E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Albanian |
| Published: |
Shkup [u.a.]
Logos-A
2014
|
| Series: | Biblioteka Fjala
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 499 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789989585463 |
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| adam_text | CONCLUSION
Karadak is hillside and mountainous province which
stretches in the northern part of Macedonia and southern
part of Kosovo. Mountains rise upwards from the hollows
of Skopje (south), Kumanovo Valley (east), Gjilan valley
(north) and the river Lepenec. In the lowlands of Karadak
there are four cities: Skopje (south), Kumanovo (east), Kaga-
niku (west) and Gjilan (north).
Our task is to describe current dialect condition of the
villages of Tanusha, Breza, Malino, Bllace, Luboten, Stra-
chince, Orllance, Mojance and Grushino. Whereas, the vast
majority of rural population is comprised of Haracina and
Hasanbeg villages and moved population of the aforemen-
tioned villages, in which, the dialect of these two villages,
from the dialectal terms proves to be similar with the dia-
lect of the two just mentioned villages.
In this region lives a population of various nationality:
Albanians, Macedonians, Serbs, Muslims, Turks, the Rome
(gipsy) population etc.
In the villages of Karadak of Skopje (the Montenegro of
Skopje) live approximately 8.600 Albanian residents, besi-
des villages of Haracina (according to the 2002 recording it
had 7.351 inhabitants) and Hasanbeg which nearly has 2700
houses and 9000 inhabitants, who has descend and now
make up a big number of Karadak population. From these
data it appears that the results of the general number of in-
habitants of the villages of Karadak and villages of this zo-
ne (Haracina and Hasanbeg) with the exclusion of the disp-
454£Bk
ASLLAN HAM ITI
laced in Turkey and of other places of Macedonia, Kosovo,
Europe and world, it is above 25.600 persons. Thus, beyond
25.600 persons that have not migrated out of their province
talk Albanian of the Karadak of Skopje.
With this work we intend to describe current condition
of the Albanian talking of Karadak of Skopje, describing its
phonetics and phonological features, as well as for morpho-
logical and lexical ones. When describing, we have tried not
only to explain and reflect the linguistic features of this lin-
guistic areal, but sometimes compare it with other surroun-
dings dialects and with other central, overall geg, and Alba-
nian dialect in general.
Inventory of vowel phoneme
In generalized way, observed from phonetic and pho-
nological view, this talking has a system of vowels with
phonological traverse of longitudinal (short vowel-long vo-
wel) and nasal (oral vowel - nasal vowel). Consequently,
this dialect has an inventory of 14 vowel phoneme highligh-
ted (10 oral and 4 nasals) of which:
5 short: /à/ /è/ /0/ /1/ / ù /
5 long: /a:/ /e: / /o:/ /i:/ /u :/
4 nasal: /à/ / ë / /1/ /ü/
In unstressed syllable it is used the short vowel too [ë]
(a) which has the status of the sound,but not and of the
phoneme.
These 14 phoneme vowels has a wide spread plain, res-
pectively they realize through different modifications as
allophones, till and as the diphthongs during the diffrac-
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TË SHKUPIT
â^455
tion of /i/ and /u/ in two voweled: /i/ in [ai], [ei], [ei]: shpal,
shpei ( shpi, shtepi) (house), and of /u/ of [au]: ncfuse (bride)
and in the form of monoftong na:se ( nuse); diphthongoids
[a6]: ca*ng ( cung) (stub), rraesh ( rrush) (grapes); [u°]:
ku°der ( koder) (hill), mu°ter ( moter) (sister), i vu°gel ( i
vogel) (little); diphthong sequences [ie]: gjieth, , lieter,
viega ( gjeth (foliage), lepur (rabbit), leter (letter), vege) etc.
These phoneme in syllable emphasized in acoustic tri-
angle can be shown like this:
a) short
/i/ /u/
/e/ /0/
/a/
b) long
/i:/ /u:/
/e:/ /0:/
/a:/
c) nasal
N /ü/
/3/ /a/
Highlighted vowels are nearly two times longer than
unstressed. Here we have 6 vowels in unstressed syllables:
[a], [e], [ë], [o], [i] and [u].
Generally, as all dialects of geg, thus so and in the Ka-
radak of Skopje, in highlighted syllables in the phonetic
view we recognize three length of vowels: short, middle
and long. But, short ones create phonological confrontation
with long vowels, while middle length vowels doesn t crea-
te confrontations, they from the longitudinal view are neut-
ral. The length of the vowels in this dialect, and in all other
geg dialects has semantic value, as in minimal couples of
words: kos ~ko:s kos-i - kos-a’ (yogurt), çaj ~ çaj-I (tea)
per pije - shqyej , boll ~ bo:ll (enough) mjaft - bollë, lloj gjar-
pri or grammatical function: to make the difference of the
gender of noun (male-female) plak ~ pla:k plak - plakë (old
man), kunat ~ kuna.t kunat - kunatë (brother in law); the
456ââ
ASLLAN HAMITI
difference in the number (singular - plural): dishek ~
dyshek - dysheke (mattres), dham ~ dha:m dhemb - dhem-
be (tooth), dollop ~ dolla.p (window) nje dritare — shume
dritare etc.
