The neurology of eye movements:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Contemporary neurology series
90 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben Series statement from book jacket |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 1109 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199969289 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ideiy regarded as the standard text in the
field, this fifth edition of The Neurology
of Eye Movements has been rewritten, with a
new chapter on the properties of the extraocu-
iar muscles and orbital tissues, expanded basic
and ciinicaf chapters, new appendices, and (inks
to over 200 color figures, 56 tables, 75 summary
boxes, and 200 video clips. The first nine chapters
review the behavioral properties and neural sub-
strate for the main functional classes of eye
movements, providing a modern synthesis of the
control of gaze. This synthesis draws on studies
of human and animal reflexive behavior, cogni-
tion. memory, reward, and volition. The evidence
from modern techniques such as muitielectrode
studies in macaque, perioperative stimulation of
cerebral cortex in humans, functional imaging,
transcramal magnetic stimulation, and clmtco-
pathological studies in patients are weighed and
discussed. The next five chapters apply this syn-
thesis of gaze control to interpret the effects of
disease on the extraocular muscles and their in-
nervation and the eentra.1 nervous system. Topics
ranging from muscular dystrophies, genetic dis-
orders, ataxia, dementia, schizophrenia, and drug
effects, as well as visual and vestibular conditions,
are discussed. In these clinical sections, links are
provided m the electronic version that allow the
reader to refer to anatomical diagrams to under-
stand the pathogenesis, tables that summarize
etiologies, boxes that list the classic findings, and
video clips that provtcte examples of the disor-
ders under discussion. Four appendtces summa-
rize the clinical examination of eye movements,
current methods for measuring eye movements,
ocular motor findings in dominant and recessive
spinocerebellar ataxias, and provide legends for
eacn of the video clips.
R. John Leigh, MD, FRCP (above, right), is the
Blair-Daroff Emeritus Professor of Neurology at
Case Western Reserve University. Cleveland.
Ohio. He trained in neurology at the University
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. England. Cornell Medi-
cal Center in New York, and the Johns Hopkins
Medical Center in Baltimore. He has applied eye
movements to study a broad range of disorders
affecting the brain, eye. or ear during his career
as a clinician-scientist. which has included a sab-
batical at the National Eye institute in therr Labo-
ratory of Sensorimotor Research. He has served
on review committees of the National Institutes of
Health and on the editorial boards of the journals
/Knnals of Neurology and Neurology.
David S. Zee, MD (above, left), is Professor.
Departments of Neurology. Ophthalmology. Oto-
laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, and Neuro-
science at the Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine m Baltimore. Maryland. He trained ։n neu-
rology at Johns Hopkins Medical Center, following
an internal medicine internship at Cornell Medical
Center tn New York. His research and clinical focus
has been on eye movement and vestibular disor-
ders. which have included three sabbatical years
at the National Eye Institute *n their Laboratory of
Sensorimotor Research He has chaired review
committees of the National Institutes of Health
and served on the editorial boards of the journals
/ nnBts of Neurology and Elratn.
The collaboration between Drs Leigh and Zee
spans over 35 years and has produced many joint
duplications including five editions of the Neurol֊
ogv of Eve K foVemenrs .
