prisoners..................................................6-31 (5) Debtors....................................................6-32 (6) Diplomatic and service personnel...........................6-33 (7) Taxation...................................................6-34 Instances of the use of domicile......................................6—35 The rules of domicile—a précis........................................6—36 Reform................................................................6—37 Special statutory definition of domicile for civil and commercial jurisdiction.......................................................6-38 Nationality...........................................................6-39 Residence.............................................................6—42 Habitual residence Int reduction......................................................6—43 Matters of parental responsibility.................................6-44 International child abduction......................................6—45 Unilateralism...................................................6—46 Matrimonial proceedings............................................6—47 Social security....................................................6—48 xxiii CONTENTS Wills and succession.................................................6—49 The law of obligations...............................................6—50 The rules of habitual residence—a precis................................6-51 Summary 6...............................................................6—52 7. Jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters Introduction............................................................7-01 Overview................................................................7—02 Restrictions on suit....................................................7—03 Immunity from suit—State Immunity Act 1978...........................7-04 Statutory exceptions to state immunity............................7-05 To whom is immunity extended?.....................................7-06 Legislative overview of rules of jurisdiction applicable in Scotland......................................................... 7-07 The Brass els regime 1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters...................7-08 From 1968 Convention through the Brussels I Regulation to Brussels I Recast..............................................7—09 Temporal issues................................................. 7—12 Continuity of interpretation.....................................7-13 Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982...........................7-14 Brussels I Recast Scope Article 1........................................................7-15 General rule Article 4........................................................7-16 Significance of defendant’s domicile Article 5........................................................7—17 Article 6........................................................7—18 Special jurisdictions...............................................7-19 Article 7.1—matters relating to a contract.......................7-20 Article 7.2—matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict...................................................7-23 Relationship between article 7.1 and article 7.2.................7-27 Other special jurisdictions......................................7-28 Related actions..................................................7-29 Disadvantaged parties...............................................7-3 0 Articles 10-16 (jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance).....................................................7-31 Articles 17-19 (jurisdiction over consumer contracts)............7-32 Articles 20-22 (jurisdiction over individual contracts of employment)....................................................7-35 Exclusive jurisdiction...............................................7-39 Article 24........................................................7-40 Choice of court clauses: prorogation of jurisdiction.................7-41 Article 25........................................................7-42 Exclusivity of choice............................................7-43 xxiv CONTENTS Harlequin clauses and unilateral clauses..........................7-44 Choice of a non֊EU Member State court............................7-45 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements.....................7-46 Article 5 (Jurisdiction of the chosen court).........................7-47 Article 6 (Obligations of a court not chosen)........................7-48 Recognition and enforcement under the 2005 Convention................7-49 Relationship between the Brussels regime and the 2005 Hague Convention........................................................7-50 Submission to the jurisdiction.......................................7-51 Article 26........................................................7-52 Conflicts of jurisdiction under Brussels I Recast: /is pendens..........7-53 Article 29...........................................................7-54 Article 30...........................................................7-55 Article 32...........................................................7-56 Articles 33 and 34...................................................7-57 Ranking of the jurisdictional rules in Brussels I Recast Choice of court agreements and priority of process—the background Erich Gasser GmbH v Mis at Sri.................................. 7-58 Choice of court agreements and priority of process—the solution to Gasser.........................................................7—60 Ranking of other rules...............................................7-61 The operation of Brussels I Recast in the international legal order................................................................7-62 Effet reflexe........................................................7-63 Ongoing refinement of the Brussels regime...............................7-64 Collective redress......................................................7-65 Commission Recommendation............................................7-66 Relationship between the Recommendations and existing international private law instruments Jurisdiction......................................................7-67 Choice of law.....................................................7-68 The litigation/arbitration interface................................ 