Even so nasal vowels are part of nodded habit of the
Albanians of the Karadak of Skopje, the existence of small
number of minimal words couple that differ through pho-
nological opposition oral vowels-nasal vowels testifies for
the disposition of this dialect, and of the other geg dialects,
(in south more and in north less) for the loss of phonologi-
cal value of nasal, respectively the disposition of nasal de-
phonology (almost can be found in the last phase) and of
the length of the vowel (which has begin to reels, but is still
retained). From the harvest dialectical material we had very
difficult to mention such word couples in which nasal
counters relevant oral vowels to create words with different
meanings. Such minimal word couples we could find some:
Phonological confrontation oral vowel-nasal vowel
zanore goj ore kuptimi ~ zanore hundore kuptimi
rraj rri ~ rra:j rrënjë
lam (na) (ne) lame ~ la:m lëmë
Jan jan-i ~ ja:n (ata) janë
(gjemt) tan djemt tanë ~ e ta:n e tundë
(ata) kan (ata) kan - ká:n kën/ë,-a
The emphasis
Regarding to the emphasis, the dialect of the Monte-
negro of Skopje, and in general of other dialects, it doesn t
represent isogloss in itself, but it s included in dialectical
macro system. Accordingly, under basic features of the em-
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT T£ SHKUPIT
£0.457
phasis of alboz, including and the dialect of the Karadak of
Skopje, are:
a) According to the type of emphasis: alboz has dyna-
mic emphasis;
b) According to its movement: alboz has embedded
emphasis in inflection paradigm;
c) According to the place of emphasis in the word: al-
boz doesn t emphasis the endings and has leaning to em-
phasis penult vowels.
And in the Albanian dialect of Karadak the emphasis is
dynamic, motionless in inflection paradigm and embedded
in one of two last syllables of words, infrequently in penult
syllables or in demersal syllables, example - fusha (fi-
eld) -fushat -fushave; lule (flower) - lulje - lulja - lilies - lulen -
lulet - luleve etc.
Exception of this paradigmatic general rule for keeping
the emphasis motionless in one assigned syllable in this
dialect, do little (tens) norms during the formation of plural.
Thus, in word formation in singular the accent falls over the
vowel of topic. While in plural form the emphasis is carried
on the suffix of the plural. Compare the examples:
njejes shumes
xharpen xharpei, xharpnei
drapen drapei, drapnei
shkop shkopi, shkopai
leper lepri, leprai
kalli kalli, kallei
dhanerr, dhanderr dhanurr, dhandu;r
Even in this dialect, the accent is dynamic, motionless
in inflection paradigm and embedded in one of two last
458âû
ASLLAN HAMİTİ
syllables of the word, habitually in penult syllable or in
demersal syllable.
In this linguistic realm, and in other dialects of central
geg, when diphthongal closed vowels pronounced /1/ or /ú/,
than the accent regularly stands on the same syllable, res-
pectively in diphthongized vowel. Compare the examples:
nüse nemse, arúsh é araush, katún kèrcùng kèrca-
ung etc. The emphasis stands on the same syllable even
when secondary diphthong is monophthonged, by type:
arúsh é araush araush, ara.sh; núse nemse nause ka-
tund kataun katauun katam....
In this dialect (and in other geg dialects)some nouns
that in toske are pronounced with accent in demersal sy-
llable veri, qiri, njeri etc., in our dialect the same penult
accent, as véri, qiri, njé:r.
General propensity to emphasize the nouns in the second
syllable in this dialect we can see and some oriental borro-
wings, which are spelled here too with accent in demersal
syllable, as: káfe, páre, xhézve, tenxhére, tenéqe, téqe, minare,
matare, çâre, kadife, déve, feréxhe, xháde, zérde, zahire etc, as and
some individual norms with oriental source: Fatime, Makfire,
Zahide, Naile, Hatixhe, Halime, Ájshe etc. This shift of the
emphasis from the demersal syllable in that penult it s done
because of the adaption of the borrowed words with the
most spreader type of emphasis of words in Albanian.
And to Slavism (first of all macedonism and serbism)
and to other borrowed nonslavism, generally borrowed
with the mediation of macedonian language, if s made the
mechanical order of emphasis, respectively adaption with
the nature of albanian. These words in the imminent form
they are mostly used as oksiton. Compare the examples:
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TĒ SHKUPIT
âa459
koçnice koçni.c, kolice kolíx, bollníx, bullicé
bullíx bullaic, kovâç, varanice varanaic, slluzhbenik,
opshtv.n, fllaník, popllavé popllá . direktor, sekretá:r, çuvâ:r,
shumâ:r, (mesna) zaedníx etc.