Titel: The neurology of eye movements
Autor: Leigh, R. John
Jahr: 2015
Contents
Preface xix
1. A SURVEY OF EYE MOVEMENTS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TELEOLOGY 1
WHY STUDY EYE MOVEMENTS? 2
VISUAL REQUIREMENTS OF EYE MOVEMENTS 3
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF EYE MOVEMENTS 4
ORBITAL MECHANICS: PHASIC AND TONIC INNERVATION 6
FORGING THE COMMAND FOR EYE MOVEMENTS: THE NEURAL
INTEGRATOR 7
VESTIBULAR AND OPTOKINETIC SYSTEMS 7
The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex: Responses to Brief Rotational and Linear Head
Movements • Eye Movements in Response to Sustained Rotations: The Optokinetic System
SACCADIC SYSTEM 10
Quick Phases • Voluntary Saccades
SMOOTH PURSUIT AND VISUAL FIXATION 12
Smooth Pursuit • Visual Fixation • Similarities and Differences Between Fixation, Smooth Pursuit,
and Optokinetic Eye Movements
COMBINED MOVEMENTS OF THE EYES AND HEAD 14
VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS 15
ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS AND THE CEREBELLUM 16
VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS 17
EYE MOVEMENTS AND SPATIAL LOCALIZATION 19
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF EYE
MOVEMENTS 19
2. THE OCULAR MOTOR PERIPHERY 24
THE ROLE OF THE OCULAR MOTOR PERIPHERY 24
THE KINEMATICS OF EYE ROTATION 25
THE EYEBALL AND ITS ATTACHMENTS: FASCIA AND EXTRAOCULAR
MUSCLES 27
viii Contents
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES AND THEIR
INNERVATION 31
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FIBERS 33
Differences from Skeletal Muscle • Different Forms of Extraocular Muscle Fiber
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTRAOCULAR
MUSCLE FIBERS 38
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE PROPRIOCEPTION 40
INNERVATION OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES: ANATOMY OF
OCULAR MOTOR NERVES AND THEIR NUCLEI 42
Anatomy of the Abducens Nerve • Anatomy of the Trochlear Nerve • Anatomy of the
Oculomotor Nerve
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORBITAL
CONTENTS 48
3. THE VESTIBULAR-OPTOKINETIC SYSTEM 55
FUNCTION OF THE VESTIBULAR-OPTOKINETIC SYSTEM 57
Head Rotations and Translations • Tilt Versus Translation Ambiguity • Vestibular-Visual Symbiosis
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PERIPHERAL
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 61
The Structure of the Labyrinth • The Blood Supply and Innervation of the Labyrinth • The
Mechanical Properties of the Semicircular Canals and Otolith Organs • Neural Activity in Vestibular
Afferents • Different Classes of Vestibular Afferents
BRAINSTEM ELABORATION OF THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX 69
Anatomic Organization of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex • Vertical Semicircular Canal
Projections • Horizontal Semicircular Canal Projections • Otolith Projections • Neurophysiology
of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex • The Velocity-Storage Mechanism
NEURAL SUBSTRATE FOR OPTOKINETIC RESPONSES 79
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE VESTIBULAR-OPTOKINETIC SYSTEM 80
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes, Gain, Direction, and Phase: General Characteristics •
Determinants of VOR Gain: Rotational VOR • Determinants of VOR Gain: Translational
VOR • Determinants of VOR Gain: Eccentric Rotation • Determinants ofVOR Gain: Direction
and the Axis of Eye Rotation • Determinants ofVOR Phase and Time Constant • Optokinetic
Nystagmus • Optokinetic After-Nystagmus • Cervico-Ocular Reflex
ADAPTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX 95
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Habituation • Short-Term VOR Adaptation that Produces the Reversal
Phases of Nystagmus • Visually Induced Adaptation of the VOR • Mechanisms of Recovery from
Lesions in the Labyrinth
INFLUENCES OF THE VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM ON THE
VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX 104
Anatomical Pathways by Which the Vestibulocerebellum Influences the VOR • Electrophysiological
Aspects of Vestibulocerebellum Control of the VOR • Effects of Vestibulocerebellar Lesions on the
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex • Role of Cerebellum in Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Adaptation
Contents ix
VESTIBULAR SENSATION AND THE ROLE OF THE CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES IN THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX 108
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF VESTIBULAR AND OPTOKINETIC
FUNCTION 112
General Principles for Evaluating Vestibular Disorders • History Taking in Patients with
