The atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology
The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Thirteenth Edition, is designed to meet the needs of students who enroll in such a course. It is our hope that the knowledge gained by taking a class and using this book will encourage many to actively participate in bettering the environment, and othe...
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Pearson
2016
|
| Edition: | 13. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Thirteenth Edition, is designed to meet the needs of students who enroll in such a course. It is our hope that the knowledge gained by taking a class and using this book will encourage many to actively participate in bettering the environment, and others may be sufficiently stimulated to continue their study of meteorology. Equally important, however, is our belief that a basic understanding of the atmosphere and its processes will greatly enhance appreciation of our planet and thereby enrich the reader's life"-- |
| Item Description: | Includes index |
| Physical Description: | getr. Zählung, ca. [521] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 0321984625 9780321984623 0321987535 9780321987532 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lutgens, Frederick K. |d 1945- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)139215905 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The atmosphere |b an introduction to meteorology |c Frederick K. Lutgens ; Edward J. Tarbuck. Illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology 13e |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The atmosphere 13e |
| 250 | |a 13. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Pearson |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a getr. Zählung, ca. [521] S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 28 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes index | ||
| 520 | 1 | |a The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Thirteenth Edition, is designed to meet the needs of students who enroll in such a course. It is our hope that the knowledge gained by taking a class and using this book will encourage many to actively participate in bettering the environment, and others may be sufficiently stimulated to continue their study of meteorology. Equally important, however, is our belief that a basic understanding of the atmosphere and its processes will greatly enhance appreciation of our planet and thereby enrich the reader's life"-- | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Atmosphere | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Meteorology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weather | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Tarbuck, Edward J. |d 1940- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)139215824 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tasa, Dennis |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028324900&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804175187643465728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The atmosphere
Autor: Lutgens, Frederick K
Jahr: 2016
1 Introduction to the
Atmosphere
SmartFigures
1.18 The Mauna Loa C02 Record
1.20 The Ozone Hole
Geoscience Animations
Ozone Depletion
Videos
Ozone Hole
Global Carbon Uptake by Plants
Global Changes in Carbon Dioxide
Concentrations
GEODe
The Importance of Weather
Weather and Climate
Composition of the Atmosphere
Extent of the Atmosphere
Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere
In the Lab: Reading Weather Maps
The Influence of Volcanic Ash
2 Heating Earth s Surface
and Atmosphere
SmartFigures
2.6 Solstices Equinoxes
2.11 Three Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
2.15 Solar Radiation Paths
2.22 Three Planets,Three Climates
Geoscience Animations
Earth-Sun Relations
Atmospheric Energy Balance
Videos
Seasonal Changes in Global Snow Cover
July Global Movie
January Global Movie
Global Variations in Insolation Through the Year
Net Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere
Solar Eclipse
Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Sun in Ultraviolet
Solar Power
GEODe
Understanding Seasons, Part 1
Understanding Seasons, Part 2
Solar Radiation
What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation
The Greenhouse Effect
In the Lab: The Influence of Color on Albedo
3 Temperature
SmartFigures
3.2 Isotherm Maps
3.5 Maritime Temperatures
3.14 Cloudy vs. Clear Days
3.18 January vs. July
Geoscience Animations
The Gulf Stream
Ocean Circulation Patterns
Videos
Global Sea-Surf Temperatures—Climatology
Seasonal Changes in Land Surface
Temperatures
Heavy Convection over Florida
Urban Heat Islands
Temperatures and Agriculture
GEODe
Basic Temperature Data
Controls of Temperature
4 Moisture and Atmospheric
Stability
SmartFigures
4.1 The Water Cycle
4.3 Changes of State in Water
4.13 Dew Point
4.20 Frontal Wedging and Convergence
4.24 Atmospheric Stability
Geoscience Animations
Earth s Water and Hydrologie Cycle
Water Phase Changes
Atmospheric Stability
Videos
Hydrologie Cycle
Global Evaporation Rates
January Water Vapor
July Water Vapor
Forecasting Relative Humidity
Gravity Wave Clouds
GEODe
Water s Changes of State
Humidity: Water Vapor in the Air
The Basics of Cloud Formation: Adiabatic
Cooling
Processes That Lift Air
The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric
Stability
In the Lab: Atmospheric Stability
5 Forms of Condensation
and Precipitation
SmartFigures
5.1 Types of Clouds
5.12 Fog
5.22 Hail
Videos
Identifying Clouds in Satellite Imagery
Clouds Developing Over Florida
Is That a Cloud?
