Introduction to geographic information systems:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Singapore
McGraw-Hill Education
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | 8. ed., internat. student ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 429 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780078095139 0078095131 9789814636216 9814636215 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Chang, Kang-tsung |d 1943- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1016262434 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to geographic information systems |c Kang-tsung Chang |
| 250 | |a 8. ed., internat. student ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Singapore |b McGraw-Hill Education |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 429 S. |b Ill. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Geographic information systems | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Geographic information systems |2 fast | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fernerkundung |0 (DE-588)4016796-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175163264073728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
I.1GIS 2
1.1.1 Components of a GIS 3
1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 3
1.1.3 GIS Software Products 4
Box LI A List of GIS Software Producers and
Their Main Products 5
1.2 Elements of GIS 5
1.2.1 Geospatial Data 5
1.2.2 Data Acquisition 8
1.2.3 Attribute Data Management 8
1.2.4 Data Display 8
1.2.5 Data Exploration 8
1.2.6 Data Analysis 8
1.3 Applications of GIS 10
Box 1.2 A List of GIS Applications 10
Box 1.3 Precision Farming ! 1
Box 1.4 Location-Based Services and Social
Networking 11
1.4 Integration of Desktop GIS. Web GIS, and Mobile
Technology 12
1.4.1 Web Mapping 12
1.4.2 Collaborative Web Mapping 12
1.4.3 Volunteered Geographic Information 13
1.4.4 Implications of Web and Mobile
Applications 13
1.5 Organization of This Book 14
1.6 Concepts and Practice 14
Key Concepts and Terms 15
Review Questions 15
Applications: Introduction 16
Task 1 Introduction to ArcCatalog 16
Task 2 Introduction to ArcMap 17
Challenge Task 18
References 19
CHAPTER 2
Coordinate Systems 20
2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 21
2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 22
2.1.2 Datum 23
Box 2.1 Datum Shift in Australia and
New Zealand 23
2.2 Map Projections 25
Box 2.2 How to Measure Distances on the
Earth s Surface 25
2.2.1 Types of Map Projections 26
2.2.2 Map Projection Parameters 27
2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 29
2.3.1 Transverse Mercator 29
2.3.2 Lambert Conformal Conic 30
2.3.3 A lbers Eq ua 1 - A rea Con ic 30
2.3.4 Equidistant Conic 30
2.3.5 Web Mercator 31
iv
Contents
v
2.4 Projected Coordinate Systems 31
Box 2.3 Map Scale 31
2.4.1 The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid
System 32
2.4.2 The Universal Polar Stereographic Grid
System 33
2.4.3 The State Plane Coordinate System 33
2.4.4 The Public Land Survey System 34
2.5 Options for Coordinate Systems in GIS 35
2.5.1 Projection File 35
2.5.2 Predefined Coordinate Systems 35
Box 2.4 A Projection File Example 36
2.5.3 On-the~Fly Projection 36
Box 2.5 GIS Tools for Working With
Coordinate Systems 37
Key Concepts and Terms 37
Review Questions 39
Applications: Coordinate Systems 40
Task 1 Project from a Geographic to a Projected
Coordinate System 40
Task 2 Import a Coordinate System 41
Task 3 Project Using a Predefined
Coordinate System 41
Task 4 Reproject a Coordinate System 42
Challenge Task 42
References 43
CHAPTER 3
Vector Data Model 44
3.1 Representation of Simple Features 45
Box 3.1 Specifications of Spatial Features by
Google and OpenStreetMap 46
3.2 Topology 46
3.2.1 TIGER 46
3.2.2 Importance of Topology 47
Box 3.2 Adjacency and Incidence 48
3.3 Georelational Data Model 49
Box 3.3 Topology or No Topology 49
3.3.1 The Coverage 50
3.3.2 Coverage Data Structure 50