Vestibular Disorders • The Clinical Examination of Patients with Vestibular Disorders
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF VESTIBULAR AND OPTOKINETIC
FUNCTION 121
Quantitative Caloric Testing • Magnetic Field Stimulation • Quantitative
Rotational Testing • Quantitative Head Impulse Testing • Testing Otolith-Ocular
Responses • Optokinetic Testing
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISORDERS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 128
Pathophysiology of Acute Unilateral Disease of the Labyrinth or Vestibular Nerve • Pathophysiology
of Bilateral Loss of Vestibular Function • Pathophysiology of Lesions of Central Vestibular
Connections • Pathophysiology of Disorders of the Optokinetic System
4. THE SACCADIC SYSTEM 169
THE PURPOSE OF SACCADES 170
BEHAVIOR OF THE SACCADIC SYSTEM 171
Saccadic Velocity and Duration • Saccadic Waveform • Saccadic Trajectory • Saccadic
Reaction Time (Latency) • Saccadic Accuracy • Quantitative Aspects of Quick Phases
of Nystagmus • Ballistic Nature of Saccadic Movements • Saccades During Visual
Search • Saccades During Reading • Visual Consequences of Saccades
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS 189
Brainstem Pathways for Saccades • Inputs to the Brainstem Saccadic Pulse Generator from
Cerebral Cortex • Superior Colliculus • The Role of the Frontal Lobe • The Role of the
Parietal Lobe • Summary of Fronto-Parietal Influences on the Control of Saccades • The Role of
the Thalamus • The Role of the Basal Ganglia • The Cerebellar Contribution to Saccades
MODELS FOR SACCADE GENERATION 228
Models for Horizontal Saccades • Models for Oblique Saccades • Neuromimetic Models for
Saccades in Two and Three Dimensions
ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF SACCADIC ACCURACY 233
Saccadic Adaptation Following Ocular Motor Palsy • Experimentally Induced Saccadic
Adaptation • Neural Substrate For Saccadic Adaptation
SACCADES AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EYELIDS 240
EXAMINATION OF SACCADES 243
Clinical Examination of Saccades • Measurement of Saccades
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ABNORMALITIES OF SACCADES 245
Disorders of Saccadic Velocity • Disorders of Saccadic Accuracy • Prematurely Terminated
Saccades • Disorders of Initiation of Saccades • Inappropriate Saccades: Saccadic Intrusions
and Oscillations
x Contents
5. SMOOTH VISUAL TRACKING AND FIXATION 289
THE NEED FOR SMOOTH VISUAL TRACKING 290
VISUAL FIXATION: AN OCULAR MOTOR BALANCING ACT 291
Relationship Between Fixational Eye Movements and Smooth Ocular Tracking
BEHAVIORAL PROPERTIES OF SMOOTH VISUAL TRACKING EYE
MOVEMENTS 296
The Visual Stimuli for Smooth Visual Tracking • Dynamic Properties of Smooth-Pursuit Eye
Movements • Properties of Optokinetic Responses • Smooth Pursuit to Predictable Target Motion
ADAPTIVE PROPERTIES OF SMOOTH PURSUIT 309
NEURAL SUBSTRATE FOR SMOOTH VISUAL TRACKING 310
Primary Visual Cortex and Smooth Pursuit • Contributions of the Middle Temporal Visual
Area • Contributions of the Medial Superior Temporal Visual Area • Contribution of Posterior
Parietal Cortex • The Frontal Lobes • Contributions of the Frontal Eye Fields (Frontal Pursuit
Area) • Contributions of the Supplementary Eye Field • Contributions of Other Cortical Areas
to Smooth Tracking • Contribution of the Basal Ganglia to Smooth Pursuit • Neural Substrate
for the Components of Predictive Pursuit • Descending Pursuit Pathways to the Pontine
Nuclei • The Cerebellar Contribution • The Accessory Optic System and Nucleus of the Optic
Tract • The Neural Substrate for Adaptation of Smooth-Tracking Responses • Summary of
Descending Pathways for Smooth Pursuit
MODELS OF SMOOTH PURSUIT 327
Simple Negative Feedback Models • Limitations of Negative Feedback Models: The Need for
Efference Copy • Models that Account for the Predictive Properties of Smooth Pursuit
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF FIXATION AND SMOOTH PURSUIT 331
Examining Fixation • Examining Smooth Pursuit
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF FIXATION AND SMOOTH PURSUIT 332
ABNORMALITIES OF VISUAL FIXATION AND SMOOTH PURSUIT 333
Abnormalities of Visual Fixation • Abnormalities of Smooth Pursuit • Smooth Pursuit and Visual
Fixation Abnormalities Accompanying Failure of Development of Binocular Vision
6. GAZE HOLDING AND THE NEURAL INTEGRATOR 360
NEURAL CODING OF THE OCULAR MOTOR SIGNAL 362
The Need for a Neural Integrator of Ocular Motor Signals • Special Demands on the Neural
Integrator
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF NEURAL INTEGRATION 365
NEURAL SUBSTRATE FOR GAZE HOLDING 367
The Contribution of the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi and Medial Vestibular Nucleus to Gaze
