Holdings: Rare earth materials

Rare earth materials: properties and applications

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Jha, A. R. (Author)
Format:	Electronic eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group [2014]
Subjects:	Rare earths > Evaluation Rare earths > Industrial applications Mineral industries
Online Access:	TUM01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Description based on print version record
Physical Description:	1 online resource (xxx, 341 pages) illustrations
ISBN:	9781466564022 9781306865920 9781466564039

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adam_text	CONTENTS FOREWORD ....I.............. XXIII PREFACE....... ....................XXVII 1 HISTORY AND DISCOVERY OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS............................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................... 1 1.2 EARLY HISTORY OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS............... 3 1.2.1 EARLY HISTORY OF RARE EARTH OXIDES .......... .... .. ............ 4 1.2.2 KEY PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS FOR RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AND THEIR OXIDES ................. 6 1.2.3 WORLDWIDE RARE EARTH MATERIAL DEPOSITS 7 1.2.4 INITIAL §TORLDWIDE MINING OPERATIONS FOR RARE EARTH MATERIALS...... ... ...... 10 1.2.5 U.S. HISTORY OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT 12 1.3 POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH MATERIA1S............... ........... .. ......... 14 T.3.1 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS .... 14 1.3.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS .......... 14 1,.4 DEFENSE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ..... .. ... ......15 1.4.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING A U.S. SUPPLY CHAIN . 16 1.4.2 CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE SHORTAGE OF RARE EARTH METALS FOR DEFENSE PRODUCTS...... .............. 17 1.4.3 IMPACT ON DEFENSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE DUE TO LACK OF APPROPRIATE SUBSTITUTES... .... 18 1.4.4 IDENTIFICATION OF SECURITY RISKS DUE TO NONAVAILABILITY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS..... 19 1.4.5 PROCESSING EFFORTS TO CONVERT RARE EARTH ORES AND OXIDES INTO METALS FOR DEFENSE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS 20 1.4.6 MARKET DOMINANCE BY CHINA COULD AFFECT THE SUPPLY OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR DEFENSE USE........... .. 21 VRL VIII I CONTENTS 1.4.7 U.S. DEMAND FOR RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS DEFENSE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ..........................21 1.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICARIONS USING MISCHMERAL .......... ........22 1.5.1 PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS BEST SUITED FOR INDUSRIAL APPLICATIONS ...............23 1.5.1.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ......................23 1.5.1.2 METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES.. ................24 1.5.1.3 ELECTRO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES..................................24 1.5.1.4 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.... ....................25 1.5.1.5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES ......26 1.5.1.6 EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON THE EUALITY OF RARE EARTH MATERIAIS............... ................2G 1.5.1.7 IMPACT DUE TO SUBSTITURION ON RARE EARTH MARERIALS ....................2G 1.5.1.8 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN NUCLEAR REACTOR PERFORMANCE ....,,,,.,...........,29 1.5.I.9 EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS DUE TO VARIATIONS IN PROPERTIES ..................29 1.5. 1. 1 0 APPLICATIONS OF LANTHANIDES ................ .............. 34 1.6 IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AND §7ORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION GUIDELINES ON SUPPLY OF REES....... .........34 1.7 CRITICAL ROLE OF CHINA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENT INDUSTRY....... ..........36 1.8 SUMMARY..... ........................3G REFERENCES... .......,....,,.39 2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH OXIDES, ALLOYS, AND COMPOUNDS ,.............41 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................41 2.1.1 PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS FOR RARE EARTH MATERI A S.............43 2.1.2 MINING AND SURVEYING REQUIREMENRS.................................45 2.2 PRODUCTION AND AVAILABILITY OF RARE EARTH OXIDES................... ........45 2.2.1 RECYCLING ISSUES........... ..............46 2.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERARIONS............ ..........46 2.2.3 GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS................. ...........47 2.2.4 RARE EARTH PRICING CONSIDERATIONS ................ .....................49 2.3 DESCRIPTION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS, OXIDES, ALLOYS, AND COMPOUNDS.............. ....................... 49 2.3.1 RARE EARTH OXIDES......... .............50 2.3.2 PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS, OXIDES, AND COMPOUNDS. ...........51 2.3.2.1 LUTETIUM..... ................51 2.3.2.2 DYSPROSIUM. ...............52 2.4 2.5 CONTENTS R IX 2.3.2.3 NEODYMIUM .. 53 2.3.2.4 SAMARIUM. .. ...............53 2.3.2.5 CERIUM .. ............... 55 2.3-2.6 YTTERBIUM ...............-...56 2.3.2.7 THORIUM .-......... .........57 2.3.2.8 GADOLINIUM. ........... ...59 2.3.2.9 TERBIUM.... . ................61 2.3-2.10 YTTRIUM....... .... ...........61 2.3.2.11 THULIUM. ....................63 2.3.2.12 THALLIUM.... .. .....---....64 AVAILABILITY OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN VARIOUS FORMS AND THEIR PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS ................ ........................65 2.4.1 RARE EARTH METALS . .... ...............65 2.4.2 RARE EARTH OXIDES......... ..--........66 2.4.3 RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS .......-....66 2.4.4 RARE EARTH ORGANOMETALLICS ............. -........--..67 RARE EARTH MATERIALS USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL CE11S........ .67 2.5.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHRLEMPERATURE, HIGH-POWER FUEL CELLS ... ....-......69 2.5.2 OPTIMUM RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR ANODES, CATHODES, AND ELECTROLYTES ........... .. ...........70 2.5.2.1 PEROVSKITE CATHODE MATERIALS ........70 2.5.2.2 RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR ELECTROLYTES.. . .............71 2.5.2.3 RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR ANODES --......--..............72 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES, INFRARED LASERS, AND FUEL CELLS USING RARE EARTH MATERIALS OR THEIR OXIDES IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER METALS..... .. ...... .....................73 APPLICATIONS FOR SPUTTERING TARGETS, EVAPORATION MATERIALS, FOILS, AND THIN FILMS... ........75 2.7.I SPUTTERING TARGETS .....................75 2.7.2 ROTATING SPUTTERING TARGETS ............ ...............75 2.7.3 APPLICATIONS OF SPUTTERING TARGETS AND OTHER EVAPORATION MATERIALS ...........-....76 2.7 .3.1 ELECTRONICS AND SEMICONDUCTORS ......... -. - -............7 6 2.7.3.2 ANTIABRASIVE COATINGS . ... .....----......76 2.7.3.3 MAGNETIC MATERIALS. ... . 76 2.7.3.4 OPTICAL COATINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL GLASS .........77 2.7.3.5 SOLAR ENERGY PANELS EQUIPPED WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC CELIS............ ....... 77 2.7.3.6 SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS ......... 77 2.7.3.7 DATA STORAGE MATERIALS ...................78 2.7.3.8 POTENTIAL DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES WITHOUT THE SPUTTERING TARGET METHOD....... 78 2.6 1 7 X R CONTENTS 2.8 SUMMARY..... ........................79 REFERENCES... ...............G0 3 PROPERTIES ANDAPPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH-BASED SUPERCONDUCTIVE MAGNETIC MATERIALS.... ..................G1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................ G1 3.2 MAGNETIC PARAMERERS AND GLOSSARY OF MAGNET TERMINOLOGY ...........G3 3.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND THE UNITS USED ................. 90 3.4 RARE EARTH-BASED PERMANENR MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.......91 3.4.1 NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON PERMANENT MAGNET .................... 91 3.4.1) ND-FE-B MAGNET PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES ........93 3.4.1.2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ND-FE-B MAGNETS........!4 3.4.2 SAMARIUM-COBALT PERMANENR MAGNETS. ..........95 3.4.3 CONVENTIONAL LOW-PRICE MAGNETIC MATERIALS WITH ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE LEVELS.......... .............97 3.4.4 GENERAL COMMENRS ON VARIOUS MAGNETS ........9G 3.5 MAGNETIZATION AND ANISOTROPIC PROPERTIES AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES................... ........................99 3.5.1 ANISOTROPIC PROPERTIES ..............103 3.5,2 ESTIMATION OF SATURATION MAGNETIZATION AND ANISOTROPY PARAMERERS OF VARIOUS RARE EARTH CRYSTALS ............ 104 3.5.3 LOW-IEMPERATURE HYSTERESIS LOOP FROM SAMARIUM- COBALT MAGNETS...... ..................104 3.6 POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH MAGNETS................. ...................... 