3.3.3 Nontopological Vector Data 51
3.4 Object-Based Data Model 52
3.4.1 Classes and Class Relationships 53
3.4.2 Interface 53
3.4.3 The Geodatabase 54
Box 3.4.4rcObjects and A rcGIS 55
3.4.4 Topology Rules 55
3.4.5 Advantages of the Geodatabase 56
Box 3.5 NHDinGEO 57
3.5 Representation of Composite Features 57
3.5.1 TINs 57
3.5.2 Regions 58
3.5.3 Routes 59
Key Concepts and Terms 61
Review Questions 62
Applications: Vector Data Model 63
Task 1 Examine the Data File Structure of Coverage
and Shape file 63
Task 2 Create File Geodatabase, Feature Dataset,
and Feature Class 64
Task 3 Convert a Shapedle to a Personal
Geodatabase Feature Class 65
Task 4 Examine Polylines with Measures 65
Task 5 View Regions and Routes 66
Task 6 View TIN 66
Challenge Task 66
References 67
CHAPTER 4
Raster Data Model 68
4.1 Elements of the Raster Data Model 69
4.1.1 Cell Value 70
4.1.2 Cell Size 70
4.1.3 Ceil Depth 70
4.1.4 Raster Bands 70
4.1.5 Spatial Reference 70
4.2 Satellite Images 77
4.2.1 Landsat 72
4.2.2 SPOT 73
4.2.3 GeoEye and Digital Globe 73
4.2.4 Terra Satellite 73
Box 4.1 Data Volumes of High Resolution
(SPOT 5) and Very High Resolution (IKONOS)
Satellite Images 74
4.2.5 SAR 74
4.3 Digital Elevation Models 74
4.3.1 Optical Sensors 74
Box 4.2 An Example of a Digital Elevation
Model 75
4.3.2 InSAR 75
4.3.3 LiDAR 75
vi
Contents
4.4 Other Types of Raster Data 76
4.4.1 Digital Orthophotos 76
4.4.2 Land Cover Data 76
4.4.3 Bi-Level Scanned Files 76
4.4.4 Digital Raster Graphics 77
4.4.5 Graphic Files 77
4.4.6 CIS Software-Specific Raster Data 77
4.5 Raster Data Structure 7S
4.5.1 Cell-by-Cell Encoding 7$
4.5.2 Run-I.entith Encoding 79
4.5.3 Quadtree 79
4.5.4 Header File SO
Box 4.3 A Header File Example SI
4.6 Raster Data Compression SI
Box 4.4 A Simple Wavelet Example: The Haar
Wavelet S2
4.7 Data Conversion and Integration S3
4.7.1 Rasterization S3
4.7.2 Veetori/ation S3
Box 4.3 Digital Earth S4
4.7.3 Integration of Raster and V ector Data S4
Key Concepts and Terms S3
Review Questions S6
Applications: Raster Data Model ’6
Task 1 View and Import DEM Data tS6
Task 2 View a Satellite Image S7
Task 3 V iew a Land Cover Image S7
Task 4 Convert Vector Data to Raster Data S S
Challenge Task SS
References S9
CHAPTER 5
GIS Data Acquisition VI
5.1 E ist i ng GIS Data 92
5.1.1 Spatial Data Infrastructure. Clearinghouse,
and Geoportal 92
5.1.2 C.S. Geological Surve 92
Box 3.1 An Application Example of Li DA R
DEM 94
Bi .v 5.2 l)au t Ft avails ft r l SGS Frodiu ■ts 93
5.1.3 C.S. Census Bureau 93
5.1.4 Natural Resources Conservation Service 93
5.1.5 Examples of Statewide. Metropolitan, and
County-Lovel Data 96
5.1.6 GIS Data from Other Sources 96
5.2 Metadata 96
5.3 Conversion of Existing Data 97
5.3.1 Direct Translation 97
5.3.2 Neutral Format 97
5.4 Creation of New Data 9S
5.4.1 Remotely Sensed Data 9S
5.4.2 Field Data 99
Box 5,3 An Example of GFS Data 100
Box 3.4 GPS Tracker 101
Box 5.3 GFS and OpenSt reel Map 101
5.4.3 Text Files with a-. y-Coordinates ¡02
Box 5.6 Positional Accuracy of GFS Units and
GPS-Enabled Mobile Phones 103
5.4.4 Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table 103
5.4.5 Scanning 104
5.4.6 On-Screen Digitizing 107
5.4.7 Importance of Source Maps 107
Key Concepts and Terms I OS
Review Questions 109
Applications: GIS Data Acquisition /10
Task I Download USGS DEM 110
Task 2 Digitize On-Screen /10
Task 3 Add XV Data i!2
Task 4 Download KML File and Display it in
Google Earth 112
Challenge Task 112
References /13
CHAPTER 6
Gkomktric Transformation
6.1 Geometric Transformation /15
6.1.1 Map-to-Map and Image-to-Map
Transformation 115
6.1.2 Transformation Methods /15
6.1.3 Affine Transformation /16
6.1.4 Control Points 1!~
Box 6. / Estimation o/Transfnwation
Coefficients IIS
Bax 6.2 Output than an Affine
Transformation 119
6.2 Root Mean Square t RMS) Error / /v
Box 6.3 RMS than an Affine
Transformation 120
6.3 Interpretation of RMS Errors on Digitized
Maps 121
Contents
Vil