Holding • The Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal and Vertical Gaze Holding • The Contribution
of the Cerebellum to Gaze Holding • How a Network of Neurons Could Function as the Neural
Integrator
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF GAZE HOLDING 375
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF GAZE HOLDING 376
Contents xi
ABNORMALITIES OF THE NEURAL INTEGRATOR: GAZE-EVOKED
NYSTAGMUS 377
Pathogenesis of Deficient Neural Integration • Pathogenesis of Centripetal Nystagmus and Rebound
Nystagmus
THE NEURAL BASIS FOR CONJUGATE EYE MOVEMENTS 386
A WORKING HYPOTHESIS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE CONTROL OF GAZE 387
BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS FOR HORIZONTAL CONJUGATE MOVEMENTS 387
A Basic Circuit for the Control of Horizontal Conjugate Gaze • How Constituent Signals Are
Synthesized into a Conjugate Horizontal Gaze Command • Interpreting the Effects of Discrete
Lesions on Pathways for Horizontal Gaze
BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS FOR VERTICAL AND TORSIONAL MOVEMENTS 395
Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (RIMLF): The Substrate
for Vertical Saccades • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions on Substrate for
Vertical Saccades • The Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal (INC): Substrate for Vertical
Gaze Holding • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions on Substrate for Vertical
Gaze Holding • The Neural Substrate for Vertical Vestibular and Smooth Pursuit
Movements • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions on Substrate for Vertical Pursuit and
Vestibular Eye Movements • Other Midbrain Neurons that May Contribute to Control of Vertical
Gaze • Coordination of Eyelid Movements with Vertical Saccades • A Mechanism for Monitoring
the Fidelity of Gaze
CEREBELLAR INFLUENCES ON GAZE 406
Contributions of the Flocculus and Paraflocculus • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions on
the Flocculus and Paraflocculus • Contributions of the Nodulus and Ventral Uvula • Interpretation
of Effects of Discrete Lesions of the Nodulus and Ventral Uvula • Contributions of the Dorsal
Vermis • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions of the Dorsal Vermis • Contributions
of the Fastigial Nucleus • Interpretation of Effects of Discrete Lesions of the Fastigial
Nucleus • Contributions of the Cerebellar Hemispheres and Dentate Nucleus to the Control of Eye
Movements • The Role of the Inferior Olivary Nucleus and Cerebellum in Gaze Control
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES AND BASAL GANGLIA
ON THE CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS 416
Approaches to Studying the Cerebral Control of Gaze • Contributions of Posterior Cortical
Areas • Primary Visual Cortex and Gaze Control • Contributions of Secondary Visual
Areas • Contributions of the Temporal Lobe • Contributions of the Parietal Lobe to Gaze
Control • Contributions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex • Contributions of the Pulvinar to Gaze
Control • Contributions of the Frontal Lobe to Gaze Control • Contributions of the Frontal
Eye Field (FEF) • Contributions of the Supplementary Eye Field (SEF) • Contributions of the
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPC) • Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) • Contributions
of the Thalamic Nuclei • Descending Parallel Pathways that Control Gaze
EYE-HEAD MOVEMENTS 474
OCULAR MOTOR AND CEPHALOMOTOR SYSTEMS 474
GEOMETRY AND KINEMATICS OF HEAD ROTATION 475
Contents
HEAD AND GAZE STABILIZATION 476
Mechanical Properties of the Head and Neck Tissues • Stabilization of the Head During
Natural Activities • Head Stability in Eccentric Positions • Visual Consequences of Head
Translations: Motion Parallax
RAPID GAZE SHIFTS ACHIEVED BY COMBINED EYE-HEAD
MOVEMENTS 479
Behavioral Properties • Neural Substrate for Rapid Eye-Head Gaze Shifts • Models for Eye-Head
Saccades
SMOOTH TRACKING WITH EYES AND HEAD 494
Behavioral Properties • Neural Substrate for Smooth Eye-Head Pursuit
EXAMINATION OF EYE-HEAD MOVEMENTS 499
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF EYE-HEAD MOVEMENTS 500
DISORDERS OF EYE-HEAD MOVEMENT 502
Disorders of Head and Gaze Stabilization • Disorders of Voluntary Head and Gaze
Control • Eye-Head Strategies in Patients with Abnormal Saccades • Smooth Head Tracking
Disorders
VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS 520
THE ROLE OF VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS 521
VERGENCE AND SENSORY FUSION 522
STIMULI TO VERGENCE MOVEMENTS 523