106 3.6.1 TYPICAL COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS USING NEODYMIUM AND SAMARIUM MAGNETS.. .........107 3.6.2 INDUSTRIAL MOTORS AND GENERATORS..................................... L0G 3.6.3 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS INVOLVING RARE EARTH MAGNETS ..........10G 3.6.4 APPLICATIONS FOR RARE EARTH PERMANENR MAGNETS IN DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE TEAPON SYSTEMS ....................... 109 3.6.4.1 IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON RARE EARTH MAGNET PERFORMANCE .................... 111 3.6.4-2 USE OF RARE EARTH PERMANENR MAGNERS IN HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE COMPONENTS ............... 1 1 I 3.6.4-3 RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR FILTERS, DELAY LINES, AND LIMITERS ............. 113 3.6.4.4 USE OF RARE EARTH MAGNETS IN ELECTRIC CARS, STEPPER MORORS, AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS........ 113 3.6.4.5 RARE EARTH MAGNETS FOR HIGH-SPEED TRAINS AND SHIP PROPULSION ..................... 113 CONTENTS R XI 3.6.4.6 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH CRYSTALS FOR PRECISION ATOMIC CIOCKS......... ......114 3.6.4.7 YITRIUM-IRON-GARNET OSCILLATORS....... .... ......... 1 15 3.6.4.8 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN SUPERFLUID , COOLING DEVICES FOR SUB-KELVIN COOLING... ..... 115 3.6.4.9 RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS ..............116 3.6.4.10 RARE EARTH MANGANESE SILICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ..............116 3.6.4.11 RARE EARTH METAL FLUORIDE AND ITS APPLICATIONS .............116 3.6.4.12 RARE EARTH-BASED TITANATES AND THEIR FTL,.I:AEI::L: :::::::11:..::::::.:. :::: :::: : :::::::::: ::: ....... II; 4 RARE EARTH MATERIALS AND FILMS BEST SUITED FORVARIOUS APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS LASERS, ELECTRO-OPTIC SENSORS, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC DEVICES....... .................. 121 4.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................121 4.2 THEORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS USING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS....122 4.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS- 7AVE AND PULSED LASERS........ 123 4.2.2 CL TTI PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-POWER LASERS.. ....)25 4.3 APPLICATION AND PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF SELECTED REE- BASED LASERS .....................125 4.3.1 ND:YAG AND ND:YTTRIUM-LITHIUM-FLUORIDE LASERS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS................. .. ......125 4.3.1.1 SINGLE-LAMP HIGH-EFFICIENCY ND:YAG LASERS .......,..........126 4.3.1.2 ND:YAG LASERS FOR SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION .............. ...-----.....126 4.3.1.3 NEODYMIUM:YTTRIUM-LITHIUM-FLUORIDE LASERS ......,,,.........,127 4.3.2 GADOLINIUM-SCANDIUM-GALLIUM OXIDE LASERS .......... ......129 4.3.3 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES AND ADVANTAGES OF ERBIUMYLF FIBER LASERS EMITTING AT 2.8 PM ..................130 4.3.4 YB-YAG LASER SYSTEMS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS ............132 4.3.5 LASER SYSTEMS DEPLOYING MULTILEVEL DOPING OF RARE EARTH HOST CRYSTALS....... ...........133 4.3.5.1 HO:TM:LULIFA LASER WITH TWO-LEVEL DOPING INVOLVING TWO HOST CRYSTALS ............... 1 33 4.3.5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LAMP PUMPING AND SOLID-STATE DIODE SCHEMES.........134 XII ! CONTENTS 4.3.5.3 THRESHOLD ENERGY AND SLOPE EFFICIENCY OF HO:TM:LULIFN AND HO:TMYLIF, LASER SYSTEMS USING RARE EARTH MATERIALS................. 1 36 4.4 QUANTUM- 7ELL LASERS INVOLVING RARE EARTH MATERIALS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS ................ ......................138 4.4.I SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PARAMERERS AND ANISOTROPY CHARACTERISTICS ................ .........139 4.4.2 MAXIMUM GAIN AS A FUNCTION OF CURRENT DENSITY FOR PARABOLIC QUANTUM §7ELL SYSTEMS .................141 4.4.3 QUANTUM- W ELL LASER DIODES USING CONVENTIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS. .........142 4.5 APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN ATOMIC CLOCKS....... ..........144 4.5.1 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OFATOMIC CLOCKS USING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS...... ...........144 4.5.2 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF CAESIUM ATOMIC CLOCKS .......145 4.5.3 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF RUBIDIUM ATOMIC CLOCKS ....145 4.6 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCRING COMPOUNDS USING RARE EARTH ELEMENRS .............. .......................146 4.6.1 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SOME PROMINENT RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS. .........146 4.6.1.1 APPLICATIONS OF NEODYMIUM AND YTTRIUM......... 