Clouds and Aviation
A Satellite View of Fog
The Importance ofWind Resistance
Global Precipitation
Record-Breaking Hailstorm as Seen
by Radar
Earth Observatory-Global Maps
MapMaster
Days with Heavy Fog
GEODe
Classifying Clouds
Types of Fog
How Precipitation Forms
Forms of Precipitation
6 Air Pressure and Winds
SmartFigures
6.2 Air Pressure
6.14 The Coriolis Effect
Geoscience Animations
The Coriolis Effect
Wind Pattern Development
Cyclones and Anticyclones
Videos
The Coroliolis Effect on a
Merry-Go-Round
Winds During a Drought
Hurricane Winds
The Growth ofWind Power in the U.S.
Forecasting Wind Patterns
GEODe
Measuring Air Pressure
Factors Affecting Wind
Highs and Lows
7 Circulation of the Atmosphere
SmartFigures
7.2 Local Winds
vi
7.7 Global Circulation
7.21 Gyres
Geoscience Animations
Global Wind Patterns with Hadley Cell
Global Wind Patterns
Jet Stream and Rossby Waves
Ocean Circulation
Ekman Spiral Coastal Upwelling/
Downwelling
El Niño and La Niña
Seasonal Pressure and Precipitation
Patterns
Videos
Global Fire Patterns
Black Carbon Aerosols Trace Global Winds
El Niño
La Niña
Floods and Droughts
MapMaster
La Niña
El Niño
8 Air Masses
Videos
Radar Reflectivity and Air Masses
Effects of the 2011 Groundhog Day Blizzard
An Infrared View of the 2011 Groundhog Day
Blizzard
Lake Effect Snow
GEODe
Air Masses
9 Midlatitude Cyclones
SmartFigures
9.3 Fronts
Geoscience Animations
Warm Fronts
Cold Fronts
Midlatitude Cyclones
Videos
A Midlatitude Cyclone s Dry Slot
A Midlatitude Cyclone s Effect on
Society
Tornadoes Ahead of a Cold Front
Hurricanes and Air Masses
A Midlatitude Cyclone s Effect on Society
Water Vapor Transport by Midlatitude
Cyclones
Short Waves and Long Waves
Winds During the Floods of 1993
A Midlatitude Cyclone s Dry Slot
GEODe
Fronts
Introducing Middle-Latitude Cyclones
In the Lab: Examining a Middle-Latitude
Cyclone
10 Thunderstorms and
Tornadoes
SmartFigures
10.05 Thunderstorms
10.22 Mesocyclones and Tornadoes
Videos
Forecasting Thunderstorms
Tornado Wind Patterns
The Deadliest Tornado Since Modern
Recordkeeping Began
Identifying Tornadic Thunderstorms Using
Radar Velocity Data
Identifying Tornadic Thunderstorms Using
Radar Reflectivity Data
MapMaster
Lightning Strikes
Thunderstorm Occurrence Per Year
Tornado Incidence/Tornado Alley
11 Hurricanes
Geoscience Animations
Hurricane Wind Patterns
Videos
Hurricane Eye Wall
A Hurricane in the Middle Latitudes
Hurricane Katrina
Hot Towers and Hurricane Intensification
Improving Hurricane Predictions
The Making of a Super Storm
12 Weather Analysis
and Forecasting
Videos
Uncertainty in Numerical Model
Modeling the Atmosphere on Your Desktop
Forecasting Thunderstorms
Forecasting Precipitation
13 Air Pollution
SmartFigures
13.7 U.S. Energy Consumption
Videos
Global Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
Smog Bloggers
Hello Crud
14 The Changing Climate
SmartFigures
14.9 The Climate Record in Glacial Ice
14.17 Orbital Forcing of Ice Ages
14.32 Shoreline Shift
Geoscience Animations
Orbital Variations and Climate Change
Global Warming
Videos
20,000 Years of Pine Pollen
Climate, Crops, and Bees
Taking Earth s Temperature
Climate Change Through Native Alaskan
Eyes
Sea Level Rise
Retreat of Continental Ice Sheets
15 World Climates
SmartFigures
15.6 Tropical Climates
15.11 Deserts
15.25 Highland Climates
Videos
Diurnal Variability in Global Precipitation
Supercomputing the Climate
Lightning Seasonality
Studying Fires Using Multiple Sensors
Operation IceBridge in Greenland
MapMaster
Physical Environment
Climate: Tropical Wet and Dry
Climate: Humid Subtropical
Climate: Marine West Coast
Climate: Dry Summer Subtropical
Climate: Humid Continental
Climate: Ice Cap
Climate: Highland
Contents
Book, Media, and MasteringHeteorology Walkthrough
MasteringMeteorology Media
Preface xv
Digital Print Resources xviii
1 Introduction to the Atmosphere 2
Focus on Concepts 3
Focus On the Atmosphere 4
Weather in the United States 4
Meteorology, Weather, and Climate 5
Atmospheric Hazards: Assault by the Elements 6
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry 7
Hypothesis 8
Box 1.1 Monitoring Earth from Space 8
Theory 9
Scientific Methods 9
Earth as a System 10
Earth s Spheres 10