Fusional Vergence • Accommodative Vergence • Interactions Between Accommodation and
Vergence
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF VERGENCE MOVEMENTS 524
Horizontal Vergence • Vertical Vergence and Cyclovergence • Vergence Responses to Natural
Stimuli • Properties of Vergence Made in Conjunction with Other Eye Movements
NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF VERGENCE MOVEMENTS 535
Ocular Motoneurons and Vergence • Premotor Commands for Vergence in the
Midbrain • Premotor Commands for Vergence in the Pons • Influence of the Cerebellum on
Vergence • Cerebral Control of Vergence
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF SUPRANUCLEAR CONTROL OF VERGENCE 542
ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO MAINTAIN OCULAR ALIGNMENT 544
Phoria Adaptation • Disconjugate Adaptation
EXAMINATION OF VERGENCE MOVEMENTS 549
Vergence Induced by Combined Disparity-Accommodation Stimuli • Testing Vergence Responses to
Disparity Stimuli • Testing Vergence Responses to Accommodative Stimuli
LABORATORY TESTING OF VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS 550
ABNORMALITIES OF VERGENCE 550
Development Disorders of Vergence • Acquired Disorders of Vergence • Effects of Convergence
on Conjugate Forms of Nystagmus
Contents xiii
10. DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL OCULAR MOTOR PALSIES AND
STRABISMUS 569
PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR CLINICAL TESTING OF DIPLOPIA: CONJUGATE
MOVEMENTS: YOKE MUSCLE PAIRS 570
Law of Reciprocal Innervation • Hering s Law of Motor Correspondence • Deviations of the
Visual Axes: Definitions
CLINICAL TESTING IN DIPLOPIA 571
History: The Symptomatology of Strabismus • The Examination in Strabismus
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SOME CLINICAL SIGNS THAT COMMONLY
ACCOMPANY STRABISMUS 581
Primary and Secondary Deviation • Past-Pointing and Disturbance of Egocentric
Localization • Head Tilts and Turns • Dynamic Properties of Eye Movements in
Paralytic Strabismus
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS OF CONCOMITANT
STRABISMUS 584
Patterns of Occurrence of Concomitant Strabismus • Characteristics of Misalignment in Patients
with Childhood Strabismus • Dynamic Properties of Eye Movements in Patients with Childhood
Strabismus • Pathogenesis of Childhood Strabismus
CLINICAL FEATURES OF OCULAR NERVE PALSIES 588
ABDUCENS NERVE PALSY 589
Clinical Features of Abducens Nerve Palsy • Disorders Affecting the Abducens
Nucleus: Horizontal Gaze Palsy • Disorders Affecting the Abducens Fascicles • Disorders
Affecting the Subarachnoid Portion of the Abducens Nerve • Disorders Affecting the Petrous
Portion of the Abducens Nerve • Disorders Affecting the Cavernous Portion of the Abducens
Nerve • Bilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy • Abducens Nerve Palsy in Children •
Management of Abducens Nerve Palsy
TROCHLEAR NERVE PALSY 597
Clinical Features of Trochlear Nerve Palsy • Disorders Affecting the Trochlear Nucleus
and Fascicles • Trochlear Nerve Palsy Due to Head Trauma • Other Common Causes of
Trochlear Nerve Palsy • Congenital Trochlear Nerve Palsy • Management of Trochlear Nerve
Palsy • Brown s Syndrome • Superior Oblique Myokymia
OCULOMOTOR NERVE PALSY 603
Clinical Features of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy • Nuclear Oculomotor Nerve Palsy • Congenital
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy • Disorders Affecting the Fascicles of the Oculomotor Nerve • Disorders
Affecting the Subarachnoid Portion of the Oculomotor Nerve • Compression of the Oculomotor
Nerve at the Tentorial Edge • Disorders Affecting the Cavernous Portion of the Oculomotor
Nerve • Infarction of the Oculomotor Nerve • Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Due to Trauma • Aberrant
Regeneration of the Oculomotor Nerve • Partial Oculomotor Nerve Palsy • Management of
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
MULTIPLE OCULAR MOTOR NERVE PALSIES 610
Brainstem Lesions Causing Ophthalmoplegia • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) •
Cavernous Sinus and Superior Orbital Fissure Syndromes • Head Trauma
and Ophthalmoplegia • Neuropathies Causing Ophthalmoplegia • Ocular Neuromyotonia
xiv Contents
DISORDERS OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 615
Systemic Botulism • Botulinum Toxin as Therapy for Abnormal Eye Movements • The
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome • Myasthenia Gravis
CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND RESTRICTIVE
OPHTHALMOPATHIES 623
Involvement of the Extraocular Muscles in Muscular Dystrophies • Kearns-Sayre Syndrome and
Disorders of Mitochondrial DNA
THYROID-ASSOCIATED OPHTHALMOPATHY 627