147 4.6.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF ERBIUM.... .............147 4.6.L.3 MICROWAVE FILTERS USING YTTRIUM....... ............... 147 4.6.1.4 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCRING CERAMIC COMPOUNDS INVOLVING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ...150 4.6.1.5 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OFTHIN FILMS USING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER-§FAVE DEVICES..... 150 4.6.1.6 MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER-§FAVE COMPONENTS USING THIN FILMS MADE FROM RARE EARTH ELEMENTS...... ...............152 4.6.2 USE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE DESIGN OF RING RESONARORS AND RADIOFREQUENCY OSCILLATORS ...................... 153 4.6.2.1 PERFORMANCE OF A HYBRID RF OSCILLATOR USING PLANAR SUPERCONDUCTIVE MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY AND YBCO THIN FILMS.. ..............T54 4-6.2.2 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY OF A SURFACE ACOUSTIC 7AVE COMPRESSIVE RECEIVER USING SUPERCONDUCTING YBCO THIN FILMS ......155 4.6.2.3 CRYOGENICALLY COOLED TIDEBAND COMPRESSIVE RECEIVERS USING CHIRP FILTERS MADE FROM YBCO THIN FILMS .....156 CONTENTS R XIII 4.7 APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR HEAVY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.. ..... ................. 156 4.7 .1 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE DESIGN OF HIGH-SPEED LEVITATED TAINS.......... -..... 157 4.7 .L.L OPERATING PRINCIPALS AND PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF ELECTRODYNAMIC LEVITATION 4.7 .1.2 RARE EARTH SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET REQUIREMENTS................... ............. 158 4.7.2 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OFND-FE-B SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS...... .. 158 4.8 APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS IN COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT AND MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS....... 158 4.8.1 USE OF RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS IN AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS 158 4.8.2 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE MEDICAL FIE1D....... 159 4.8.3 RARE EARTH-BASED MAGNETS FOR OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE §TEAPON SYSTEMS........ ... ............... 159 4.8.4 UBITRON AMPLIFIERS . ........... 159 4.8.5 PLATINUM IN THE DESIGN OF JET ENGINES, HIGH-SPEED GAS TURBINES, SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT, AND NUCLEAR REACTORS. ...............160 4.9 DEPLOYMENT OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, PIEZOELECTRIC, MAGNETOELASTIC, LJLTRASONIC, SURFACE ACOUSTIC VAVE, AND FERROELECTRIC COMPONENTS ........ . .... 161 4.9.1 ACOUSTIC MATERIALS FOR ROOM{EMPERATURE PROPAGATION OF MICROWAVE ENERGY IN AN ACOUSTIC FORM........ . 161 4.9.1.1 PULSE COMPRESSION FILTERS REQUIRING DISPERSIVE DELAY LINES.. ....... ....--.. 161 4.9.I.2 SOLID-STATE MICROWAVE DELAY LINES. ...... . 162 4.9.1.3 MATERIALS FOR TRANSDUCER APPLICATIONS ... .... 162 4.LO DEPLOYMENT OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS 162 4.11, SUMMARY..... ............... 163 REFERENCES ....... 166 CRITICAL ROLES OF RARE EATTH ELEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURING OF IRON, STEEL, AND OTHER ALLOYS SUITED FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS ................ ... L67 S.T- INTRODUCTION .... 167 5.2 FORMS OF LRON .. 167 5.2.1 INTERFACE OF IRON-GRAPHITE ... ....... .... 170 XIV R CONTENTS 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.2.2 IMPORTANT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAY IRONS AND THEIR CLOSE A11OYS.......... . ....... 170 5.2.3 PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE IRONS........ ... ............171 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS AS NODULIZERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF NODULAR IRON ............ .... 74 5.3.1 MOST COMMON NODULIZING MATERIALS IN THE PRODUCTION OF NODULAR IRON............. .... ........176 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS AS NUCLEATINGAGENTS ......................177 5.4.1 ELIMINATION OF IRON CARBON .....177 5.4.2 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN CONTROLLING DELETERIOUS ELEMENTS ........ .......178 5.4.3 FUTURE ROLE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF NODULAR IRON ............ 181 THE ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY ................182 5.5.1 RARE EARTH ALLOYS CURRENTLY USED IN THE STEELMAKING INDUSTRY....... .........182 5.5.