Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai: probleminiai svarstymai
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Lithuanian |
| Published: |
Kaunas
Aesti
1997
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Horizons of the old Lithuanian literature and culture |
| Physical Description: | 470 S. |
| ISBN: | 9986884004 |
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HORIZONS OF THE OIJ LITHUANIAN LITERATURE
AND CULTURE
Summary
This monograph deals wiih historical aspects of ancient Lithuanian literature,
which until now has been explored mainly as a part of the general culture, and not
in terms of its intrinsic literary merits. Certainly there is reason to stTess the role
of this literature in the context of other cultural spheres of Great Lithuania
(GDL)* and Small Lithuania (Eastern Prussia). While paying attention to such
concerns, this study also considers the relation of ancient Lithuanian literature as
literature, while keeping sight of the cultures represented by this literature, which
entails consideration of the general history of European culture, especially of
Middle Europe. This connection of cultures is here interpreted on the plane of
typological resemblance, but not of synchronous coincidence. Therefore this mono-
graph is both a historical study and an excursus into comparative literature.
In undertaking this investigation, the author has met with serious difficulties
and obstacles. Investigation of Lithuanian written literature from antiquity, and
the whole of Lithuanian culture of that time, is still in the resent stage. Even the
most important epochs of the culture, the main trends of its evolution and fun-
damental or deepest regularities, are not clearly delineated. Therefore I was often
required to define the scope and nature of my study as it developed. Those who
were interested in the investigations of culture during the period of Soviet occu-
pation often dogmatized and oversimplified, and to unearth the rich vein of Eu-
ropean spiritual history, while adhering to the traditions of Western studies of
culture, the author often had to take polemical positions. The upshot is that this
study may prove not only novel but even controversial.
One aspect of ancient Lithuanian written literature which is important for
the author is its relation with fiction, the formation and expression of its esthetic
and poetic origins. These problems are subordinated to historical Lithuanian poetics
in this work, in an effort to reveal the sources of a classical national style and
classical genres. These roots lie not just in artistic tradition, but in the religious
basis for Lithuanian written literature. It is in this general context that the poetry
of the first Lithuanian classic, K. Donelaitis, is discussed here. (A monograph on
the innovations of K. Donelaitis is the subject of a separate study.)
Characteristic backgrounds of ancient Lithuanian written literature and cul-
ture, of its sources and its horizons, in wider problematic and more general theo-
retical contexts, are here subordinated to one main aim — to reveal the originality
of Lithuanian literature and culture, and to ally these practices with European
culture.
The main, the most radical and in many cases most problematic conclusion,
drawn by this monograph, which also forms an axis of its conception, is that the
epoch of the Renaissance is to be treated as almost the whole period of ancient
Lithuanian literature and culture. This epoch had its beginning in the 16th cen-
tury; and historically short and giving no results, while speaking about culture, it
lasted till the end of the 18th century. This era in Lithuania proved more difficult
and more complicated than in many other countries of Middle Europe. e e
naissance in Lithuania had to build on an historical foundation t at was re a ive y
*GDL - The Great Duchy of Lithuania.
461
short and half-heathen. At the same time the Renaissance had to form new secu-
lar studies and humanist trends. The development of European culture in the late
Lithuanian Renaissance inevitably encountered the cultures of the Modern Ages,
characterized as Baroque, Rococo, Classicism and Enlightenment, as they flour-
ished in other countries (Poland and Germany), which became predominant at
that time. But it was impossible to accept this new, modern way of thinking, since
Lithuanian society in the 17th-18th centuries (or the greater part of it) simply
wasn’t ready intellectually. Therefore a particular dialectical process in the devel-
opment of Lithuanian culture of thel7th-18th centuries can be seen: on the one
hand, there is resistance to a new way of thinking, which seemed to be "too much"
(and so was treated as alien, as in discussions of the Baroque and Rococo); on
the other hand, this new way of thinking is transformed and adapted to still
unrealized needs of the Renaissance (as is the case of Classicism and to a lesser
tent of the Enlightenment).
The evolution of the Lithuanian Renaissance corresponds to the exigencies of
the country's history, as related to the whole Europe, though the larger regulari-
ties of this relationship are best seen in a framework. According to not only ideo-
logical, but broadly cultural. The depths of Lithuanian spiritual and intellectual
life were transformed at this time. The Renaissance in Lithuania, as in other Eu-
ropean countries, became an academic preoccupation for more than two hundred
years. But in the middle of the 16th century already there occurred a new trend
of the Renaissance, which was orientated to various strata of society and was of
an ethnic character; this trend was related to the Reformation and was most in-
tensively and fruitfully expressed in Small Lithuania. This new trend emerged and
developed in the specific sphere of church liturgy and religious didactics, and it
gave to the Lithuanian culture of the Renaissance written literature in the native
language. This development paved the way for the birth of secular Lithuanian lit-
erature and fiction (K. Donelaitis — being a preeminent example).