Inventory of consonant phoneme
The dialect of the villages of Luboten, Strachinci, Bllace,
Mojance and Orllance has an inventory of 29 consonant
phonemes, but the dialect of the villages of Tanusha, Brest,
Malino and Grushino has 30 consonant phonemes, because
they have back lingual consonant /ņ/,which has been
gained from the similarity of group /ng/:
/ p /, / b /, / m /, / f /, / v /, /1 /, / d /, /1 /, /11 /, / c /, / x /, /
s /, / z /, / n /, / r /, / rr /, / ç /, / xh /, / sh /, / zh /, / th /, / dh /,
/q A / gj /, / j /, /nj /, /k /, / g /, (/ r) /), / h /.
Among the features phonetic-phonological the most impor-
tant of this dialect are:
1. The diphthong of vowels closed emphasized /{/ and /ú/ in
the secondary diphthong, respectively of /i/ in [ai, ei] and of
/ú/ in [âu, ou], as shpí: shpái, shpéi; nüse nause, nouse.
2. The frequent use of the same words in two phonetics
forms: diphthonged and undiphthonged, as mullet dhe
mulli:, kusai - kusi:, set - si sy , temcei - tepsi:; katciun - katu:n,
fortaun - fortu .n, ftdurk-ftu:rk etc.
3. Labialization of [y] [i] and further breakdown in
second diphthong (sy: sí: sói, set), and also the changing
of /y/ in [u]: shyt shut, dynja: dunja:, ymyt umut.
460£a
ASLLAN HAMITI
4. Monophthongation of diphthongs in genuine vowel
(aru:sh araush araush araesh, ara.sh; rru:sh rraush
rraush rra®sh rra:sh etc.
5. Nasal general geg labial [a] in [o] (ha:n ho:n, na:n
no:n, kama koma, bana bona).
6. Unusing of the vowel [e] in stressed position, but
only in unstressed position (with little exceptions).
7. The decline of [e] in absolute end of the word and
compensator length of the following vowel, as a:r are, dorr
dore, bu.rr burre, pla:k plake, di sheik dysheke,
8. Frequent unpronounciation of [e] in unstressed
position and in a middle of a word: tlin telyen, malsai
malesi, udhta:r udhetar, lku:r lekure, knu.s kendues etc.
9. Changing of unstressed vowel [u] in [e]: flut er
flutur, kumell kumbull, heker hekur etc.
10. Consolation of unstressed [i] and [u] in [j], respec-
tively in [v] at the end of a word, as: shkoj ( ai shkoi), ja
( ia), vllaj ma j madh ( vllai ma i madh); e piv, e dav, e prev, e
thav ( e piu, e ndau, e preu, e thau) etc.
11. Keeping of vowel groups [ae] and [oej: pae, lae, voe.
12. Monophonethongation of platoons of vowels [ie] and
[ue] in long vowels [i:] and [u:]: diell diill, kam pimue kam
punu:, and second long diphthongation /u/ in [au] (punau)
and the monophthongation of the same diphthong (in the
villages of Brezo and Malino) in long vowel [a:]: puna: etc.
13. The expression of [g] and older consonant group
[gl] in [gj]: gisht gjisht, gur gjur, goje gjo:j, prag pragj,
larg largj; form the old forms gluha gjuha, gluni gjuni;
i, e glate i, e gja:t etc.
14. Palatalization of consonant group [dj] [gj]: dja:l
gja:l, dje gje dhe i [pi] [q], as plak qak, plesht qesht,
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
£ 461
pleh qeh, plep qep.
15. Affrication of consonant expression [q] [5]: qen
gen, qafe ga:f, faqe fage, qiell as well as i [gj] [xh],
as in a words gjak xhak, gjume gjarpen
gjysme xhimc.
16. Conversion of [nj] [j]: 20.7 zonje, pej penj, rra.j
rrenje, e ejte e enjte, i shtreijt i shtrenjte etc. and rarely in
H si ni nje, nizet njezet.
17. Similarity of (in Tanusha, Bllace, Mojance, Orllance,
Brezo, Malino and Grushino) and keeping (in the villages of
Luboten and Strachinci) of consonant groups [mb], [nd]
and [ng]: dhamb - dham, vend - ven, ngat - pat, gat.
18. The decline of [j] in consonant groups [pj], [mj], [vj]:
pje:shk peshk, kam mje:l kam mel, vjeherr veherr).
19. Preservation of the group [fl] in the villages of
Tanusha, Bllace, Mojance, Orllance and Grushino
fluter etc. and it s ionization in the villages of Breza, Malino,
Strachinci, and Luboten : fja.k, fjo:k, fjuter.
Generally it is known that phonetic and phonological
differences among dialectical are bigger than morphologi-
cal, lexical and syntax differences. With other words, dialec-
tical grammar it7s more unique in comparison with phone-
tic and phonology. Morphological differences are observed
more in variable parts of a lecture, respectively in gramma-
tical category of the noun, adjective, pronoun, verb: while
less in invariable, as in adverb, preposition, conjunction etc.