Earth System Science 12
The Earth System 13
Composition of the Atmosphere 14
Box 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Earth s Atmosphere 15
Carbon Dioxide 16
Variable Components 16
Ozone Depletion: A Global Issue 18
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 19
Pressure Changes 19
Eye on the Atmosphere 1.1 20
Temperature Changes 20
Eye on the Atmosphere 1.2 22
The Ionosphere 23
Concepts in Review 24
Give it Some Thought 26
Problems 27
2 Heating Earth s Surface
and Atmosphere 28
Focus on Concepts 29
Earth-Sun Relationships 30
Earth s Motions 30
What Causes the Seasons? 30
Earth s Orientation 31
Solstices and Equinoxes 33
Box 2.1 Calculating the Noon Sun Angle 34
Box 2.2 When Are the Seasons? 36
Energy, Temperature, and Heat 37
Forms of Energy 37
Eye on the Atmosphere 2.1 37
Temperature 38
Heat 38
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 39
Conduction 39
Convection 39
Radiation 40
Laws of Radiation 42
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 2.3: The Ultraviolet
Index 42
What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? 44
Transmission 44
Absorption 44
Reflection and Scattering 45
Eye on the Atmosphere 2.2 47
The Role of Gases in the Atmosphere 48
Heating the Atmosphere 48
The Greenhouse Effect 49
Earth s Energy Budget 50
Annual Energy Budget 50
Latitudinal Energy Budget 52
Concepts in Review 53
Give it Some Thought 54
Problems 56
3 Temperature ss
Focus on Concepts 59
For the Record: Air-Temperature Data 60
Basic Calculations 60
Isotherms 60
Box 3.1 North America s Hottest and
Coldest Places 61
viii
Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature 62
Differential Heating of Land and Water 63
Ocean Currents 64
Altitude 66
Geographic Position 67
Albedo Variations 68
Eye on the Atmosphere 3.1 68
World Distribution of Temperatures 70
Eye on the Atmosphere 3.2 71
Cycles of Air Temperature 72
Daily Temperature Cycle 72
Box 3.2 Latitude and Temperature Range 73
Variations in Daily Temperature Range 75
Annual Temperature Cycle 75
Eye on the Atmosphere 3.3 75
Temperature Measurement 76
Thermometers 76
Box 3.3 How Cities Influence Temperature: The Urban Heat
Island 76
Instrument Shelters 79
Temperature Scales 79
Applying Temperature Data 81
Degree Days 81
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 3.4: Heat Waves 82
Indices of Human Discomfort 82
Concepts in Review 85
Give it Some Thought 86
Problems 87
4 Moisture and Atmospheric
Stability ss
Focus on Concepts 89
Water on Earth 90
Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere 90
Water: A Unique Substance 90
Water s Changes of State 91
Ice, Liquid Water, and Water Vapor 91
Latent Heat 91
Humidity: Water Vapor in the Air 93
How Is Humidity Expressed? 94
Vapor Pressure and Saturation 94
Eye on the Atmosphere 4.1 96
Relative Humidity and Dew-Point Temperature 97
How Relative Humidity Changes 97
Box 4.1 Dry Air at 100 Percent Relative Humidity? 98
Natural Changes in Relative Humidity 99
Box 4.2 Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers 99
Dew-Point Temperature 100
How Is Humidity Measured? 101
What s Your Forecast? 102
Adiabatic Temperature Changes and Cloud Formation 103
Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation 103
Processes That Lift Air 105
Orographic Lifting 105
Frontal Lifting 105
Convergence 105
Box 4.3 Precipitation Records and Mountainous
Terrain 106
Localized Convective Lifting 107
Eye on the Atmosphere 4.2 108
The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability 108
Types of Stability 108
Stability and Daily Weather 112
How Stability Changes 112
Eye on the Atmosphere 4.3 113
Box 4.4 Orographic Effects: Windward Precipitation and
Leeward Rain Shadows 114
Temperature Inversions and Stability 114
Concepts in Review 117
Give it Some Thought 119
Problems 120
5 Forms of Condensation and
Precipitation 122
Focus on Concepts 123
Cloud Formation 124
How Does Air Reach Saturation? 124
The Role of Condensation Nuclei 124
Growth of Cloud Droplets 124
ix
Cloud Classification 125
Cloud Forms 125
Cloud Height 126
High Clouds 126
Middle Clouds 127
Low Clouds 127
Clouds of Vertical Development 128
Cloud Varieties 129
Eye on the Atmosphere 5.1 130
Types of Fog 131