The history of the Lithuanian Renaissance is longer than that of other coun-
tries. The period doesn't end with K. Donelaitis, but last until the so-called
Lithuanian movement, in the first three decades of the 19th century. The spirit of
the Renaissance in Great Lithuania during the last decades of the 18th century
was felt not only in fiction, but also in other branches of culture. Such a spirit
was represented by the activities of Vilnius university in the fields of the humani-
ties first of all and by the creative work of its professors in the fields of painting
and architecture (R Smuglevičius, L. Stuoka-Gucevičius). In Small Lithuania at
that time this spirit was expressed more narrowly, but in a way very characteristic
of the Renaissance, that is in Philology. New branches of Lithuanian philology
developed thanks to the work of such man as G. Ostermejeris, K. Milkus.
Lithuanian culture of the period in question as in the epoch of Renaissance
of Western Europe as well, is greatly enriched by developments in literature, art,
science and education. There could be some doubts as to advances in the forma-
tion of humanist ethics and morality in Lithuanian society. The ethnic population
was mainly rural, serfs, especially in Great Lithuania. Even at the end of the 18th
century they were illiterate, ignorant, superstitious. Even the intellectual and ar-
tistic elite suffered moral decline at this time. But we should remember here that
a similar spiritual process was characteristic at the period of the late Renaissance
of other European countries, even the most progressive ones (this could be illus-
trated by Inquisitorial trials and the burning of witches in the 16th century). The
Renaissance, as a transitional historical epoch of culture was a period of spiritual
crisis and sudden changes, and this period actually didn’t form standards of mor-
als based on mature personal self-consciousness. The Renaissance in Lithuania, as
in the whole of Europe, laid the groundwork for a new morality (and the same
462
could be said about other spheres of culture). The developed and systematic pro-
gram ot humanist ethics in Lithuania in artistic form again had to wait for K.
Donelaitis in tlie second part of the 18th century; about the same time in Great
Lithuania this program was apparent in the sermons of K. Lukauskas.
It was the late acceptance of the qualitatively new, which was one of the main
reasons for the weak expression of the Baroque and Rococo, and for their rejec-
tion. I*ven Baroque churches, which were being built not only in Vilnius, but in
tiie provinces as well as late as the 18th century, could be seen as products of an
alien culture, as the "decadence” of the Polish Baroque, as not progressive but
conservative, as remnants of the Middle Ages — ascetic Catholicism and sarmatism.
These churches were built by ethnically Polish landowners, who often founded
near these churches subsidiaries of the most orthodox monasteries of Poland (es-
pecially Dominicans). The landowners were fenced off from local inhabitants not
only by stone walls, but by the walls of their language as well; they scornfully
regarded Lithuanians as rustics. Dominicans in the 18th century tried to oversee
preparation of Lithuanian religious works, so as to return to the Middle Ages and
darken the bright spirit of the Renaissance that glimmered in Lithuanian books of
songs and postilles. By various mystifications and barbarisms of language, these
elements hoped to spread Polish culture, which still bore much in common with
the Baroque. Still, humanist traditions in Lithuanian culture and religious written
literature continued to develop (M. Daukša, K. Sirvydas, S. M. Slavocinskis and
others), which had been already consolidated over the preceding one hundred years.
It obviously wouldn’t be right to conclude that the Renaissance in Lithuania
has marched in triumphal procession. It came rather late and lasted for a long
time, and in its maturity it met with great difficulties from without and within.
Often obstacles erected by outsiders were evidence of long-standing malice. Even
the programs of humanist ethics, which were created in the native language much
later than in Western Europe (verses of K. Donelaitis and sermons of Lukauskas)
were not published the Renaissance in Lithuania was over (only some works of
Donelaitis were published; Lukauskas’ sermons remained in the form of manu-
scripts). Therefore concrete realization of these programs, which took place in
the areas populated mainly by ethnic Lithuanians, had to wait until the 19th cen-
tury. Lithuanian culture (and first of all literature) of the Enlightenment of the
19th century turned towards secular things more resolutely, but it didn’t dissoci-
ate from former ethical problems based on religious truths. The outlook remained
confessional, as was characteristic of the Western Enlightenment not only in the
first part of the 19th century, but in the second part as well. Lithuanian litera-
ture maintained its religious character through these centuries, as illustrated by
the flourishing of so-called didactic prose and poetry the authors of which were
usually priests. This religious coloration of the Lithuanian Enlightenment, which
was less endemic to Western Enlightenment, is to be related to the vitality and
urgency of former traditions, associated far more with the Renaissance than the
Baroque. The intransigent tendencies of Lithuanian didactic literature of the 19th
century with regard to the Baroque is shown by the fact that the most famous
didactic author of that century, the bishop M.Valančius, even prohibited Baroque
editions published in the 18th century, since they followed the Polish models.