Morphological features
General dialectical feature in Albanian dialect of Kara-
dak and Shkup are:
462aa
ASLLAN HAMITI
The nouns are in male or female gender, while from
nouns in neutral gender we find only the footsteps, because
they are integrated in male or female gender. Habitually, in
neutral gender are used adjectival nouns of the type m shkoj
t rit, i ra t fikt,t’kuqt e voes. Besides, suppletive forms of the
nouns of male and female gender (vlla: - moter, naip - mes,
ka: - lo:p, dash - dele etc.), that has favorably Albanian: so-
me nouns in unprominent form differ the gender through
the length of the last vowel, as: - qa:k, kunat - kuna:t,
krushk - kru:shk etc.
However, the most often way of forming nouns of fe-
male gender it s when norms in the male gender are added
suffixes: -e, -ke, -e:sh;-ush, (-aush, -oj, -ic (-aic, -ova-
ic), si mcaus-e, grushinali-ke, maik-e, mike.sh, traim-n-esh; ar-
u:sh (ar-aush, ar-a:sh). The female gender of the norm ujk
(in this dialect uk, ouk) is formed in some ways and
ujki:n (village Grushino), uki: (village Tanusha, Orllance),
ulko:j (in village Mojance), liki: dhe (village Bllace), lko:j
(village Brezo, Malino), uki.c (village Strachinsi).
Remark ability of nouns are shown in the most simple
possible way: the norms of the male gender get the ending -
i, and those of female gender -a (-ja), si plak-i,
breg-i, krah-i, shi-v-i, dhe-v-i; za-n-i, pe-n-i, ftoj-n-i; cac֊a, dor-a,
del-j-a, Shukri-j-a, gjoj-a, shpcd-a etc. In this dialect, and in
other geg dialect, we have noticed a frequent phenomenon
of a double remark ability of a noun: with demonstrative
pronoun and with remarkable back article, by the type: ki
(giki) shoq-i, gajo lo p-a.
In this lingual realm of albanian, we have noticed not
few characteristic nouns singularized, especially in the dia-
lect of Luboten and Strachinci: (ni) ftoj - (shaum) ftoj, (ni)
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
^a463
kroj - (shaum) kroj,(ni) thoj - (shaum) thoj, (ni) prroj - (sha-
um) prroj, (ni) patkoj - (shaum) patkoj etc. Such nouns are
also present and in other albanian dialect of surrounding of
Skopje, as in Derven etc. Other villages of this realm differ
the singular form from the plural form of the nouns above.
We are going to give the singular and plural form of the
norms thua, krua, perrua in the villages who make the difference
of singular form from the plural form: in the village Tanusha is
said: (ni) thue - (shu:m) thoj; Orllance (ni) kra: - (sh.) krojna,
(ni) tha: - (sh.) thojna, (ni) prru: - (sh.) ; Bllace (ni)
prrue - (sh.) prrojna; Grushino (ni) kra: - (sh.) krona, (ni) prra:
- (sh.) prrona, (ni) thu: - (sh.) thona; Breza (ni) prrae - (sh.)
prrena, (ni) krae - (sh.) krojna, (ni) thae - (sh.) thojna.
Because of the expression of [g] in [gj] some words of this
dialect are used in one way as for singular such as for plural:
(ni) zogj - (shaum) zogj, (ni) pllugj - (shaum) pllugj etc.
However, the most common forming the plural are tho-
se of central geg, of the other north dialects (many of them
and from the tosk and standard Albanian). So, the plural in
this lingual realm is formed in some ways: with endings,
with morphonological changes, with phoneme shiftsand
with endings and with phonological traverse of the length
of vowels.
Most productive endings are: -a, -na, -e, -lla:r, -le:r, -i:
(ei), -zi etc: as breg-a, mac-a; bri-na, mullcu-na; mal-e, fais-e;
daja-lla:r, hoxhall-a:r; haxhi-le:r, beg-le:r; kungell - kungi:, dra-
pen - drap ei; ill-zi, gjur-zi etc.
And in other dialects, one part of nouns they form the
plural with metaphony, expression (palatalization); metapho-
ni and expression concurrently and with some morphono-
logical changing. Example: dash - desh, mdik — maiq; plak, qak -
464£
ASLLAN HAMITI
pleq, qeq; kal - kol, de:r - dir etj. In the issue of forming plural
with phonological shifts, adding endings too, and with
phonological traverse of the vowal length, dialectical realm of
Karadak of Skopje it doesen t differ in other geg dialect.
Regarding to adjectives and numerals in this dialect it
doesn t note any special feature.