Fogs Formed by Cooling 131
Evaporation Fogs 132
How Precipitation Forms 134
Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process 134
Eye on the Atmosphere 5.2 135
Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process 136
Forms of Precipitation 138
Rain, Drizzle, and Mist 139
Snow and Graupel 140
Sleet and Freezing Rain or Glaze 140
Hail 141
Rime 143
Precipitation Measurement 143
Standard Instruments 144
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 5.1: Worst Winter
Weather 144
Measuring Snowfall 145
Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar 146
Eye on the Atmosphere 5.3 146
What s Your Forecast? 147
Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification 148
Planned Weather Modification 148
Inadvertent Weather Modification 151
Concepts in Review 152
Give it Some Thought 153
Problems 155
6 Air Pressure and Winds 156
Focus on Concepts 157
Atmospheric Pressure and Wind 158
What Is Atmospheric Pressure? 158
Measuring Atmospheric Pressure 158
X
Displaying Atmospheric Pressure on Surface and
Upper-Air Maps 160
Why Does Air Pressure Vary? 162
Pressure Changes with Altitude 162
Pressure Changes with Temperature 163
Pressure Changes with Moisture Content 163
Box 6.1 Air Pressure and Aviation 164
Pressure Changes Caused by Airflow Aloft 165
Factors Affecting Wind 165
Pressure Gradient Force 165
Coriolls Force 166
Friction 168
Winds Aloft Versus Surface Winds 169
Straight-line Flow and Geostrophic Winds 169
Curved Flow and Gradient Winds 171
Surface Winds 172
Eye on the Atmosphere 6.1 172
How Winds Generate Vertical Air Motion 174
Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and
Anticyclones 174
Other Factors Promoting Vertical Airflow 175
Eye on the Atmosphere 6.2 175
Wind Measurement 176
Measuring Wind Direction 176
Eye on the Atmosphere 6.3 176
Measuring Wind Speed 178
Box 6.2 Wind Energy: An Alternative with
Potential 178
Concepts in Review 180
Give it Some Thought 182
Problems 183
7 Circulation of the Atmosphere 184
Focus on Concepts 185
Scales of Atmospheric Motion 186
Microscale Winds 186
Mesoscale Winds 186
Macroscale Winds 186
Wind Patterns on All Scales 186
Local Winds 188
Land and Sea Breezes 188
Box 7.1 Dust Devils 188
Mountain and Valley Breezes 189
Chinook (Foehn) Winds 190
Katabatic (Fall) Winds 190
Country Breezes 190
Global Circulation 191
Single-Cell Circulation Model 191
Three-Cell Circulation Model 191
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 7.2: Santa Ana Winds
and Wildfires 192
Pressure Zones Drive the Wind 194
Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts 194
Eye on the Atmosphere 7.1 194
The Real World: Semipermanent Pressure Systems 195
Monsoons 197
The Asian Monsoon 197
The North American Monsoon 198
The Westerlies 199
Why Westerlies? 199
Waves in the Westerlies 200
Jet Streams 200
The Polar Jet Stream 200
Subtropical Jet Stream 202
Jet Streams and Earth s Pleat Budget 202
Global Winds and Ocean Currents 203
Ocean Currents Influence Climate 203
Ocean Currents and Upwelling 205
El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation 205
Eye on the Atmosphere 7.2 205
Global Impact of El Niño 206
Global Impact of La Niña 207
Southern Oscillation 208
Global Distribution of Precipitation 209
Zonal Distribution of Precipitation 209
Distribution of Precipitation over the Continents 210
Eye on the Atmosphere 7.3 211
Concepts in Review 211
Give it Some Thought 214
8 Air Masses 216
Focus on Concepts 217
What Is an Air Mass? 218
Classifying Air Masses 219
Source Regions 219
Air-Mass Classification 219
Air-Mass Modification 220
Properties of North American Air Masses 221
Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses 221
Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air over Warm Water 223
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 8.1: The Siberian
Express 224
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses 225
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 8.2: An Extraordinary
Lake-Effect Snowstorm 226
Eye on the Atmosphere 8.1 227
Eye on the Atmosphere 8.2 228
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses 228
Continental Tropical (cT) Air Masses 230
Concepts in Review 231