7-69 West Tankers.........................................................7-70 Recasting the arbitration exclusion..................................7-71 Lugano II Convention....................................................7-72 Jurisdiction provisions of Lugano II.................................7-73 Relationship between Lugano II and Brussels I Recast.................7-74 Preservation of residual national rules.................................7-75 Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 Schedule 4: the Modified Convention, allocating jurisdiction within the UK..............................;.................................7-76 Residual national rules for Scotland Historical background: Scots common law rules of jurisdiction....................................................7-77 Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 Schedule 8..............7-78 Residual national rales for England..................................7-79 xxv CONTENTS Residual national rules of jurisdiction: conflicts of jurisdiction outside the Brussels regime The plea of forum non conveniens....................................7—80 When may the plea be used?.......................................7—81 Owusu v Jackson (t/a Villa Holidays Bal Inn Villas)..............7-82 The anti-suit injunction: restraint of foreign proceedings..........7-83 Turner v Grovit..................................................7—84 The litigation/mediation interface Concept of mediation................................................7-85 Cross-Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011..............7-86 “Cross-border disputes”..........................................7-87 Implementation of Cross-Border Mediation (Scotland) Regulations 2011 .............................................7—88 Choice of law analysis..............................................7-89 Summary 7.............................................................7-90 8. Evidence and procedure Introduction..........................................................8—01 Meaning of “procedure”................................................8-02 Miscellaneous matters pertaining to litigation........................8-03 Actionability.......................................................8-04 Fonn of action......................................................8-05 Title to sue/parties................................................8-06 Rules of prescription and limitation of actions Prescription.....................................................8-07 Limitation.......................................................8—10 Citation and service of writs Service of documents within the EU...............................8-11 Service of documents outside the EU..............................8—13 Security for expenses...............................................8-14 Provisional and protective measures...................................8—15 Preservation of evidence............................................8—16 Preservation of assets..............................................8—17 Remedies afforded by Scots law...................................8-18 Remedies afforded by English law.................................8-19 European account preservation order.................................8-20 The purpose and provisions of Regulation 655/2014 ...............8—21 UK opt out.......................................................8-22 Evidence............................................................8-23 Taking of evidence abroad Taking of evidence within the EU.................................8—24 Taking of evidence outside the EU................................8—27 Proof of foreign law................................................8—28 Role of the parties in the matter of proof of foreign law...........................................................8—29 Role of the judge in the matter of proof of foreign law..........8—30 Consequences of failure to prove foreign law.....................8-31 The Madrid Principles............................................8-32 xxvi CONTENTS Onus of proof....................................................8-33 Presumptions.....................................................8—34 Damages..........................................................8-35 Currency in which judgment is given..............................8-36 Diligence........................................................8-37 Set-off/compromise...............................................8—38 Summary 8..........................................................8-39 9. Enforcement of foreign decrees Introduction.......................................................9—01 Classes of decree................................................9—02 (a) Declarators of fact......................................9—03 (b) Interdicts...............................................9—04 (c) Judgments in rem.........................................9-05 (d) Judgments affecting status...............................9—06 (e) Judgments in personam....................................9-07 Legal basis of enforcement.........................................9—08 Enforcement of judgments at common law...........................9-09 Grounds of challenge to actions for decree conform............9—10 Res judicata..................................................9—14 Direct enforcement of foreign judgments..........................9-15 The Administration of Justice Act 1920........................9-16 The Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933........................................................9-17 The Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980..................9—18 Judgments rendered in EU Member States or EFTA States Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Acts 1982 and 1991...........9-19 Brussels I Recast.............................................9-20 Recognition rules in Brussels I Recast........................9—25 Enforcement rules in Brussels I Recast........................9-35 Extent of operation of Brussels regime of recognition and enforcement................................................9-3 8 Enforcement procedures under Lugano II........................9-40 Comparison between Lugano II and Brussels I Recast............9-41 Relationship between Lugano II and the Brussels I Regulation..................................................9-42 Reciprocal enforcement within the UK.............................9-43 Schedule 6 (money provisions).................................9-44 Schedule 7 (non-money provisions).............................9—45 Summary.......................................................9—46 Arbitration......................................................9-47 Enforcement of foreign arbitration awards.....................9-48 European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims.............. 9-49 Background....................................................9—50 Scope of instrument......................................... 9—51 Uncontested claims............................................9—52 European Enforcement Order....................................9-53 Abolition of exequatur........................................9—54 xxvii CONTENTS Satisfaction of minimum procedural standards.....................9-55 Enforcement......................................................9—56 Relationship with other Community instruments....................9-57 European order for payment procedure................................9-58 Scope............................................................9-59 Procedure........................................................9—60 Proposed reform..................................................9—61 European Small Claims Procedure.....................................9—62 Objective........................................................9-63 Scope............................................................9-64 Nature of the EPSC...............................................9-65 Enforceability of judgments......................................9-66 Proposed reform..................................................9-67 