Personal pronouns in albanian dialect of Montennegro
of Skopje are: singular: person I une, ; person II. ten,
person III. aj (male gender), ajo, aja (female gender.); shu-
mes: person I. na; person II ju;from the old form III ata (m.
g), ato (f. g)
With a dialectical interest are also personal pronouns of
the third person in plural and in singular; but also in the
first person singular. In this linguistic realm of personal
pronouns of the third person in plural, in some villages the
gender is distinguished in specific forms, while in other vi-
llages this form is used for both genders. Thus, in the dia-
lects of the villages Brest, Malino and Tanushe are distingu-
ished by these personal pronouns: ata -they (third person
plural for male) and ato -they (for women); while in villa-
ges and Luboten, Bllace personal pronoun are heard just
ato -they (for both genders), whereas in the villages Orllan-
ce, Mojanci and Grushino is used only ato -they (for both
genders). The double form we meet also in the third person
singular in the female gender: ajo (she) in villages, Tanu-
she, Mojanci, Orllance, Brest, Malino and Grushino; mean-
while aja (she) in villages Bllace, Stra^ince and Luboten.
Personal pronouns in this idiom, as throughout
Albanian, have racist forms. Besides atei, asaj forms, in the
third-person plural forms are observed parallel preposition
forms of i (of) ateine, i ateine; ateine, u; ateine u; and
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
aa465
gender forms in the singular i ateine, e asajne, which are
formed through the first ones, adding suffix ne (atei, her to
ateine, e asajne).
In this dialect shows a flattening, sameness of dative
case paradigms and accusative case for the first person and
the second plural; we dative case neve, na, and accusative
us neve, na ( we, us); juve, u (you) and juve, u (you).
At the short forms of the pronoun, compared with the
standard forms, it is seen that the vowels I and U are
consonated in J, respectively in V: ja ( ia), naj ( na i), va (
ua).The form naj ( na -us) seems to been created with the
analogy of na (us) + i = naj. At the form jav ( = ju (you) + i
and as ju + i) we have metathesis of the U with A, together
with the consonatization of u v
Most of the Geg dialects (the northern Geg, but also
central Geg) is distinguished from the literary language,
tosk dialect and the other realm of Geg dialect (Middle
Albania and other ) to the fact that demonstrative pronouns
much more are used in the absolute form: qeky/geky he
qekjo/gekjo she , qekta/gekta these , he , she ,
qata/gata they , qeto/geto these etc., than in the form of stret-
ching in both dialects, ky, kjo, keta, keto, (this,
that, these, those, he, she, they).
Demonstrative pronouns in Karadak Albanian dialect
are: ki, kjo, kja (she) (Kija in Stragince) or giki, gikjo ( ),
gikja as forms for people, creatures and objects nearby and
aj, aja, ajo; ata, ato, gaj, gaja, gaj ; gata, gato, for people,
creatures and objects in distance with the speaker.
In this dialect, demonstrative pronouns usually are
used in agglutinative form: gaj (ge + aj), gaja (ge + aja), gajo
(ge + ajo); gata (ge + ata), gato (ge + ato), and rarely without
466£
ASLLAN HAM1TI
reinforcing particle ge ( qe, ja) + pronoun, in the same form
with the appropriate personal pronoun. Furthermore, the
dialects of the north Geg sub dialect with these absolute
forms (agglutinated) of the demonstrative pronouns (gaj
ge + ai) - is distinguished from the standard Albanian Lan-
guage and all other dialects in Albanian.
With these shapes composed with indicative unstressed
particle (deiktik, gr. Deixis — shows, point with a finger)
(ge) ja here and one demonstrative pronoun:
ge+kjo ja+ky, ja kjo ... the object or the thing that is near or
far from the speaker is separated or better distinguished:
Compares these types of sentences this is my son Ky dsht
gjali jem. - Qeky dsht gjali jem. Ky eshte djali im. - Ja, ky
eshte djali im . She s the best Ajo a:r dsht ma e -
Qajoa:r dsht ma e mira. Ajo are eshte me e mira. - Ja, ajo
are eshte me e mira/
In the Albanian Karadak dialect most used interrogative
pronouns are: kush?, calli?, cdill who? which? and derived
pronouns from them (in the form of monophthongs or
difthongs) calla?, cailla?; Callet?, caillet? For male gender:
Callat?, caillat? for female gender shka?, xhit? gka , sa?.
The indefinite pronouns with more intense use in this
dialct are: who, someone, anyone, anyone else, otherone
something ; kush, dikush, ndokush, nakush,
shamkush; krejt, do, donja, donjatti, donjana; dika:, kerka;
callido, callado, kurcalli, kurcalla, kurkush, kurxha:; ni,
astti, kurmi; dishka etc. A characteristic indefinite pronoun
we have heard in the village of Malino Brest: dixhit (di +
xhit gka, di+gka, digka etc. Something
Verbal suffixes in .indicative way of the first conjugation
in the present simple time are varied: the active form in the
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
£a467
singular, in the first person -j, in the second person -n, in
the third person -n own; and plural, in the first person -jm
and -jna in the second person -ni, in the third person -jn.