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MISCHMETAL .......... .......................183 5.5.3 RARE EARTH SILICIDE ALLOY........... ..................186 5.5.4 VARIOUS RARE EARTH METAL ALLOYS ............ .....187 5.5.5 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND FERROUS METALLURGY ASPECTS OF RARE EARTH MEALS ....................197 5.5.5.1 SOME LIMITATIONS OF THE MANGANESE SULFIDE APPROACH ..... ...........188 5.5.5.2 IMPACT DUE TO SUBSTITUTION OF MANGANESE SULFIDE ...................... 189 5.5.5.3 REPLACEMENT OF MANGANESE SULFIDE WITH RARE EARTH SULFIDES........ ....... . .....190 5.5.5.4 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF HSLA STEEL ............ . ...... ....... .....190 5.5.5.5 STEELMAKING PRACTICES USED BY STEEL PRODUCERS.... ........... 191 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RARE EARTH METALS ...........192 5.6.1 MECHANICAL PROBLEMS FROM CLUSTERING..............................192 5.6.2 SERIOUS OPERATING PROBLEMS, SUCH AS NOZZLE BLOCKAGE.... 192 5.6.3 PROBLEMS WITH BOTTOM CONE SEGREGATION ................ ....... 193 5.6.4 COST PROJECTION OF RARE EARTH METAL ALLOY ....... ..............193 5.6.5 SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH REM ADDITION TO LIQUID STEEL ............ .........194 TECHNIQUES FOR MANGANESE SULFIDE CONTROL ....... ....-..194 HYDROGEN-INDUCED CRACKING DURING REM APPLICATION ........... ..... 19 6 5.8.1 CRITICAL EFFECTS DUE TO SULFIDE SHAPE CONTROL..... . --..........196 5.8.2 RARE EARTH METAL HYDRIDE EFFECT .................197 5.6 57 5.8 CONTENTS I XV 5.8.3 SUMMARY OF THE METALLURGICAL EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH METALS IN STEE1........ ..................197 5.9 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS AS NONCRACKING CATALYSTS.. ... ......... 198 5.9 .L POTENTIAL CATALYTIC COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF NONSTOICHIOMETRIC OXIDES ....................... 199 5.9.2 PERFORMANCE OF CERIUM-PROMOTED LUMMUS CATALYSTS .... 200 5.9.3 IMPORTANCE OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS .......... 200 5.9.4 POLYMERIZATION PROCESS .......... 201 5.9.5 OXIDATION PROCESS......... ...... 20I 5.9.6 POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF CATALYTIC AGENTS TO DETERMINE AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSIONS.... ...... 201 5.9.7 DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL CATALYST SHAPES ... 203 5.9.8 EFFECTS ON CATALYTIC ACTIVITY FROM MATERIALS WITH PEROVSKITE STRUCTURES ..............- 204 5.9.9 CRITICAL ROLE OF DELAYED CONVERSION OF CARBON OXIDE CONVERSION ..-.............205 5.10 SUMMARY ......205 REFERENCES... .............207 APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, HYDRIDES, AND CERAMICS................ .............209 6.1, INTRODUCTION .......... ...........209 6.2 RARE EARTH INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AND RARE EARTH HYDRIDES..... ................ 210 6.3 DISTINCT PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS.........212 6.3.1 MAGNETIC AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH HYDRIDES.... . ..... 212 6.3.2 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH RARE EARTH INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS. .........213 6.3.3 MAGNETISM OF RARE EARTH-COBALT INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS .......-.214 6.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF HYBRIDS AND DEUTERIDES OF ER(FE,-, MN)2 COMPOUNDS ......... ........217 6.4.1 APPLICATIONS OF HYDRIDES ........- 220 6.4.2 STORAGE OF HYDROGEN AS A HYDRIDE ...............220 6.4.2.1 PRODUCTION APPROACH FOR HYDROGEN FROM HYDRIDES...... ............220 6.4.2.2 CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDRIDES .....221 6.4.2.3 DISASSOCIATION PRESSURES OF VARIOUS RARE EARTH-BASED HYDRIDES...... ...........222 6.5 RARE EARTH CERAMICS, THEIR PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS .............223 6.5.1 MOST POPULAR RARE EARTH CERAMICS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ..........223 XVI T CONTENTS 6.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC PERMANENT MAGNETS....... ..............225 6.6 RARE EARTH-BASED CERAMICS FOR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC POWER GENERATORS ,,...,,........,........225 6.6.1 REQUIREMENTS OF RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS FOR MHD POWER GENERATORS............. .........225 6.6.2 MATERIAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN OF MHD ELECTRODES.... ..................227 6.6.3 DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL RARE EARTH-BASED ELECTRODE MATERIALS --...........228 6.6.4 MOST PROMISING MATERIALS FOR THE MHD GENERATOR APPLICATIONS ..........229 6.6.5 CERMET AND CHROMATE MATERIALS AND THEIR BENEFITS.........230 6.6.6 ELECMODE TEST AND EVALUATION DATA..................................232 6.6.7 MOST IDEAL CERAMIC AND REFRACTORY MATERIALS FOR MHD SYSTEM APPLICATIONS .......233 6.6.