6.4 Resampling of Pixel Values 122
6.4.1 Resampling Methods 122
Box 6.4 Computation for Bilinear
Interpolation 124
6.4.2 Other Uses of Resampling 124
Box 6.5 Pyramiding in Image Processing ¡24
Key Concepts and Terms 124
Review Questions 124
Applications: Geometric Transformation 125
Task I Georeference and Rectify a Scanned
Map 125
Task 2 Vectorize Raster Lines 126
Task 3 Perform Image-to-Map Transformation 127
Challenge Task 124
References 124
CHAPTER 7
Si* a i i a i. Da i a Ac(tra y and
Quality 130
7. ] Location Errors 141
7.1.1 Location Errors Using Secondary Data
Sources 141
7.1.2 Causes of Digitizing Lrrors 141
7.1.3 Location Lrrors Using Primary Data
Sources 142
7.2 Spatial Data Accuracy Standards 142
7.3 Topological Lrrors 144
Box 7.1 aliona I Standard f or Spatial Data
Accuracy Statistic 144
7.3.1 Topological Errors with Spatial Features 144
7.3.2 Topological Errors between Layers 145
Box 7.2 Radius Topology 146
7.4 Topological Editing 146
7.4.1 Cluster Tolerance and Snapping
Tolerance 146
Box 7.4 Cluster Tolerance 147
7.4.2 Editing Using Map Topology 157
7.4.3 Editing Using Top* logy Rules 147
1.5 Nontopologicai Editing 15S
7.5.1 Editing Existing Features 15S
7.5.2 Creating Features from Existing Features ¡54
7.6 Other Editing Operations ¡54
7.6.1 Edgematching ¡54
7.6.2 Line Simplification and Smoothing ¡40
Key Concepts and Terms 141
Review Questions ¡42
Applications: Spatial Data Accuracy and Quality 145
Task I Edit a Shapefi le 145
Task 2 Use Cluster Tolerance to Fix Digitizing
Errors Between Two Shapetiles ¡44
Task 3 Use Topology Rule to Fix Dangles 145
Task 4 Use Topology Rule to Ensure Two Polygon
Layers Covering Each Other 147
Challenge Task 147
References 14S
CHAPTER 8
Attrihuit; Data Managlmlni 149
5.1 Attribute Data in G1S 150
S. 1.1 Types of Attribute Tables ¡51
8.1.2 Database Management 151
Box V. I Spatial Database Management
System 152
Box S .2 Selection of Numeric Data Type 152
8.1.3 Types of Attribute Data 152
Box -S . 4 U7 utils BLOB? 155
8.2 The Relational Model 155
8.2.1 SSURGO: A Relational Database
Example 155
8.2.2 Normalization 155
8.2.3 Types of Relationships ¡57
8.3 Joins. Relates, and Relationship Classes 160
8.3.1 Joins ¡60
8.3.2 Relates 160
8.3.3 Relationship Classes 160
8.4 Attribute Data Entry 161
8.4.1 Field Definition 161
8.4.2 Methods of Data Entry ¡61
8.4.3 Attribute Data Verification 161
8.5 Manipulation of Fields and Attribute Data ¡62
8.5.1 Adding and Deleting Fields 162
8.5.2 Classification of Attribute Data 162
8.5.3 Computation of Attribute Data ¡62
Key Concepts and Terms 162
Review Questions 165
Applications: Attribute Data Management 164
Task I Use Validation Rule for Entering Attribute
Data ¡64
Task 2 Join Tables ¡65
Task 3 Relate Tables ¡65
Task 4 Create New Attribute by Data
Classification ¡66
viii
Contents
Task 5 Use Advanced Method for Attribute Data
Classification 166
Task 6 Create New Attribute by Data
Computation 167
Task 7 Create Relationship Class 167
Challenge Task 168
References 168
CHAPTER 9
Data Display and Cartography 170
9.1 Cartographic Representation 172
9.1.1 Spatial Features and Map Symbols 172
9.1.2 Use of Color 173
Box 9.1 Choice o f Map Symbols in Google My
Maps 173
9.1.3 Data Classification 174
9.1.4 Generalization / 75
9.2 Types of Quantitative Maps 1 76
Box 9.2 Locating Dots on a Dot Map 178
Box 9.3 Mapping Derived and Absolute
Values 178
9.3 Typography 179
9.3.1 Type Variations 179
9.3.2 Selection of Type Variations 180
9.3.3 PI ace me n t of Text i n the M ap B ody / 81
Box 9.4 Options for Dynamic Labeling 181
Box 9.5 Better Mapping Campaign 184
9.4 Map Design 184
9.4.1 Layout 184
9.4.2 Visual Hierarchy 185
9.5 Animated Maps 188
Bi x 9.6 Working with St ft- Copx Maps 189
9.6 Map Production 189
Box 9.7 A Web Tool for Making Color
Maps 190
Key Concepts and Terms 190
Review Questions ¡92
Applications: Data Display and Cartography 192
Task 1 Make a Choropleth Map 192
Task 2 Use Graduated Symbols. Line Symbols.