ACQUIRED RESTRICTIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY 629
CONGENITAL CRANIAL DYSINNERVATION DISORDERS (CCDD) AND
CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES 629
11. DIAGNOSIS OF NYSTAGMUS AND SACCADIC INTRUSIONS 657
AN APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH NYSTAGMUS 658
Characteristics of the Nystagmus • Influence of Eye Position (Gaze Angle) on the Direction
of Nystagmus • Coordinate Systems and the Evaluation of Nystagmus • Summary of System
for Interpreting the Examination of Nystagmus • How Measuring Eye Movements Aids
Diagnosis of Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations • Visual Consequences of
Nystagmus • Overview of Pathogenesis of Nystagmus: Disturbance of Three Mechanisms that
Normally Hold Gaze Steady
NYSTAGMUS DUE TO VESTIBULAR IMBALANCE 666
Nystagmus Caused by Peripheral Vestibular Disorders • Nystagmus Caused by Disorders of Central
Vestibular Circuits • Periodic Alternating Nystagmus • Seesaw and Hemi-Seesaw Nystagmus
NYSTAGMUS OCCURRING WHEN THE EYES ARE IN ECCENTRIC GAZE 688
Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus • Differences Between Physiologic End-Point Nystagmus and Pathologic
Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus • Bruns Nystagmus • Centripetal and Rebound Nystagmus
NYSTAGMUS OCCURRING IN ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OF THE VISUAL
SYSTEM 692
Pathogenesis of Nystagmus Occurring with Visual System Disorders • Clinical Features of
Nystagmus in Association with Visual System Disease
ACQUIRED PENDULAR NYSTAGMUS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO VISUAL
PATHWAYS 696
Clinical Characteristics of Acquired Pendular Nystagmus • Acquired Pendular Nystagmus with
Demyelinative Disease • Oculopalatal Tremor (Myoclonus)
CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT FORMS OF NYSTAGMUS 704
Convergent-Divergent Pendular Oscillations • Vertical Jerk Nystagmus with a Convergent-
Divergent Horizontal Component • Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus
CONGENITAL FORMS OF NYSTAGMUS 706
The Nature of Congenital Ocular Oscillations • Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) or
Congenital Nystagmus • Fusional Maldevelopment Nystagmus Syndrome (FMNS) and Latent
Nystagmus • Spasmus Nutans Syndrome
Contents xv
LID NYSTAGMUS 716
SACCADIC INTRUSIONS AND OSCILLATIONS 716
Recognizing Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations • Square-Wave Jerks • Macrosaccadic
Oscillations • Saccadic Pulses, Ocular Flutter, and Opsoclonus • Pathogenesis of Saccadic
Intrusions
TREATMENTS FOR NYSTAGMUS AND SACCADIC INTRUSIONS 727
Rational Therapy of Abnormal Eye Movements: Identifying What to Treat • Pharmacological
Treatments of Abnormal Eye Movements • Rationale for Drug Treatments of
Nystagmus • Treatment of Peripheral Vestibular Forms of Nystagmus • Treatment of Downbeat
and Upbeat Nystagmus • Treatment of Periodic Alternating Nystagmus • Treatment of Acquired
Pendular Nystagmus • Treatment of Seesaw and Hemi-Seesaw Nystagmus • Treatment
of Nystagmus in Episodic Ataxia Type 2 • Drug Treatment of Congenital Forms of
Nystagmus • Treatment of Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations • Optical Treatments of Abnormal
Eye Movements • Procedures to Weaken the Extraocular Muscles • Application of Somatosensory
or Auditory Stimuli to Suppress Nystagmus
12. DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VESTIBULAR DISORDERS 769
VERTIGO AND DIZZINESS 772
Clinical Features of Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy
ACUTE VERTIGO 777
Infections Causing Acute Vertigo • Trauma Causing Vertigo • Tullio Phenomenon • Toxic Causes
of Vertigo
RECURRENT VERTIGO 782
Meniere s Syndrome • Otosclerosis • Inflammatory Disorders Causing Recurrent
Vertigo • Migraine and Recurrent Vertigo: Vestibular Migraine • Vascular Disorders and Recurrent
Vertigo • Epilepsy, Hyperventilation, and Other Miscellaneous Causes of Vertigo • Undiagnosed
Recurrent Vertigo
POSTURALLY INDUCED VERTIGO 789
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) • Other Causes of Positional Vertigo
TREATMENT OF VERTIGO 796
OSCILLOPSIA 801
Oscillopsia Due to an Abnormal VOR • Oscillopsia Due to Paresis of Extraocular
Muscles • Oscillopsia Due to Nystagmus and Other Abnormal Eye Movements
SKEW DEVIATION AND THE OCULAR TILT REACTION (OTR) 804
Clinical Features of Skew Deviation and OTR • Topologic Diagnosis of Skew Deviation and the OTR
13. DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY DUE TO DISEASE OF THE
BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, AND DIENCEPHALON 836
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY LESIONS IN THE MEDULLA 837