Give it Some Thought 232
Problems 233
9 Midlatitude Cyclones 234
Focus on Concepts 235
Frontal Weather 236
What Is a Front? 236
Warm Fronts 236
Cold Fronts 238
Stationary Fronts 239
Occluded Fronts 239
Drylines 240
Eye on the Atmosphere 9.1 241
Midlatitude Cyclones and the Polar-Front Theory 242
Polar-Front Theory 242
Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone 244
What s Your Forecast? 244
Eye on the Atmosphere 9.2 246
Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone 247
Flow Aloft and Cyclone Formation 248
Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation 249
Divergence and Convergence Aloft 249
What s Your Forecast? 250
Flow Aloft and Cyclone Migration 251
Where Do Midlatitude Cyclones Form? 252
Sites of Midlatitude Cyclone Formation that Affect North America 252
XI
Patterns of Movement 253
A Modern View: The Conveyor Belt Model 254
Warm Conveyor Belt 254
Eye on the Atmosphere 9.3 254
Cold Conveyor Belt 255
Dry Conveyor Belt 255
Anticydonic Weather and Atmospheric Blocking 256
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 9.1: The Midwest
Flood of 2008 256
Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone 258
Concepts in Review 261
Give it Some Thought 263
Problems 264
10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes 266
Focus on Concepts 267
What s in a Name? 268
Thunderstorms 268
Distribution and Frequency 269
Thunderstorms and Climate Change 269
Air-Mass Thunderstorms 270
Stages of Development 270
Occurrence 272
Severe Thunderstorms 272
Supercell Thunderstorms 273
Squall Lines 275
Mesoscale Convectlve Complexes 276
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 10.1: Flash Floods 276
Lightning and Thunder 278
What Causes Lightning? 278
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 10.2: Downbursts 279
Lightning Strokes 280
Thunder 281
Eye on the Atmosphere 10.1 281
Tornadoes 282
Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes 284
Tornado Development 284
Tornado Climatology 285
Profile of a Tornado 287
Tornado Destruction and Tornado Forecasting 288
Tornado Intensity 288
Loss of Life 289
xii
Tornado Forecasting 289
Eye on the Atmosphere 10.2 290
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 10.3: Surviving a
Violent Tornado 291
What s Your Forecast? 292
Concepts in Review 294
Give it Some Thought 297
Problems 297
11 Hurricanes 298
Focus on Concepts 299
Profile of a Hurricane 300
Box 11.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 302
Hurricane Formation and Decay 303
Hurricane Formation 303
From Tropical Disturbance to Hurricane 304
Hurricane Decay 304
Box 11.2 Naming Tropical Storms and Hurricanes 305
Hurricane Destruction 306
Safflr-Simpson Scale 307
Eye on the Atmosphere 11.1 307
Storm Surge 308
What s Your Forecast? 309
Wind Damage 310
Heavy Rains and Inland Flooding 310
Estimating Hurricane Intensity 311
Dropsondes 311
Using Satellite Data 312
Eye on the Atmosphere 11.2 312
Detecting, Tracking, and Monitoring Hurricanes 313
The Role of Satellites 314
Aircraft Reconnaissance 315
Radar and Data Buoys 315
Hurricane Watches and Warnings 316
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 11.3: Super Typhoon
Haiyan 317
Hurricane Forecasting 318
Concepts in Review 318
Give it Some Thought 320
Problems 321
12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting 322
Focus on Concepts 323
The Weather Business: A Brief Overview 324
Producing a Weather Forecast 324
Who s Who in Weather Forecasting? 325
Acquiring Weather Data 326
Surface Observations 326
Observations Aloft 326
Weather Maps: Depictions of the Atmosphere 328
Surface Weather Maps 328
Upper-Level Weather Charts 329
The Connection Between Upper-Level Flow and Surface Weather 333
Eye on the Atmosphere 12.1 334
Modern Weather Forecasting 334
Numerical Weather Prediction 335
Ensemble Forecasting and Uncertainty 336
Other Forecasting Methods 337
Persistence Forecasting 337
Climatological Forecasting 337
Analog Method 338
Trend Forecasting 338
Weather Satellites: Tools in Forecasting 339
Types of Satellite Images 340
Eye on the Atmosphere 12.2 342
Other Satellite Measurements 342
Types of Forecasts 342
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Forecasts 343