Highway Shield Symbols, and Text
Symbols 195
Task 3 Label Streams 198
Challenge Task ¡99
References ¡99
CHAPTER 10
Data Exploration 201
10.1 Data Exploration 202
Box 10.1 Data Visualization 202
10.1.1 Descriptive Statistics 202
Box 10.2 Descriptive Statistics 203
10.1.2 Graphs 203
10.1.3 Dynamic Graphics 207
10.2 Map-Based Data Manipulation 207
10.2.1 Data Classification 207
Box 10.3 Geovisualization and Geovisual
Analytics 208
10.2.2 Spatial Aggregation 208
10.2.3 Map Comparison 209
10.3 Attribute Data Query 210
10.3.1 SQL (Structured Query Language) 210
Box 10.4 SQL for Attribute Data Query 210
10.3.2 Query Expressions 211
10.3.3 Type of Operation 213
10.3.4 Examples of Query Operations 213
10.3.5 Relational Database Query 214
10.4 Spatial Data Query 214
10.4.1 Feature Selection by Cursor 214
10.4.2 Feature Selection by Graphic 214
10.4.3 Feature Selection by Spatial
Relationship 215
10.4.4 Combining Attribute and Spatial Data
Queries 215
Box 10.5 Expressions of Spatial
Relationships 216
10.4.5 Spatial Join 216
10.5 Raster Data Query 216
10.5.1 Query by Cell Value 217
10.5.2 Query by Select Features 218
Key Concepts and Terms 218
Review Questions 219
Applications: Data Exploration 220
Task 1 Select Features by Location 220
Task 2 Make Dynamic Chan 221
Task 3 Query Attribute Data from a Joint Table 2
Task 4 Query Attribute Data from a Relational
Database 222
Task 5 Combine Spatial and Attribute Data
Queries 223
Task 6 Perform Spatial Join 223
Contents
ix
Task 7 Query Raster Data 224
Challenge Task 224
References 225
CHAPTER 11
Vector Data Analysis 226
11.1 Buffering 227
11.1.1 Variations in Buffering 227
Box / /. / Riparian Buffer Width 228
11.1.2 Applications of Buffering 229
Box 11.2 Buffer Zones for Analysis of Food
Deserts 230
Box 11.3 Buffer Zones as Indicators of
Positional Accuracy 230
11.2 Overlay 230
11.2.1 Feature Type and Overlay 231
11.2.2 Overlay Methods 231
11.2.3 Overlay and Data Format 232
Box 11.4 Difference betw een Overlay and
Spatial Join 233
11.2.4 Slivers 233
11.2.5 Error Propagation in Overlay 234
Box 11.5 Error Propagation Models 235
11.2.6 Applications of Overlay 235
11.3 Distance Measurement 236
11.4 Pattern Analysis 236
Box 11.6 Distance Measures for Assessing
Positional A ecu racy 23 7
11.4.1 Analysis of Random and Nonrandom
Patterns 237
11.4.2 Moran s I for Measuring Spatial
Autocorrelation 235
11.4.3 G-Statistic for Measuring Fligh/Low
Clustering 240
Box 11.7 Detection of Drug Hotspots 242
11.4.4 Applications of Pattern Analysis 242
11.5 Feature Manipulation 242
Key Concepts and Terms 244
Review Questions 246
Applications: Vector Data Analysis 246
Task 1 Perform Buffering and Overlay 246
Task 2 Overlay Multicomponent Polygons 248
Task 3 Perform Areal Interpolation 248
Task 4 Compute General and Local G-Statistics 249
Task 5 Perform Select and Clip 250
Challenge Task 251
References 25/
CHAPTER 12
Raster Data Analysis 254
12.1 Data Analysis Environment 255
12.2 Local Operations 255
Box 12.1 How to Make an Analysis Mask 255
12.2.1 Local Operations with a Single Raster 256
12.2.2 Reclassification 256
12.2.3 Local Operations with Multiple
Rasters 256
12.2.4 Applications of Local Operations 257
Box 12.2 A Case Study qfRUSLE 258
12.3 Neighborhood Operations 259
12.3.1 Neighborhood Statistics 259
12.3.2 Applications of Neighborhood
Operations 259
Box 12.3 More Examples of Neighborhood
Operations 261
12.4 Zonal Operations 261
12.4.1 Zonal Statistics 261
12.4.2 Applications of Zonal Operations 262
Box 12.4 An Application of Zonal Operations 263
12.5 Physical Distance Measure Operations 263
12.5.1 Allocation and Direction 264
12.5.2 Applications of Physical Distance Measure