Summary 9.............................................................9-68 10. Status and capacity Status...............................................................10-01 The theory of universality of status.................................10-02 General points as to status........................................10—03 Capacity.............................................................10-04 Public policy........................................................10-05 Status and its incidents.............................................10-06 Summary 10........................................................10-07 11 11. The law of marriage and other adult relationships Nature of the relationship Marriage..........................................................11-01 The advent of same sex marriage...................................11-02 Same sex marriage celebrated in Scotland........................11-03 Same sex marriage celebrated outside the UK.....................11-04 Same sex marriage—English law...................................11—05 Conversion of civil partnerships into same sex marriage.....................................................11-06 The special case of polygamous relationships......................11-07 (a) Consistorial actions......................................11-08 (b) Legitimacy and succession.................................11-09 (c) General...................................................11-10 Characterisation of the nature of a marriage Which law characterises?........................................11-14 Mutability: change of character of marriage.....................11-15 Date of determination of character of marriage..................11-16 Capacity to enter into a potentially or actually polygamous marriage.....................................................11-17 Marriage: the distinction between essentials and form................11-19 Formal validity...................................................11-20 Determining the locus celebrationis.............................11-21 Religious or customary ceremonies...............................11-22 Tempus inspiciendum.............................................11—23 xxviii CONTENTS Exceptions to the rale on formal validity........................11-24 Presumption in favorem matrimonii................................11-26 Essential validity..................................................11-27 Capacity to many.................................................11-28 Parties’ consent to many.........................................11-30 Other matters of essential validity..............................11-31 Third parties’ consent to many......................................11-32 Civil partnership.....................................................11-33 Civil Partnership Act 2004..........................................11-34 Civil partnerships registered in Scotland: Part 3................11-35 Civil partnerships foimed abroad: Part 5.........................11-36 Conversion of civil partnership into marriage....................11-38 De facto cohabitation.................................................11-39 Conflict problems arising from the incidence of de facto cohabitation.....................................................11-40 Summary 11............................................................11-41 12. Matrimonial causes..................................................12-01 Divorce The jurisdiction of Scots courts Common law grounds of jurisdiction and statutory extension....................................................12-02 Modem grounds of jurisdiction...................................12-03 Conflicting jurisdictions.......................................12-12 Choice of law in Scots courts......................................12-18 Rome III........................................................12-19 Recognition of foreign divorces Recognition of foreign decrees of divorce at common law..........................................................12-27 Recognition of overseas (non-EU) divorces, etc. under the Family Law Act 1986..........................................12-28 Recognition of overseas (non-EU) extrajudicial divorces.....................................................12-34 Recognition of EU divorces under Brussels II bis................12-37 Judicial separation..................................................12-43 Annulment of marriage The jurisdiction of Scots courts Introduction....................................................12-44 Jurisdiction at common law......................................12—45 Development of grounds of jurisdiction..........................12-46 Choice of law in Scots courts......................................12-48 Formal invalidity...............................................12-49 Legal incapacity................................................12 50 Physical incapacity.............................................12-51 Mental element: error, lack of consent, unilateral mental reservation..................................................12—52 Sham marriage...................................................12—53 xxix CONTENTS Forced Marriage etc. (Protection and Jurisdiction) (Scotland) Act 2011.......................................................12-55 Recognition of foreign decrees of annulment..........................12-56 Same sex marriage: matrimonial remedies Jurisdiction.........................................................12-57 Jurisdiction re divorce or separation of same sex marriage.......................................................12—58 Jurisdiction re nullity of same sex marriage......................12-59 Jurisdiction in proceedings for the declarator of recognition, or non-recognition, of a non-EU decree............................12—60 Choice of law........................................................12-61 Recognition, or non-recognition, of a foreign divorce, annulment or separation of a same sex marriage..............................12—62 Dissolution of civil partnership Jurisdiction of Scots courts under the Civil Partnership Act 2004..............................................................12-63 Part 3—dissolution in Scotland of a civil partnership: jurisdiction...................................................12-64 Part 5—civil partnerships formed or dissolved abroad..............12-65 Part 5 Chapter 3—dissolution of civil partnerships formed abroad: jurisdiction of the Scottish courts....................12-69 Conflicting jurisdictions.........................................12-70 Choice of law rules for dissolution, separation and nullity of civil partnership.......................................................12-71 Recognition of foreign decrees of dissolution, separation and nullity of civil partnership Decrees obtained in the UK........................................12—72 Decrees obtained overseas.........................................12—73 Cessation of de facto cohabitation................................12-74 Summary 12..........................................................12-75 13 13. Proprietary and financial consequences of marriage and other adult relationships Proprietary consequences Property rights of married persons..................................13-01 Marriage contracts: statutory community of