Passive forms: singular, in the first person -na and em,
second person esh, in the third person et; plural: first per-
son -mi, second person -ni, third person -en. At the present
time is used the two verbal forms: synthetic form punoj -
work and analytical form of the type Am working po
punoj (the equivalent jam tu punau, jam duke punuar), se-
cond form po punoj (I’m working) to show the operations
performed at the time of the lecture, who hasn t finished,
it s repeated.
In this dialect, as in other Geg dialects, the continuous
tense is stigmatic (with -sh-). All verbs, including irregular
(excluding auxiliary verbs have and am); subject of the verb
(work -puno, go-shko, maill-, lodh tired , rrai stay , vai
come ...) to the acting form are followed by these endings:
Singular first person -jshna, -shna (in the dialect of the
villages Orllance and Mojance sometimes with -sha),second
person -jshe, -she, third person -jke, -ke, whereas plural:
First person -jshmi, -shmi (-jshna), second person -jshi, -
shi, -shni, third person -jshin, -shin.
In Skopje s Karadak Albanian dialect for confessing any
action or event that is conducted in a very distant past (mo-
re earlier that date shows the past) is used two more past
times. In fact, by the present perfect time and past perfect
time are built second over composite forms and with those
are shown actions that occurred in ancient times, in the
darkest times of their history little known, respectively in
unknown time of the ancient mankind can remember or
something that is transferred from generation to generation
468eQ
ASLLAN HAMITI
in spoken form, as in fairy tales, myths, legends, etc. For
example: there was a man and a woman
bu.rr e ni gru: II they didn t have any children Ata nuk kishin pas
asni ca:ll IIthere was a black Arap Ish pas kdn ni arap i zi //
every day he llook to eat someone Per dit e kish pas lip me
ka ni njer ...H Usually with these second over composite past
times shows the beginning of the fairy tales, and later are
used other verbs that show time closer to the present.
Under the structure they have, over composite verbs
are analytical. Built from the time most committed perfor-
med and from anterior committed time with intercalation
of the verb pas after auxiliary verb and particle, by type
kishna shku: (time most committed) - kishna pas shku: (an-
terior committed time) pata dal (anterior conducted time) -
pata pas da:l (anterior conducted time) etc.
These over composite second times, which indicate the
more distant past of the collective memory, in our dialect
have limited use. In fact, these times are characteristic of
northeastern Geg dialect (Kosovo language) and not to the
central Geg dialects.
In the dialect of this province the future time is shown
between the two periods of the verbs, namely: a) future time
and another time we might call it b) the future second time.
For the Karadak Skopje linguistic realm is characteristic
the parallel use of necessary future (futurum necessitatis)
and desired future (futur volitiv, futurum voluntatis). One
form (conditionally said the Tosk) is built with the particle
core ( do +base verb) in the subjunctive way : do , do
t punoj, do t laroj..The other Geg form is formed by auxi-
liary verb kam + infinitive (or kam + me + particle ) kam me
shku-I will go: kam me punu: I will work (punau, puna:), kam me
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TË SHKUPIT
à^469
laru: (laraii, lara:). According to our assessment, the form do
will + subjunctive (do t fshai) finds more frequent use.
Geg form of the future time (kam me a:rdh) I will
come called in Albanian the necessary future but forced
(future necessitates), it was concluded that indicates actions
that definitely has to be completed, the speaker commits to
what it says he will do; however, with the Tosk dialect form
(standard ’do te vi will come ), labeled in Albanian desired
future (futur volitiv), less certainty is expressed about what
is expected to be realized, a dilemma about what will be
done, something that is expected well to be done, but is not
necessary.
This Traverse (doubles) binary: true, safe ~ possible, ex-
pected shown also in their composition (structure): Geg
verbal forms I will come (kam me a:rdh) is built by the
indicative way ,while the Tosk form (I will come) do te vi
with the subjunctive way (conjunctives). Let s remember
that with the indicative way a reality is marked, something
real; while the subjunctive way ֊ the desirable thing, expec-
ted thing. Conjugation of verbs in the necessary future ten-
se and desired future tense in the realm of language is:
the necessary future tense desired future tense
Singular Plural Singular Plural
personal: kam me da:l kimi me da:l do t dal do t dalim
p. II: ki me da:l kini me da:l do t’dalsh do t dilni
p. Ill: ka me da:l kan me da:l do t dale do t dalin
In this context, we should mention an interesting examp-
le of the fusion of these two forms. In the dialect of Tanushe
we concluded and confirmed that the same informer mixes
470¿^
ASLL^N MAMITI
the two forms of future time, respectively passes from one
form to another, even when conjugates the same verb:
une du ťshkoj - I will want to go
ti don me shku: ֊ you will want to go
aj don me shku: ֊ he will want to go
na do ťshko:jm - we ...
ju do ťshkoni - you ...
ata do ťshkoijn - they...