Short- and Medium-Range Forecasts 343
Long-Range Outlooks 344
Watches and Warnings 345
The Role of the Forecaster 346
Forecasting Tools 346
Box 12.1 Thermodynamic Diagrams 348
Forecasting Using Rules of Thumb 350
Forecast Accuracy 351
What s Your Forecast? 352
Concepts in Review 353
Give it Some Thought 355
Problems 357
13 Air Pollution 358
Focus on Concepts 359
The Air Pollution Threat 360
Sources and Types of Air Pollution 362
Primary Pollutants 362
Box 13.1 Air Pollution Changing the Climate of Cities 363
Eye on the Atmosphere 13.1 364
Secondary Pollutants 366
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 13.2: The Great Smog
of 1952 366
Trends in Air Quality 369
Establishing Standards 369
Air Quality Index 370
Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution 371
Wind as a Factor 371
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 13.3: Viewing an Air
Pollution Episode from Space 372
The Role of Atmospheric Stability 373
Acid Precipitation 374
Extent and Potency of Acid Precipitation 375
Effects of Acid Precipitation 375
Eye on the Atmosphere 13.2 376
Eye on the Atmosphere 13.3 377
Concepts in Review 377
Give it Some Thought 379
14 The Changing Climate 3so
Focus on Concepts 381
The Climate System: A Key to Detecting Climate Change 382
The Climate System 382
Detecting Climate Change 383
Natural Causes of Climate Change 388
Plate Tectonics and Climate Change 388
Volcanic Activity and Climate Change 389
Variations in Earth s Orbit 391
Solar Variability and Climate 392
Box 14.1 Volcanism and Climate Change in the
Geologic Past 392
Eye on the Atmosphere 14.1 394
Human impact on Global Climate 395
Rising C02 Levels 395
The Atmosphere s Response 396
The Role of Trace Gases 396
Eye on the Atmosphere 14.2 398
How Aerosols Influence Climate 399
xiii
What s Your Forecast? 400
Climate-Feedback Mechanisms 401
Types of Feedback Mechanisms 401
Computer Models of Climate: Important yet Imperfect Tools 401
Some Consequences of Global Warming 402
Sea-Level Rise 402
The Changing Arctic 404
Increasing Ocean Acidity 405
The Potential for Surprises 406
Concepts in Review 407
Give it Some Thought 409
15 World Climates 4io
Focus on Concepts 411
Climate Classification 412
The Koppen Classification 412
World Climates—An Overview 414
Climate Controls: A Summary 416
Latitude 416
Land and Water 416
Geographic Position and Prevailing Winds 416
Mountainsand Highlands 416
Ocean Currents 417
Pressure and Wind Systems 417
Humid Tropical (A) Climates 417
The Wet Tropics (Af, Am) 417
Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw) 420
Box 15.1 Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest—The Impact
on Its Soils 420
The Dry Climates (B) 423
What Is Meant by Dry ? 423
Subtropical Desert (BWh) and Steppe (BSh) 424
West Coast Subtropical Deserts 426
Middle-Latitude Desert (BWk) and Steppe (BSk) 427
Humid Middle-Latitude Climates with Mild Winters (C) 428
Humid Subtropical Climate (Cfa) 428
The Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb) 429
Eye on the Atmosphere 15.1 430
The Dry-Summer Subtropical (Mediterranean) Climate (Csa, Csb) 431
Humid Continental Climates with Severe Winters (D) 433
Humid Continental Climate (Dfa) 433
Severe Hazardous Weather Box 15.2: Drought—A
Costly Atmospheric Hazard 434
The Subarctic Climate (Dfc, Dfd) 436
xiv
The Polar Climates (E) 437
The Tundra Climate (ET) 437
The Ice-Cap Climate (EF) 438
Highland Climates 439
Eye on the Atmosphere 15.2 441
Concepts in Review 442
Give it Some Thought 444
Problems 445
16 Optical Phenomena of the
Atmosphere 446
Focus on Concepts 447
Interactions of Light and Matter 448
Reflection 448
Refraction 448
Mirages 451
Box 16.1 Are Highway Mirages Real? 452
Rainbows 453
Halos, Sun Dogs, and Solar Pillars 456
Box 16.2 Glories 458
Other Optical Phenomena 459
Coronas 460
Iridescent Clouds 460
Concepts in Review 461
Give it Some Thought 462
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
Metric Units a-i
Explanation and Decoding of the
Daily Weather Map a-5
APPENDIX C Relative Humidty and Dew-Point
Tables a-h
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX G
Glossary g-i
Credits c-i
Index i-i
Laws Relating to Gases a-i3
Newton s Laws, Pressure-Gradient