Paramedian Medullary Lesions Impairing Gaze Holding • Manifestations of Disease Affecting the
Vestibular Nuclei • Wallenbergs Syndrome (Dorsolateral Medullary Infarction) • Effects of Disease
Involving the Inferior Olivary Nucleus: The Syndrome of Oculopalatal Tremor
xvi Contents
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY DISEASE OF THE
CEREBELLUM 844
Three Principal Cerebellar Syndromes • Effects of Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesions
on Eye Movements • Other Disorders of Eye Movements Attributed to Cerebellar
Disease • Developmental Anomalies of the Hindbrain and Cerebellum • Ocular Motor Findings
in the Hereditary Ataxias (Appendix C) • Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration • Cerebellar
Stroke • Cerebellar Mass Lesions
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY DISEASE OF THE PONS 859
Lesions of the Abducens Nucleus • Lesions of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation
(PPRF) • Lesions of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus: Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
(INO) • Combined Unilateral Conjugate Gaze Palsy and INO: One-and-a-Half Syndrome and
Other Variants • Selective Cell Vulnerability in the Pons
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY LESIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN 877
Vertical Gaze Palsies • Lesions of the Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
(RIMLF) and Vertical Saccadic Palsy • Lesions of the Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal • Effects of Lesions
of the Posterior Commissure and Nucleus of the Posterior Commissure • Clinical Manifestations of
Lesions Affecting Several Midbrain Structures • Selective Cell Vulnerability in the Midbrain
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY LESIONS IN THE SUPERIOR
COLLICULUS 887
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY LESIONS IN THE
DIENCEPHALON 888
Effects of Thalamic Lesions on Eye Movements • Effects of Pulvinar Lesions on Eye Movements
14. DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY WITH DISEASE AFFECTING
THE BASAL GANGLIA, CEREBRAL CORTEX, AND IN SYSTEMIC
CONDITIONS 916
DISORDERS INVOLVING THE BASAL GANGLIA 917
Parkinsonism and Related Akinetic-Rigid Syndromes • Eye Movement Disorders in Hyperkinetic
Movement Syndromes
OCULAR MOTOR SYNDROMES CAUSED BY LESIONS IN THE CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES 940
Disturbances of Gaze with Acute Hemispheric Lesions • Enduring Disturbances of Gaze Caused by
Unilateral Hemispheric Lesions • Effects of Focal Hemispheric Lesions on Gaze
OCULAR MOTOR APRAXIA 951
Acquired Ocular Motor Apraxia • Saccadic Palsy Following Cardiac and Aortic
Surgery • Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia (Infantile-Onset Saccade Initiation Delay [ISID])
EYE MOVEMENTS DURING EPILEPTIC SEIZURES 961
ABNORMALITIES OF EYE MOVEMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA 963
Alzheimer s Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • HIV and Dementia • Eye Movements
Following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Eye Movements
EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES 969
Disorders of Eye Movements in Schizophrenia • Eye Movements in Autism Spectrum Disorders
(ASD) • Bipolar Affective Disorder • Eye Movements in Other Psychiatric Disorders
Contents xvii
EYE MOVEMENTS IN STUPOR AND COMA 975
Resting Position of the Eyes in Unconscious Patients • Spontaneous Eye Movements in Unconscious
Patients • Reflex Eye Movements in Unconscious Patients
OCULAR MOTOR DYSFUNCTION IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) 980
Value of Examining Eye Movements in MS Patients • Clinical Evaluation of Eye
Movements in MS • Measuring Eye Movements in MS • The Role of Eye Movements in the
Management of MS
OCULAR MOTOR MANIFESTATIONS OF METABOLIC AND DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS 984
Eye Movement Disorders in Infants Who Eventually Develop Normally • Lipid Storage
Diseases • Wernicke s Encephalopathy • Leigh s Syndrome • Genetic Disorders of Central
Myelin • Hereditary Disorders Causing Vitamin E Deficiency • Wilson s Disease
EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON EYE MOVEMENTS 990
Appendix A A Summary Scheme for the Bedside Ocular Motor
Examination 1025
Appendix B A Summary of Methods for Measuring Eye Movements 1029
Appendix C Tables of Ocular Motor Findings in Hereditary Ataxias 1035
Appendix D Table of Videos and Their Legends 1049
Index 1075
Online edition: www.oxfordmedicine.com/neurologyofeyemovements5e
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Leigh, R. John 1946- Zee, David S. 1944- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136104312 (DE-588)172471745 |