Operations 264
Box 12.5 Limitations of Physical Distance
Measures 265
12.6 Other Raster Data Operations 265
12.6.1 Raster Data Management 265
12.6.2 Raster Data Extraction 266
12.6.3 Raster Data Generalization 266
12.7 Map Algebra 267
12.8 Comparison of Vector- and Raster-Based Data
Analysis 267
12.8.1 Overlay 267
Box ¡2.6 A Case for Raster-Based Overlay 268
12.8.2 Buffering 268
Key Concepts and Terms 269
Review Questions 269
Applications: Raster Data Analysis 270
Task 1 Perform a Local Operation 270
Task 2 Perform a Combine Operation 270
Task 3 Perform a Neighborhood Operation 271
Task 4 Perform a Zonal Operation 27/
Task 5 Measure Physical Distances 27/
X
Contents
Task 6 Perform Extract by Attributes and by
Mask 272
Challenge Task 272
References 273
CHAPTER 13
Terrain Mapping and Analysis 274
13.1 Data for Terrain Mapping and Analysis 275
13.1.1 DEM 275
13.1.2 TIN 275
13.2 Terrain Mapping 276
13.2.1 Contouring 276
13.2.2 Vertical Profiling 277
13.2.3 Hill Shading 277
13.2.4 Hypsometric Tinting 278
Box 13.1 The Pseiuloscopic Effect 279
Box 13.2 A Worked Example of Computing
Relative Radiance 279
13.2.5 Perspective View 279
13.3 Slope and Aspect 281
13.3.1 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
Using Raster 282
Box 13.3 Methods of Slope Measurement in the
Field 283
Box 13.4 Conversion of I) to Aspect 284
Box ¡3.5 A Worked Example of Computing
Slope and A sped Us it ig Raste r 285
13.3.2 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
Using TIN 285
13.3.3 Factors Influencing Slope and Aspect
Measures 285
Box 13.6 A Worked Example of Computing
Slope and Aspect Using TIN 286
13.4 Surface Curvature 287
Box 13.7 A Worked Example of Computing
Surface Curvature 288
13.5 Raster Versus TIN 288
Key Concepts and Terms 289
Review Questions 290
Applications: Terrain Mapping and Analysis 291
Task I Use DEM for Terrain Mapping 291
Task 2 Derive Slope. Aspect, and Curvature from
DEM 292
Task 3 Build and Display a TIN 294
Challenge Task 294
References 295
CHAPTER 14
VlEWSHED AND WATERSHED
Analysis 297
14.1 Viewshed Analysis 298
14.1.1 Line-of-Sight Operation 298
14.1.2 Raster-Based Viewshed Analysis 299
14.1.3 TIN-Based Viewshed Analysis 299
14.1.4 Cumulative Viewshed 299
Box 14.1 An Application Example of Cumulative
Viewshed 300
14.1.5 Accuracy of Viewshed Analysis 300
14.2 Parameters of Viewshed Analysis 301
Box 14.2 Tools for Selecting Viewpoints 301
14.3 Applications of Viewshed Analysis 303
14.4 Watershed Analysis 303
Box 14.3 HydroSHEDS 304
Box 14.4 Watershed Boundary Dataset
(WBD) 304
14.4.1 Filled DEM 305
14.4.2 Flow Direction 305
14.4.3 Flow Accumulation 305
14.4.4 Stream Network 306
14.4.5 Stream Links 306
14.4.6 Areawade Watersheds 307
14.4.7 Point-Bused Watersheds 307
Box 14.5 Snapping Ponr Ponits 308
14.5 Factors Influencing Watershed Analysis 309
14.5.1 DEM Resolution 309
14.5.2 Flow Direction 310
14.5.3 Flow Accumulation Threshold 311
14.6 Applications of Watershed Analysis 3/2
Key Concepts and Terms 3/3
Review Questions 3/3
Applications: Viewsheds and Watersheds 314
Task 1 Perform Viewshed Analysis 314
Task 2 Create a New Lookout Shapelile for
Viewshed Analysis 3/5
Task 3 Delineate Areawide Watersheds 316
Task 4 Derive Upstream Contributing Areas at
Pour Points 3/7
Challenge Task 318
References 318
Contents
xi
CHAPTER 15
Spatial Interpolation 321
15.1 Elements of Spatial Interpolation 322
15.1.1 Control Points 322
15.1.2 Type of Spatial Interpolation 322
15.2 Global Methods 323
15.2.1 Trend Surface Models 323
Box 15.1 A Worked Example of Trend Surface
Analysis 324
15.2.2 Regression Models 325
15.3 Local Methods 325
15.3.1 Thiessen Polygons 326
15.3.2 Density Estimation 327