One such edition, written by M. Olsevskis was called 'Broma’; it was a compen-
dium of prejudices and obscurity, hated by enlightenment thinkers and human-
ists. Only at the end of the 19th century does the Enlightenment in Lithuania
elevate the civic and political aims of national and social liberation, which are not
characteristic of the Renaissance, but presents materialistically oriented freethinking
anticlerical attitudes. Only then does Lithuanian literature and the whole culture
finally enter the Modern Age, though lagging behind other progressive countries
463
.of Europe, where the crisis of classical culture and literature were apparent in the
rise of decadence.
Understanding of the chronological limits of the Lithuanian Renaissance, and
of its character and historical value, is very important, because treatment of the
development of later Lithuanian literature and culture and determinations of na-
tional originality depends on an assessment of the epoch. Emigrant authors were
the first to emphasize this problem during the period of Soviet occupation; first
of all they tried to demonstrate how this culture differed from corresponding his-
torical epochs of other European countries, keeping to the traditional division
into periods made according to the model of the history of Western European
culture and adapted to the evolution of ancient Lithuanian culture, first of all to
the culture of GDL. Structural instability, often related to the confessional prac-
tices and ethnic tensions in GDL, is usually given as a contributing impetus to the
originality of ancient Lithuanian culture. The written literature, characterized by
multilingualism, is considered characteristic not only of the Middle Ages in
Lithuania, but to the Renaissance and the Baroque as well. Modern Lithuanian
investigators of culture often give preference to Polish as the vehicle for the
’modern', in other words Western, culture, among other indicators. But this Pol-
ish rudiment in the ancient culture of Lithuania was viewed not only the language
of the minority , but also weaker, 'barbarian': that is, both conservative and hea-
thenish character. The Baroque, imported by Polish people, was the culmination
and consolidation of Polish ways and the extenuation of Lithuanian culture and
art of GDL.
Contrary to such views, this monograph aims to show, that the character of
the Baroque, far from being determined by Polish editions issued in GDL, was
during the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, shaped by Latin and
Lithuanian publications. These were issued by Jesuits' academies in increasing num-
bers; such printings usually expressed not the intentions of the Baroque, but rather
an 'antibaroque' character. The point of view that it was the Baroque but not the
Renaissance (as it was in other countries) that formed and predetermined the tenor
of ancient and even modern Lithuanian literature and culture, depends on the
accepted chronological scheme, which is of doubtful accuracy. The result is an
exaggerated and even distorted significance accorded to the role of the Baroque
in the development of national culture and literature, while extending without
grounds the epoch of the Baroque to the period of two hundred years (the 17th
and 18th centuries).
A preoccupation with the Baroque and its sources in Lithuanian literature,
art and culture is a result of Polish investigations of history and culture; in Po-
land there was particular interest in this epoch because of its prolonged, firm and
steady expression in Poland. There were direct or indirect efforts to include GDL
in studies of the Baroque in its Polish forms. After the union in Lublin, GDL,
according to the point of view of Polish historiography, became inseparably a prov-
ince of the commonwealth, where there was qualitatively and quantitatively a "more
European" spirit of sarmatism. Concomitantly, not only the attractiveness but also
the relevance of ancient Lithuanian culture was questioned. At the same time Pol-
ish culture and sarmatism was seen as the only possible way out for the conserva-
tive ethnic culture of GDL, which had been condemned by the history itself ֊ or
by historians. It is regrettable that speaking about this essential problem dealing
with the development of ancient Lithuanian culture, art and literature, studies of
culture must contend with prejudicial assessments often far from benevolent.
The facts about the multilingual written literature of ancient Lithuania and
about the whole culture of Small Lithuania of that period should be interpreted
differently. It is clear that not only European theoretical and practical approaches
464
to Lithuanian culture, but also its local originality was stipulated by the Renais-
sance, as it was in the whole of Europe. The Baroque is marginally important only.