Even in verbal paradigm of future second tense we face
intertwined typical elements of Geg with those Tosk, which
can be rarely heard. By the conjugation, unusual combina-
tion of Geg infinitive (me + reduced partial) (with + reduced
partial) with Tosk infinitive (for + subjunctive) appears :
I Person ֊ kam
per ťmsau
II Person - ki per
t’msau
III person - ka
pér t’msau
kimi per ťmsau
kini pér ťmsau
kan pér ťmsau
kam pér me msu:
ki pér me msu:
ka pér me msu:
kimi per me msu:
kini pér me msu:
kan pér me msu:
The verbs in the subjunctive, imperative and causative
are similar to those of other central Geg dialects .
Special interest for the dialectology of the Albanian
language present auxiliary verbs kam (have) - and am
(Jam) in admirative form. Have auxiliary verb in the pre-
sent tense in admirative in Albanian dialect of Skopje Kara-
dak is used in various forms:
singular plural
ün paškem, pahna, paskna, pasna na paskna, pahna, paskmi, passhmi
tai paske, pahe, passhe jupaskni, paski, pahi, passhni
aj paska, paha ata paskan, pahan
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
£»471
In various forms, also the auxiliary verb of am appears
too. On the basis of collected material, conjugation of this
auxiliary verb in the present tense admirative does so: in
the dialect of the village Stra^ince: kanem, kane, kana;
kanmi, kanni, kanen. In the village Grushino: kanam, kane,
kana; kenna, kanni, kanan. In the village of Blace: kenem, kene,
kana; kenmi, kenni, kanan. In the village Mojanci and Orllan-
ce: kanam, kane, kana; kenmi, kenni, kanan. In Tanusevchi:
kokna, koke, koka; kokmi, kokni, kokan (as well as in the dialects
of Kosovo).
From unmitigated forms, this dialect, as well as the
other Geg dialects, has the form of the participle infinitive
and gerundive.
Overall, this dialect has reduced participle (incomple-
te), as kam (have) as (kam) da:l, veil, me:ll, mad, nais,
pe:k, pre:, gje:, pa:, then... An interesting phenomenon is that
this dialect has two infinitive forms, which are formed by:
a) particle me + participle form of the verb me shku
(with + participle of the verb: to go: (infinitive Geg) and
b) for to + participle: to go : ( per te shkue, per te shku-
ar, infinitive tosk )
Gerundive is analytical and it id consisted of particles
tu + pjesorja (be + participle): tu punau, tu punu:, tu puna:
[(compare with the standard form: being + participle (while
working). For passive form of the gerundive before parti-
ciple is used particle U as: si: tu u la:, tu u rrcht, tu u ngrcht
etc. That in the dialect of the two geminate U [u + u] a long
vowel is created [u:] si tu: la:, tu: rrait, tu: ngrait.
Popular dialects have common features, but also diffe-
rences not only in changing words but also in the unchan-
ging words. Differences of the unchangeable words: ad-
472£a
ASLLAN HAM ITI
verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and exclama-
tions in this dialect are mostly from phonetic and phonolo-
gical nature, while more rare are from the domain of mor-
phology and syntax.
Skopje s Karadak linguistic areal doesn t differ from
other Geg dialects generally in the way of forming words.
Even here we have new words and derivative words.
Among the most productive ways sentence forming are: a) f
sentence forming with prefixes, b) with suffixes, c) mixed:
with pre-junction and pre-prefixes , d) the composition and
superimposition.
As in any other Albanian dialect, and in this dialect are
recognized words with different etymology, from the
words of Indo-European origin to some contemporary neo-
logisms. So, we have:
a) words of personal stone but resident, which predo-
minate and
b) words formed by foreign languages.
Despite the foreign influences in the course of time, this
dialect as well as the whole Albanian language has retained
its autonomy, with the phonetic, phonological, lexical and
grammatical structure.
Like all other dialects, even our dialect is rich with
words and with different expressions. Mountainous map of
Skopje Karadak (region rich with flora and fauna) has enab-
led the development of livestock and less the farming. To
name the variety of flora and fauna, the people of this coun-
try have the appropriate words. Consequently, our dialect is
rich with words in the field regarding the human body parts,
diseases, mental and physical characteristics; kinship names,
clothing, food; words in the field of agriculture, livestock,
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
£0.473
flora, landscape, small waters name (streams, springs) and
others. Despite this, there are little words in the field of sea-
manship, navigation, fisheries, handicrafts, sports (except for
some popular sports), administration, science, politics, art, etc.
In general, the Albanian dialect of Skopje Karadak due
to the parallel use of central Geg province and northeastern
Geg province is very rich in synonyms. Typical for this dia-
lect lexicon is the use of the synonymous word couples and
phonetic forms characteristic of central Geg that dominate
and words from northeastern Geg. In other words, here we
have the use of the dual province central and northeastern
Geg. Indeed, there are villages where both forms are used:
one which is characteristic for central Geg and another for
Northeastern Geg. This conclusion is based on the basis of:
a) certain synonymous distinguished pairs that belong
to one or another group of dialects, and
b) according to the phonetic differences of the same lexeme.