15.3.3 Inverse Distance Weighted
Interpolation 328
Box 15.2 A Worked Example of Kernel Den sity
Estimation 329
Box 15.3 A Worked Example of Inverse Distance
Weighted Estimation 329
15.3.4 Thin-Plate Splines 330
Box 15.4 Radial Basis Functions 331
15.4Kriging 331
Box 15.5 A Worked Example of Thin-Plate
Splines with Tension 332
15.4.1 Semivariogram 332
15.4.2 Models 334
15.4.3 Ordinary Kriging 335
Box 15.6 A Worked Example of Ordinary
Kriging Estimation 337
15.4.4 Universal Kriging 337
15.4.5 Other Kriging Methods 338
Box 15.7 A Worked Example of Universal
Kriging Estimation 339
15.5 Comparison of Spatial Interpolation
Methods 340
Key Concepts and Terms 341
Review Questions 342
Applications: Spatial Interpolation 343
Task 1 Use Trend Surface Model for Interpolation 343
Task 2 Compute Kernel Density Estimation 344
Task 3 Use IDW for Interpolation 345
Task 4 Use Ordinary Kriging for Interpolation 345
Task 5 Use Universal Kriging for Interpolation 347
Challenge Task 347
References 348
CHAPTER 16
Geocoding and Dynamic
Segmentation 350
16.1 Geocoding 351
16.1.1 Geocoding Reference Database 35 /
16.1.2 The Address Matching Process 351
Box 16.1 Positional Accuracy of Road Networks
in TIGER/Line Files 352
Box 16.2 Map Reporter 352
16.1.3 Address Matching Options 354
16.1.4 Offset Plotting Options 354
Box 16.3 Scoring System for
Geocoding 354
16.1.5 Quality of Geocoding 355
16.2 Variations of Geocoding 355
Box 16.4 Online Geocoding Services 356
16.3 Applications of Geocoding 356
16.3.1 Location-Based Services 356
16.3.2 Business Applications 357
16.3.3 Wireless Emergency Services 357
16.3.4 Crime Mapping and Analysis 357
16.3.5 Public Health 357
16.4 Dynamic Segmentation 358
16.4.1 Routes 358
16.4.2 Creating Routes 358
Box 16.5 Route Feature Classes 358
16.4.3 Events 360
16.4.4 Creating Event Tables 360
16.5 Applications of Dynamic Segmentation 362
16.5.1 Data Management 362
16.5.2 Data Display 362
16.5.3 Data Query 362
16.5.4 Data Analysis 363
Key Concepts and Terms 363
Review Questions 364
Applications: Geocoding and Dynamic
Segmentation 364
Task 1 Geocode Street Addresses 365
Task 2 Display and Query Routes and
Events 366
Task 3 Analyze Two Event Layers 366
Task 4 Create a Stream Route and Analyze Slope
Along the Route 367
Task 5 Locate Cities Along an Interstate
Route 368
Xll
Contents
Task 6 Check the Quality of TIGER/Line
Files 369
Challenge Task 369
References 369
CHAPTER 17
Least-Cost Path Analysis and
Network Analysis 372
17.1 Least-Cost Path Analysis 373
17.1.1 Source Raster 373
17.1.2 Cost Raster 373
Box 17.1 Cost Raster for a Site Analysis of
Pipelines 373
17.1.3 Cost Distance Measures 374
17.1.4 Deriving the Least Accumulative Cost
Path 374
Box 17.2 Derivation of the Least Accumulative
Cost Path 376
17.1.5 Options for Least-Cost Path
Analysis 377
17.2 Applications of Least-Cost Path
Analysis 378
17.3 Network 378
17.3.1 Link and Link Impedance 378
17.3.2 Junction and Turn Impedance 378
17.3.3 Restrictions 379
17.4 Assembly of a Network 379
17.4.1 Gathering Linear Features 379
17.4.2 Editing and Building Network 379
Box 17.3 Routing Network for Disabled
People 379
Box 17.4 Network Dataset 380
17.4.3 Attributing the Network Features 380
17.5 Network Analysis 381
17.5.1 Shortest Path Analysis 381
Box 17.5 Accessibility Analysis in Food Desert
Studies 383
17.5.2 Traveling Salesman Problem 383
17.5.3 Vehiele Routing Problem 383
17.5.4 Closest Facility 383
17.5.5 Allocation 384
Box 17.6 Response Time to Fires 385
17.5.6 Location-Allocation 385
Key Concepts and Terms 387
Review Questions 388
Applications: Path Analysis and Network
Applications 388
Task 1 Compute the Least Accumulative Cost
Distance 388