goods..................13-02 Marriage contracts: private marriage contracts....................13-03 No marriage contract..............................................13-10 Property rights arising from other adult relationships Types of cohabitation—“de facto” and “de jure”....................13-12 De facto cohabitants, cohabiting in Scotland......................13-13 De facto cohabitants, cohabiting outside Scotland.................13—14 Foreign “de jure” cohabitants.....................................13—15 Civil partnership.................................................13-16 Proposed EU harmonisation measures..................................13-17 Financial consequences Maintenance obligations The Maintenance Regulation........................................13-18 xxx CONTENTS Enforcement of maintenance orders intra-UK....................13-39 Reciprocal treatment of applications for maintenance under Maintenance Orders (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1972.........................................................13-40 2007 Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance..................................................13-41 Financial provision upon termination of marriage and other adult relationships Termination of marriage by foreign divorce......................13-42 Relationship between maintenance awards and financial provision upon termination of marriage.......................13-45 Termination of civil partnership by foreign dissolution.........13-46 Summary 13..........................................................] 3-47 14. Conflict rules affecting children: status, parental rights and responsibilities, guardianship, abduction, adoption, and surrogacy Status Legitimacy.........................................................14-01 Declarators of status...........................................14-02 Legitimation......................................................14—03 Legitimation by subsequent marriage (per subsequens matrimonium).................................................14—04 Legitimation by recognition (per rescriptum principes)..........14-05 Parental rights and responsibilities.................................14-06 Background Regulation 1347/2000: Brussels II...............................14-07 French Access Initiative........................................14-08 Brussels II bis....................................................14-09 Scope...........................................................14-10 Rules of jurisdiction in Brussels II bis........................14-13 Choice of law...................................................14-24 Recognition and enforcement of judgments........................14-25 Rights of access................................................14—27 International co-operation......................................14-28 1996 Hague Convention..............................................14-29 Scope...........................................................14-30 Jurisdiction....................................................14—31 Applicable law..................................................14—32 Recognition and enforcement.....................................14—33 Cooperation.....................................................14-34 Disconnection..................................................14—3 5 Intra-UK cases Family Law Act 1986 ............................................14—36 Residual national rules.........................................14—37 Guardianship and administration of a child’s property Guardianship.......................................................14—46 Jurisdiction to administer a child’s property...................14-47 xxxi CONTENTS International child abduction.......................................14-48 Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985..............................14-49 Substance of the 1980 Hague Abduction Convention..................14-50 Article 3......................................................14-51 Wrongful removal and retention.................................14-52 Rights of custody..............................................14—53 Renvoi.........................................................14-54 Habitual residence of the child................................14-55 Article 12.....................................................14—57 Article 13.....................................................14—59 Role and function of central authorities.......................14-64 Intra-EU abductions: inter-relationship between 1980 Hague Convention and Brussels II bis.................................14-65 Article 10—-jurisdiction in cases of child abduction...........14-66 Article 11—return of the child.................................14—67 Human rights implications.........................................14-74 Concluding remarks................................................14-75 Abduction cases governed by common law rules......................14-76 Non-application of Hague Convention principles to non-Convention cases.........................................14—77 UK-Pakistan Consensus on Child Abduction.......................14-78 The criminal law aspect of international child abduction..........14—79 International parental relocation...................................14-80 Adoption.......................................................... 14-81 Recognition of adoption orders Intra-UK.......................................................14—82 Convention adoptions...........................................14-83 Non-Convention adoptions.......................................14-89 Adoption orders at common law..................................14—90 Cross-border suiTogacy..............................................14-91 Section 54 parental· orders.......................................14-93 Summary 14.......................................................14-94 15 15. The law of contractual obligations General matters and governing law Classification....................................................15-01 Legislative background to choice of law............................15-02 Interpretation of the Convention and Regulation...................15—03 Governing law of a contract: general principles....................15-04 Nature of the governing law.....................................15—05 Choice of law rules in contract under the Rome I Regulation Material scope of Rome I Regulation.............................15—09 Principle of universality.......................................15-10 Freedom of choice of applicable law by the parties.............15—11 Determination of applicable law in the absence of choice of law..........................................................15-15 xxxii CONTENTS Continuing relevance of Rome I Convention.........................15-16 Rome I Convention article 4: applicable law in the absence of choice.......................................................15-17 Rome I Convention article 4.2..................................15—18 The relative strengths of Rome I Convention article 4.2 and 4.5..........................................................15-19 Continuing relevance of common law choice of law rules in contract.......................................................15-20 Restrictions on choice of law Mandatory rales and the Rome I Convention......................15-21 Rome I Regulation..............................................15-22 Special contracts.................................................. 