An important feature of the Lithuanian Renaissance is the ethnic elements in the
whole of the culture, especially in literature, and this sets the country apart from
other countries of Western Europe, which turn more to cosmopolitanism. These
are distinctive features not of only Lithuanian culture, art and literature, but of
many other Middle European countries, though at the eastern frontier of this region
they were expressed more vividly and stood longer than anywhere else. And the
main peculiarity of Lithuanian culture, which is most clearly seen in literature,
should be its exceptional attention to nature, to the relations between man and
nature, and in genera) to the natural origin of a man and his emotions; this pecu-
liarity was vivid in the epoch of the Renaissance too. Synthesis of nature and cul-
ture was an aspect of the Renaissance in all countries. This synthesis includes the
Modern Ages as well, but in Western Europe culture or, better, civilization, that
is rationalism, was continually consolidating itself over the natural, that is emo-
tional, element. Nations of Middle Europe in many cases have continued to insist
on the primacy of nature and emotionality, of lyricism, which can be viewed as
the essence of "Lithuanian spirit" because of its predomination in Lithuanian lit-
erature. A cult of nature and even pantheism, which its roots in paganism, was
rehabilitated by the Renaissance. Traditional forms of our culture and ethnic pe-
culiarities of the form of literature and art were submitted to mythological expe-
rience and folk traditions.
465
TURINYS
PRATARMĖ.4
PROBLEMŲ ESMĖ IR SPRENDIMO GAIRĖS;
PERIODIZACIJOS KLAUSIMAS.6
NEVIDURAMŽIŠKI VIDURAMŽIAI.19
Viduramžių samprata; jų kultūros pobūdis.19
Lietuviški Viduramžiai; jų ribos ir specifika.29
Raštijos plynės; viena rūšis, siaura kryptis.52
RENESANSIŠKAS ŠIMTMEČIŲ DERLIUS.67
Ar buvo Renesanso epocha Lietuvoje?.67
Renesanso sampratos probleminiai aspektai.67
Renesanso kultūros formavimasis Lietuvoje,
arba lietuviškasis Protorenesansas.74
Renesansas ir Reformacija.104
Akademinė lietuvių Renesanso kryptis; jos šaknys ir šakos.131
Lietuviu Renesanso krypčių problema.131
Renesanso plėtros Didžiojoje Lietuvoje ypatumai.141
Humanitariniai mokslai ir jų evoliucija.163
Akademinės krypties literatūros ir meno pobūdis.223
Akademinės Renesanso krypties likimas Lietuvoje:
jos transformacijos.286
Išsekimo ir krizės požymiai; jų priežastys ir padariniai.286
Renesansinio kamieno barokinės bei rokokinės
atšakos ir klasicistinės ataugos.303
Etninė lietuvių Renesanso kryptis; jos ūgis ir vaisiai.346
Lietuvių etninės savimonės ir tautinės kultūros formavimosi
ypatingumai; situacija Mažojoje Lietuvoje.346
Etninės krypties humanistinis turinys;
dorovinis ir tautinis jo patosas.358
Renesansinės estetikos ir poetikos pradmenys
lietuviškoje raštijoje; jų plėtra.390
BAIGIAMOSIOS PASTABOS; APIE SENOSIOS
LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS IR KULTŪROS SAVITUMĄ.450
HORIZONS OF THE OLD LITHUANIAN
LITERATURE AND CULTURE (Summary).461
ASMENVARDŽIŲ RODYKLĖ.466
APIE AUTORIŲ
470 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Radzevičius, Algimantas 1932- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1079010084 |
| author_facet | Radzevičius, Algimantas 1932- |
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| author_sort | Radzevičius, Algimantas 1932- |
| author_variant | a r ar |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042892089 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246275499 (DE-599)GBV243754124 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| id | DE-604.BV042892089 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-13T19:01:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9986884004 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028320552 |
| oclc_num | 246275499 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 470 S. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Aesti |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Radzevičius, Algimantas 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)1079010084 aut Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai Algimantas Radzevičius Kaunas Aesti 1997 470 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Horizons of the old Lithuanian literature and culture Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd rswk-swf Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028320552&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028320552&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Radzevičius, Algimantas 1932- Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4133373-1 |
| title | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai |
| title_auth | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai |
| title_exact_search | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai |
| title_full | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai Algimantas Radzevičius |
| title_fullStr | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai Algimantas Radzevičius |
| title_full_unstemmed | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai probleminiai svarstymai Algimantas Radzevičius |
| title_short | Senosios lietuvių literatūros ir kultūros akiračiai |
| title_sort | senosios lietuviu literaturos ir kulturos akiraciai probleminiai svarstymai |
| title_sub | probleminiai svarstymai |
| topic | Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kultur Literatur Litauisch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028320552&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028320552&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT radzeviciusalgimantas senosioslietuviuliteraturosirkulturosakiraciaiprobleminiaisvarstymai |