Task 2 Compute the Path Distance 389
Task 3 Run Shortest Path Analysis 390
Task 4 Build a Geodatabase Network Dataset 391
Task 5 Find Closest Facility 392
Task 6 Find Service Area 393
Challenge Task 393
References 394
CHAPTER 18
GIS Models and Modeling 396
18.1 Basic Elements of GIS Modeling 397
18.1.1 Classification of GIS Models 397
18.1.2 The Modeling Process 398
18.1.3 The Role of GIS in Modeling 398
Box 18.1 GIS and Location Modeling 399
18.1.4 Integration of GIS and Other Modeling
Programs 399
18.2 Binary Models 399
18.2.1 Vector-Based Method 400
18.2.2 Raster-Based Method 400
18.2.3 Applications of Binary Models 401
Box 18.2 The Consecution Reserve
Program 401
18.3 Index Models 402
18.3.1 The Weighted Linear Combination
Method 402
18.3.2 Other Index Methods 403
18.3.3 Applications of the Index Model 406
Box 18.3 The Land Evaluation and Site
Assessment System 406
18.4 Regression Models 407
18.4.1 Linear Regression Models 407
18.4.2 Local Regression Models 408
18.4.3 Logistic Regression Models 408
18.5 Process Models 409
18.5.1 Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation 409
18.5.2 Critical Rainfall Model 410
Key Concepts and Terms 411
Contents
Review Questions 411
Applications: GIS Models and Modeling 412
Task 1 Build a Vector-Based Binary Model 412
Task 2 Build a Raster-Based Binary Model 413
Task 3 Build a Vector-Based Index Model 414
Task 4 Build a Raster-Based Index Model 415
Challenge Task 416
References 416
Index 420
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- |
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| id | DE-604.BV042878177 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:11:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780078095139 0078095131 9789814636216 9814636215 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028307135 |
| oclc_num | 934486286 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-634 DE-83 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-1050 |
| owner_facet | DE-634 DE-83 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-1050 |
| physical | XVI, 429 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | McGraw-Hill Education |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1016262434 aut Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang 8. ed., internat. student ed. Singapore McGraw-Hill Education 2016 XVI, 429 S. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geographic information systems Geographic information systems fast Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd rswk-swf Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd rswk-swf Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 s Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028307135&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- Introduction to geographic information systems Geographic information systems Geographic information systems fast Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016796-3 (DE-588)4261642-6 |
| title | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_auth | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_full | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang |
| title_short | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_sort | introduction to geographic information systems |
| topic | Geographic information systems Geographic information systems fast Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geographic information systems Fernerkundung Geoinformationssystem |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028307135&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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