15-23 Contracts of carriage.............................................15-24 Consumer contracts................................................15-25 Insurance contracts...............................................15-26 Individual employment contracts...................................15-27 International sale of goods.......................................15—28 Agency............................................................15—29 Commercial agents..............................................15-30 Incidents of a contract..............................................15—31 Consent and material validity.....................................15—32 Formal validity...................................................15—33 Scope of the law applicable.......................................15-34 (a) Interpretation..........................................15—3 5 (b) Performance..............................................15—36 (c) The consequences of breach...............................15-39 (d) The various ways of extinguishing obligations............15-40 (e) The consequences of nullity of the contract..............15-44 Capacity to contract..............................................15-45 Voluntary assigmnent..............................................15-46 Article 14.....................................................15-47 Subrogation Article 14: contractual subrogation.......................... 15-48 Article 15: legal subrogation..................................15-49 Burden of proof...................................................15-50 Habitual residence................................................15—51 Exclusion of renvoi (article 20)..................................15—52 Public policy of the forum (article 21)...........................15-53 Electronic commerce..................................................15—54 Electronic signature: Electronic Communications Act 2000...........................................................15-55 Electronic Commerce Directive.....................................15—56 The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002....................................7...................15-57 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000.........,.15-58 Application of the Rome I Regulation to electronic commerce transactions...................................................15-59 xxxiii CONTENTS Where contract meets other areas of law Where contractual obligations meet non-contractual obligations.....................................................15-60 Interface between contract and Rome II Chapter II (delict)......................................................15-61 Interface between contract and Rome II Chapter III (unjust enrichment, negotiorum gestio, and culpa in contrahendo)..................................................15—62 Where contract meets property......................................15-65 Summary 15...........................................................15—66 16. The law of non-contractual obligations Delict Choice of law background...........................................16-01 The Rome II Regulation.............................................16-02 Temporal scope..................................................16-03 Subject-matter scope............................................16-04 Principle of universal application..............................16-05 States with more than one legal system..........................16-06 Exclusion of renvoi.............................................16-07 Applicable law..................................................16-08 Article 4.1—lex loci damni rule.................................16-09 Article 4.2—rule of commonality.................................16—12 Article 4.3—rule of displacement and forum discretion...........16—13 The delict-specific mies........................................16-14 Freedom of choice...............................................16—24 Overriding mandatory provisions.................................16-30 Rules of safety and conduct.....................................16-31 Public policy of the fomm.......................................16-32 Scope of the law applicable.....................................16—33 Intra-UK cases.....................................................16-45 Where delict meets contract........................................16-46 Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995............................................................16-47 Defamation and related claims......................................16-48 The common law rule: double actionability.......................16-49 Maritime delicts Incidents in foreign territorial waters.........................16-53 Incidents internal to a ship on the high seas...................16—54 Incidents external to a ship on the high seas (including collisions)................................................. 16-55 Non-contractual obligations arising out of restitutionary claims.............................................................16-56 The Rome II Regulation.............................................16—57 Unjust enrichment...............................................16—58 Negotiorum gestio...............................................16—60 Culpa in contrahendo...........................................i 6-61 Summary 16...........................................................16-62 XXXIV CONTENTS 17. The law of property (including insolvency).........................17-01 Particular transfers of property Terminology and classification.....................................17-02 Meaning of lex situs............................................17-03 Immoveable property Capacity and powers............................................I 7-06 Contracts.......................................................17-07 Proprietary rights..............................................17-08 Real rights in security.........................................17-09 Moveable property Preliminary.....................................................17-10 Coiporeal moveables................................................17-11 The validity of a transfer......................................17—12 Rules for determining proprietary rights.....................17-13 Competing claims to the same property...........................17-16 Governmental seizure of property................................17—17 Where contract meets property...................................17-18 Incorporeal moveables..............................................17-19 Situs...........................................................17-20 Choice of law...................................................17-21 Triangular relationship.........................................17-22 Effect of article 14 of the Rome I Regulation...................17-23 The effectiveness of an assignment of a claim against third parties, and priorities......................................17-30 Bills of exchange...............................................17-33 Negotiable instruments..........................................17—34 Shares and other