| author_facet | Leigh, R. John 1946- Zee, David S. 1944- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Leigh, R. John 1946- |
| author_variant | r j l rj rjl d s z ds dsz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042935198 |
| callnumber-first | R - Medicine |
| callnumber-label | RE731 |
| callnumber-raw | RE731 |
| callnumber-search | RE731 |
| callnumber-sort | RE 3731 |
| callnumber-subject | RE - Ophthalmology |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931609109 (DE-599)BVBBV042935198 |
| dewey-full | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 617 - Surgery & related medical specialties |
| dewey-raw | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-search | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-sort | 3617.7 262 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042935198 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:13:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199969289 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 014038030 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028361866 |
| oclc_num | 931609109 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 |
| physical | XX, 1109 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Contemporary neurology series |
| series2 | Contemporary neurology series |
| spelling | Leigh, R. John 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)136104312 aut The neurology of eye movements R. John Leigh ; David S. Zee 5. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2015 XX, 1109 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contemporary neurology series 90 Literaturangaben Series statement from book jacket Eye Movements Ocular Motility Disorders Störung (DE-588)4133232-5 gnd rswk-swf Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd rswk-swf Augenbewegung (DE-588)4003583-9 gnd rswk-swf Neuroophthalmologie (DE-588)4171592-5 gnd rswk-swf Bewegungskoordination (DE-588)4145145-4 gnd rswk-swf Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd rswk-swf Blickbewegung (DE-588)4145961-1 gnd rswk-swf Augenbewegung (DE-588)4003583-9 s Störung (DE-588)4133232-5 s 1\p DE-604 Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 s 2\p DE-604 Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 s 3\p DE-604 Bewegungskoordination (DE-588)4145145-4 s 4\p DE-604 Neuroophthalmologie (DE-588)4171592-5 s 5\p DE-604 Blickbewegung (DE-588)4145961-1 s 6\p DE-604 Zee, David S. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)172471745 aut Contemporary neurology series 90 (DE-604)BV000898796 90 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028361866&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028361866&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Leigh, R. John 1946- Zee, David S. 1944- The neurology of eye movements Contemporary neurology series Eye Movements Ocular Motility Disorders Störung (DE-588)4133232-5 gnd Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd Augenbewegung (DE-588)4003583-9 gnd Neuroophthalmologie (DE-588)4171592-5 gnd Bewegungskoordination (DE-588)4145145-4 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd Blickbewegung (DE-588)4145961-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133232-5 (DE-588)4122841-8 (DE-588)4003583-9 (DE-588)4171592-5 (DE-588)4145145-4 (DE-588)4041888-1 (DE-588)4145961-1 |
| title | The neurology of eye movements |
| title_auth | The neurology of eye movements |
| title_exact_search | The neurology of eye movements |
| title_full | The neurology of eye movements R. John Leigh ; David S. Zee |
| title_fullStr | The neurology of eye movements R. John Leigh ; David S. Zee |
| title_full_unstemmed | The neurology of eye movements R. John Leigh ; David S. Zee |
| title_short | The neurology of eye movements |
| title_sort | the neurology of eye movements |
| topic | Eye Movements Ocular Motility Disorders Störung (DE-588)4133232-5 gnd Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd Augenbewegung (DE-588)4003583-9 gnd Neuroophthalmologie (DE-588)4171592-5 gnd Bewegungskoordination (DE-588)4145145-4 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd Blickbewegung (DE-588)4145961-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eye Movements Ocular Motility Disorders Störung Auge Augenbewegung Neuroophthalmologie Bewegungskoordination Neurologie Blickbewegung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028361866&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028361866&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000898796 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leighrjohn theneurologyofeyemovements AT zeedavids theneurologyofeyemovements |