Forces, and Coriolis Force a-i4
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale A-16
Climate Data a-i7
|
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| author | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139215905 (DE-588)139215824 |
| author_facet | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- |
| author_variant | f k l fk fkl e j t ej ejt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042896569 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QC861 |
| callnumber-raw | QC861.2 |
| callnumber-search | QC861.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QC 3861.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
| classification_rvk | RB 10429 UT 5000 UT 5100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)927178450 (DE-599)GBV80406153X |
| dewey-full | 551.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.5 |
| dewey-search | 551.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.5 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Physik Geographie |
| edition | 13. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV042896569 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:12:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0321984625 9780321984623 0321987535 9780321987532 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2014031628 |
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| physical | getr. Zählung, ca. [521] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Pearson |
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| spelling | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)139215905 aut The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology Frederick K. Lutgens ; Edward J. Tarbuck. Illustrated by Dennis Tasa The atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology 13e The atmosphere 13e 13. ed. Hoboken, NJ Pearson 2016 getr. Zählung, ca. [521] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Thirteenth Edition, is designed to meet the needs of students who enroll in such a course. It is our hope that the knowledge gained by taking a class and using this book will encourage many to actively participate in bettering the environment, and others may be sufficiently stimulated to continue their study of meteorology. Equally important, however, is our belief that a basic understanding of the atmosphere and its processes will greatly enhance appreciation of our planet and thereby enrich the reader's life"-- Atmosphere Meteorology Weather Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 s Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s DE-604 Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)139215824 aut Tasa, Dennis Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028324900&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology Atmosphere Meteorology Weather Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4038953-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology |
| title_alt | The atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology 13e The atmosphere 13e |
| title_auth | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology |
| title_exact_search | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology |
| title_full | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology Frederick K. Lutgens ; Edward J. Tarbuck. Illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_fullStr | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology Frederick K. Lutgens ; Edward J. Tarbuck. Illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_full_unstemmed | The atmosphere an introduction to meteorology Frederick K. Lutgens ; Edward J. Tarbuck. Illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_short | The atmosphere |
| title_sort | the atmosphere an introduction to meteorology |
| title_sub | an introduction to meteorology |
| topic | Atmosphere Meteorology Weather Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmosphere Meteorology Weather Atmosphäre Meteorologie Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028324900&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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