securities.....................................17-35 Intellectual property rights....................................17-36 Universal transfers of property: insolvency Common law theories................................................17—37 Unity of bankruptcy.............................................17-38 Separate bankruptcies...........................................17-39 Universality of bankruptcy......................................17-40 Overview of regulatory schemes.....................................17-41 The EU Insolvency Regulation Non-application of rules of jurisdiction in Regulations 1215/2012 and 44/2001........................................17-42 Regulation 1346/2000............................................17-43 Jurisdiction rules under Regulation 1346/2000...................17-44 Choice of law rules under Regulation 1346/2000 (articles 4 and 28)......................................................17-49 Recognition rules under Regulation 1346/2000 (articles 16-26).......................................................17-51 Review and reform of Regulation 1346/2000...................17—52 Insolvency Regulation Recast....................................17-53 Insolvency Act 1986 section 426....................................17-54 The Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006.......................17—55 xxxv CONTENTS Pre-existing Scots conflict of laws rules for cross-border insolvencies....................................................17—56 Jurisdiction....................................................17-57 Applicable law..................................................17-58 Recognition in Scotland of non-EU (or Danish) insolvency proceedings..................................................17-60 Summary 17...........................................................17-61 18. The law of succession Matters pertaining to both testate and intestate succession Confirmation to estate in Scotland................................18-01 Jurisdiction in succession........................................18-03 Administration and distribution...................................18-04 Applicable law: the scission principle............................18-05 Conversion......................................................18-06 Legal rights......................................................18-07 Rules of family provision per Scots law.........................18-08 Rules of family provision per English law.......................18-11 Capacity of beneficiaries.........................................18—12 Intestate succession Immoveable estate.................................................18—13 Moveable estate...................................................18-14 Prior rights......................................................18—15 Caduciaxy rights..................................................18-16 Testate succession Inti oduction.....................................................18-17 Testamentary capacity of the testator Legal capacity..................................................18-18 Proprietary capacity............................................18-19 Formal validity of wills Common law......................................................18—20 Wills Act 1963..................................................18-21 Registration of wills and “international wills”.................18-29 Duty of a solicitor to act timeously upon instructions to make a will............................................................18—30 Essential validity of wills.......................................18-31 Construction or interpretation of wills...........................18-32 Construction of bequests........................................18-33 Revocation of wills...............................................18-34 (a) New will.................................................18-35 (b) A revocation clause......................................18—36 (c) Acts involving revocation................................18-37 (d) Change of domicile.......................................18-38 (e) Subsequent marriage......................................18-3 9 The EU Succession Regulation.........................................18-40 Debate in the UK..................................................18—41 Implications of the UK’s decision not to opt in: definition of “Member State”..................................................18-42 xxxvi CONTENTS Scope of Rome IV (Chapter I).....................................18-43 Jurisdiction (Chapter II)........................................18-44 Applicable law (Chapter III).....................................18-45 The proposed unitary rule......................................18-46 A major role for habitual residence............................18-47 Party autonomy.................................................18-48 Renvoi.........................................................18-49 Scope of applicable law........................................18—50 Recognition, enforceability and enforcement of decisions (Chapter IV)...................................................18-51 European Certificate of Succession (Chapter VI)..................18-52 A new problem of hybridity.......................................18—53 Powers of appointment and powers of apportionment...................18-54 The conflict dimension...........................................18-55 Capacity.........................................................18-56 Formal validity..................................................18-57 Essential validity............................................. 18-58 Construction.....................................................18-59 Revocation.......................................................18-60 Trust estates Common law..................................................... 18-61 (a) Domicile.................................................18-62 (b) Capacity to create a trust...............................18—63 (c) Formal validity..........................................18-64 (d) Essential validity and interpretation....................18-65 (e) Sales of Scots heritage by English trustees..............18-66 Recognition of Tmsts Act 1987....................................18-67 Summary 18..........................................................18-68 PAGE Index....................................................................719 xxxvii
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author	Crawford, Elizabeth B. Carruthers, Janeen M.
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spellingShingle	Crawford, Elizabeth B. Carruthers, Janeen M. International private law a Scots perspective
title	International private law a Scots perspective
title_auth	International private law a Scots perspective
title_exact_search	International private law a Scots perspective
title_full	International private law a Scots perspective Elizabeth B. Crawford ; Janeen M. Carruthers
title_fullStr	International private law a Scots perspective Elizabeth B. Crawford ; Janeen M. Carruthers
title_full_unstemmed	International private law a Scots perspective Elizabeth B. Crawford ; Janeen M. Carruthers
title_short	International private law
title_sort	international private law a scots perspective
title_sub	a Scots perspective
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