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF ELECTRODE TEMPERATURE .........233 6.6.9 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS OXIDES USED IN MHD ELECTRODES.... .................234 6.6.10 PERFORMANCE OFADVANCED RARE EARTH CERAMIC AND REFRACTIVE MATERIALS FOR MHD SYSTEM COMPONENTS .......234 6.6.11 COMMENTS ON THE MHD ELECTRODE MATERIALS ..................235 6.7 SUMMARY..... ......................236 REFERENCES... .............238 7 CONTRIBUTIONS OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLASS INDUSTRY, CRYSTAL TECHNOLOGY, GLASS POLISHING, ELECTRO- OPTICAL DEVICES, AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY..... .............239 7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................239 7.2 CRITICAL ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS GLASS CATEGORIES............... .........240 7.2.1 CERIUM OXIDE.......... ................241 7.2.2 LANTHANUM OXIDE.......... ..........242 7.2.3 NEODYMIUM OXIDE......... .........242 7.2.4 PRASEODYMIUM OXIDE...... .........243 7.2.5 COLORING EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH OXIDES.............................243 7.3 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS MATERIALS FREE FROM RARE EARTH OXIDES....... ...................244 7.3.1 TYPES OF GLASS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN RARE EARTH OXIDES......... ......244 7 .3.1.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN COLORANT IONS ............ ......245 7 .3.1 .2 DECOLORIZING EFFECTS DUE TO GLASS IMPURITIES .............246 7.4 7.5 7.6 CONTENTS R XVII 7 .3.2 EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS ON THE PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL G1ASS............ ................248 7.3.2.1 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL GLASSES ........-248 7 .3.2.2 FLUORESCENCE OF GLASS....... .............250 USE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLISHING COMPOUNDS. ......................251 7.4.1 THREE DISTINCT TEORIES OF THE POLISHING MECHANISM........252 7.4.2 BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL ETCHANTS DURING POLISHING PROCEDURES... .........253 7.4.2.1 LVORLDWIDE MARKET FOR CERIUM OXIDE ......... ....254 7.4.2.2 CONSUMPTION OF CERIUM OXIDE AS A POLISHING COMPOUND.. ..................254 7.4.2.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS......254 7.4.2.4 OTHER FACTORS INFUENCING GLASS POLISHING........256 ROLE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRYSTALS FOR LASERS AND MINILASERS ................ .....-256 7.5.1 THEORY AND DESIGN CONCEPT FOR MINILASERS ..... ........ .......256 7.5.2 LOS CRYSTAL GROWTH....... .........257 7.5.2.1 PROCEDURE TO FORM MINICRYSTALS FROM POLYCRYSTALLINE LOS POWDER ........................ ... 25 8 7.5.2.2 FORMATION OF GOOD-QUALITY ULTRAPHOSPHATE SINGLE CRYSTALS (NDP5O,A ) FOR LASER APPLICATIONS .............258 7.5.2.3 FLUORESCENCE RESULTS AND LASER EFFECTS OF THE CRYSTALS ...................259 TRIVALENT PRASEODYMIUM-DOPED:YTTRIUM LITHIUM FLUORIDE LASER OPERATING AT ROOM TEMPERATURE .....................259 7.6.1 TIVALENT PRASEODYMIUM-DOPED LITHIUM-YTTRIUM- FLUORIDE LASER OPERAT ING AT 0.64 LRM .............. ................ 260 7.6.2 THRESHOLD ENERGY DENSITY FOR A FOUR-LEVEL LASER .......-.-...263 7.6.3 TWO-MICRON RARE EARTH LASERS OPERATING AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.................. .........264 7 .6.3.1 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF DIODE-PUMPED HO:TM:LULF LASERS ........ ..-----....265 7 .6.3.2 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF HO:TMYLF LASERS.......... ......,..--265 CRITICAL ROLE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.......266 7.7.1 LANTHANUM CHROMITE ELECTRODES ...-.. .........268 7.7.2 ROLE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYTIC MATERIALS .........--.......268 7.7.2.1 CATALYTIC MATERIAL FOR OXYGEN ELECTRODES .......268 7.7.2.2 LANTHANUM PEROVSKITE ON A SPINEL-COATED META1.......... .............268 7.7 XVIII R CONTENTS 7.7.2.3 PREPARATION OF A CATALYST USING LANTHANUM WITH COBALT AND NICKEL ................269 7.7.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF COMPLEX METAL SILICATES ............2G9 7 .7 -3 FORMATION OF SOLID SOLUTIONS FROM CATALYSTS WITH LANTHANUM ..........269 7.7.4 A NEW CATALYST INVOLVING NICKEL AND SILVER.... .................270 7 .7 .5 FORMATION OF MIXED OXIDE COMPOUNDS FOR CASTING SUPER-ALLOY MATERIALS ...............270 7.7.6 ZINC ALUMINATE FOR §7ATER TEATMENT CARALYSRS ................271 V.7.7 LANTHANUM ALLOYS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE WITH HOT GAS ENGINES........ .........272 7.8 ROLE OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS IN MICROWAVE AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS BEST SUITED FOR MILITARY AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS ....................273 7.8.1 ROLE OF YTTRIUM-IRON-GARNET IN MILITARY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ..........274 7.8.2 ROLE OF SAMARIUM COBALT PERMANENT MAGNETS FOR ECM AND RADAR SYSTEMS................... ...........274 7.8.3 RARE EARTH-BASED GARNETS AND MIXED GARNETS ...............275 7.8.4 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF MIXED GARNETS ......276 7.8.4.1 EUROPIUM IRON GARNET. .................27G 7.8.4.2 GADOLINIUM IRON GARNET ..............276 7.8.4.3 TERBIUM IRON GARNET ...................276 7.8.4.4 YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET ..........277 7.9 SUMMARY..... ......................277 REFERENCES... ............280 B INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF PURE RARE EARTH METALS AND RELATED 411OYS......... .............281 8.1 INTRODUCTION ......................281 8.2 TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS USING MISCHMETAL AND ITS A11OYS.........282 8.2.1 MISCHMETALPRODUCTION CAPACITIESOFLNDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES .............283 8.2.1.1 U.S. COMPANIES............. ..............283 8.2.1.2 EUROPEAN COMPANIES ...................283 8.2.I.3 SOUTH AMERICAN COMPANIES................ .............283 8.2.1.4 ASIAN COMPANIES............ .............294 8.2.2 POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF MISCHMET AL.............. 284 8.2.2.1 COBALT MAGNETS FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES................ ........... 286 8.2.2.2 CAST STEELS WITH MISCHMETAL CONTENT FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING ....................287 8.3 CONTENTS R XIX 8.2.2.3 IMPROVEMENT IN FERRITE STAINLESS STEELS.............287 8.2.2.4 IMPROVEMENTS IN MODULAR AND NONMODULAR GRAPHITE IRON MATERIALS USING MISCHMETAL ......287 8.2.2.5 USE OF MISCHMETAL TO ELIMINATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS .............288 8.2.2.6 PRODUCTION OF FREE-MACHINING STEEL.... ............288 8.2.2.7 BENEFITS OF ELECTROSLAG REMELTED STEELS . ... ......288 8.2.2.8 ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES ................288 8.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF SAMARIUM METAL ......... ........289 8.2.4 DEPLOYMENT OF RARE EARTH OXIDES TO REDUCE THE COST OF SAMARIUM MAGNETS BY USING MISCHMETAL ALLOY ..........291 8.2.5 RARE EARTH MAGNETS FOR COMMERCIAL, SPACE, AND MILITARY APPLICATIONS ...............292 8.2.6 COMPOSITIONS OF 2:17 ALLOYS ........................293 CRITICAL APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN HIGH- TECHNOLOGY AREAS ............. .....................294 8.3.1 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR NUCLEAR SHIELDING ..............294 8.3.1.1 THERMAL NEUTRON SHIELDING MATERIALS ..............295 8.3.2 APPLICATION OF NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY ..........--296 8.3.3 SEALEDLLUBE NEUTRON GENERATORS FOR CANCER THERAPY.......297 8-3-4 RARE EARTH METALS FOR THE LIGHTING INDUSTRY...... ..............297 SUPERCONDUCTING TERNARY RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS AND THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES .....................297 8.4.I MAGNETIC MOMENTS OF RARE EARTH IONS IN TERNARY COMPOUNDS. .........298 8.4.2 IMPACT OF EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOUNDS.............. ....... 300 8.4.3 SPECIFIC HEAT AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE FOR GADOLINIUM-BASED COMPOUNDS ......... ....... 300 8.4.4 PROPERTIES OF TERNARY RARE EARTH RHODIUM BORIDES .,...........302 8.4.5 SPECIFIC HEAT OF ERRH4B4 AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE UNDER APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD ............ .........304 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF RARE EARTH CRYSTALS AND THEIR UNIQUE PROPERTIES.... ..........305 8.5.1 CRYSTAL GROWTH USING THE CZOCHRALSKI METHOD ........---..306 8.5.2 QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES.. ...................... 306 8.5.3 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF TRI-ARC CRYSTALS ...............306 8.5.4 APPLICATIONS OF LEVITATION-GROWN CRYSTALS ......................307 8.5.5 MOLTEN REGIONS DURING THE CRYSTAL GROWTH PROCEDURE. .... 308 8.5.6 LEVITATION PROCESS........ . ......... 308 8.4 8.5 XX R CONTENTS 8.5.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TI-ARC AND LEVITATION METHODS .............308 8.6 ROLE OF RARE EARTH METALS AND OXIDES IN THE DESIGN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY SENSORS.. ..... ................ 310 8.6.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVICES, SENSORS, AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS .........310 8.6.I.I SOLAR CELLS USING NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HIGH-QUALITY THIN FILMS ................................. 31 1 8.6.1 .2 FOCAL PLANAR ARRAY DETECTORS USING THIN FILMS OF RARE EARTH MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY.............. .............312 8.6.2 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES USING NANOTECHNOLOGY AND RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR DEFENSE AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS .........314 8.6.2.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY- AND MEMS-BASED MATERIALS FOR ARMOR .....................314 8.6.2.2 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS... ................... 314 8.6.2.3 MICROHEAT PIPES USING A MEMS DEVICE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED HEAT PIPES .................. 315 8.6.2.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTUATION MECHANISM USING NANOTECHNOLOGY.... .............316 8-6.2.5 MINIATURIZED NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED LASER SCANNING SYSTEMS ....316 8.6.2.6 MISCHMETAL AND NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED CNTS FOR HELICOPTER COMPONENTS ......... -......... 316 8.7 HIGH-POWER, HIGHLTEMPERATURE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS USING RARE EARTH OXIDES......... ....317 8.7.1 HIGH-POWER, HIGHRLEMPERATURE CAPACITORS FORVARIOUS ELECTRONIC MODULES...... .............317 8.7.2 RARE EARTH MATERIALS FOR HIGHRTEMPERATURE, HIGH- ENERGY CAPACITORS ....................318 8.7.2.1 OPTIMUM SINTERING TEMPERATURES FOR VARIOUS LAYERS ..........319 8.7.2.2 TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO MEASURE THE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIMEN ..................319 8.7.2.3 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIT AND BNT CERAMICS AND BNT/BIT/BNT COMPOSITE CERAMIC LAYERS ........320 8.7.2.4 CAPACITANCE AND VOLTAGE RATINGS FOR HIGH-ENERGY CAPACITORS USING MULTILAYER TECHNOLOGIES ............321 CONTENTS R XXI 8.7.2.5 UNIQUE DIELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH- TEMPERATURE, HIGH-ENERGY-DENSITY CAPACITORS ................322 8.7.2.6 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OFVARIOUS TYPES OF HIGH-VOLTAGE CAPACITORS.... .................323 8.7 .2.7 NEXT-GENERATION ULTRACAPACITOR ........... ............323 8.7.2.8 OPERATINGPRINCIPLE OFNANOTUBE-ENHANCED ULTRACAPACITORS................. ............ 323 8.7.2.9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FTI,.LJ.TII:R:: ::: :)-:::: :L:::::::L::: LII INDEX........... .............331
any_adam_object	1
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dewey-tens	660 - Chemical engineering
discipline	Chemie / Pharmazie
format	Electronic eBook
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institution	BVB
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spelling	Jha, A. R. aut Rare earth materials properties and applications A.R. JHA. Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group [2014] © 2014 1 online resource (xxx, 341 pages) illustrations txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Description based on print version record Rare earths Evaluation Rare earths Industrial applications Mineral industries http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=617843 Verlag Volltext SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028415255&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Jha, A. R. Rare earth materials properties and applications Rare earths Evaluation Rare earths Industrial applications Mineral industries
title	Rare earth materials properties and applications
title_auth	Rare earth materials properties and applications
title_exact_search	Rare earth materials properties and applications
title_full	Rare earth materials properties and applications A.R. JHA.
title_fullStr	Rare earth materials properties and applications A.R. JHA.
title_full_unstemmed	Rare earth materials properties and applications A.R. JHA.
title_short	Rare earth materials
title_sort	rare earth materials properties and applications
title_sub	properties and applications
topic	Rare earths Evaluation Rare earths Industrial applications Mineral industries
topic_facet	Rare earths Evaluation Rare earths Industrial applications Mineral industries
url	http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=617843 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028415255&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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