From the analysis of dialectal material of Skopje Kara-
dak we draw general assessment that the vocabulary of the
Skopje Karadak Dialect is the richest among the synonyms.
The lexical fund is enriched through several routes:
a) with parallel use of central province Geg and northe-
astern Geg;
b) with one or two provincial words and one borrowed
word from Slavic languages (mainly from Macedonian or
Serbian);
c) with any of these mentioned and the Oriental word;
d) with synonyms provinciality dialectics - a foreign
word barbarism - word of common literary vocabulary.
If we remove rich Karadak lexical synonym (richer than
the other dialects), which is characteristic of this over
474£U
ASLLAN HAMITI
passed area between central Geg and northeast Geg; in
Other issues in the field of vocabulary, this dialect does not
represent any particular isogloss from other dialects of
Albanian in Macedonia. Thus, most of the words which this
dialect uses doesn t have any narrow regional character,
but has a wider reach. The main differences are in the pho-
netic level: same words with phonetic varieties.
As the most characteristic words we would have seclu-
ded: avxhi:, bilu:r(Bll.), dixhit (Br., Mai.), fshi Jja (Tan.), gjef-
shek (Orll., Moj.), gjegez (Lub.), hanemshar/i (Lub.), kalamand/i
(Str.), kasteis (Str.), kershlak/i (Str.), kravabec/i (Br.), krroç/i
(Tan.), kuprrece (Bll.), la:p/a (Br., Mai.), (Tan.),
(Bll.), lugjovcan/a (Br., Bll.), llastar/i (Br.), mashtrap-e/ja (Br.,
Mai., Str.), mullak/i (Bll.), nerbark֊e/ja (Br., Bll.), nerbisht-e/ja
(Bll., Br.), norta (Br.), peq-e/ja (Br.), pikaderdhi (Bll.), rrah/a
(Br.), rran eim, rrenim, rrencnm (Str., Lub., Orll., Moj.), rrogj/a
(Orll., Moj.), rrumcnsht (Lub.), rrupim (Orll., Moj.), soh/a,-at
(Tan.), unjsetn/a (Str.) etj. (the meanings of these words look
in the Skopjes karadak provincial vocabulary).
Slavic and Oriental borrowings comprise the bulk of
foreign words in Albanian Karadak Skopje. They occur in
all areas of material and spiritual life. Their number should
be the same as in other rural dialects in Macedonia. It is
known that in these regions where contacts with the Turks
have been more frequent, more vivid ... (especially in cities
and in villages nearby) penetration of the Turkish words
has been more intense.
Turkism s as throughout Albanian dialect, and in this
dialect is explained with the extern language factor, as with
the five century of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Islami-
zation of many Albanians, the near past prestige of Turkish
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT
£a475
as the language of culture (especially in cities) etc.. Worth
mentioning is the fact that a portion of this population had
and still have family ties to the displaced in Turkey from
this region, frequent contacts and visits various trade in
Turkey etc. Also, Balkanic Turkish and Albanian, along
with other languages, are languages in the meeting.
Our overall assessment is that the bulk of Turkisms that
Albanian dialect used in Karadak are also prevalent in
other dialects in Macedonia, respectively we didn t see tur-
kisms with a narrow regional character.
Albanian dialects have been and continue to remain
inexhaustible source for enriching the vocabulary of literary
language with words and popular phrases, meanings and
connotations of words, expression tools and rate of lexical
development. There are many other words and expressions
of dialects that may enter the lexicon of literary language,
because they enrich it, replace foreign words, bring nuances
of emotional overtones etc. Like other dialects of Albanian,
and from the dialect of Skopje s Karadak there are provin-
cial words that can become a part of the standard Albanian
vocabulary, as: nderbarke (sadlle belt that stays in the don-
keys, horse or mules stomach), (sadlle belt that
stays under the donkeys tail, around thighs), fshi/a (bulk of
stubble, little straw) etc.
Position of the Skopje’s Karadak dialect in the Albanian
dialectic structure
According to linguistic features corresponding geogra-
phically, the Albanian dialect of Skopje s Karadak can be
qualified as the most distal northeastern dialect of central
476ea
ASLLAN HAMITI
Geg. In other words, the dialects of the villages of Skopje s
Monte Negro, from the spatial extent, as well as linguistic
features, represent the most northern border of the group of
central Geg dialect. The northern part of this province in a
way is outlined by the state border between Macedonia and
Kosovo: Tanush villages, Blace, Brest and Malino bordering
the dialects of northeastern Geg (near Macedonia s border
with Kosovo), while other settlements lie south of the
border area. In conclusion it can be said that this dialect
represents an isogloss pass through central Geg in northeas-
tern Geg .
In conclusion, Skopje s Karadak Albanian dialect repre-
sents a isogloss (heterogloss) inter transitional from the
central Geg to the northeastern Geg .
Permbylljen rie anglisht e
Vedat Alili dhe Selajdin Islami.
E lekturoi: mr. Nazli Tufekgi.
PĚRMBAJTJA:
PARATHÉNIE........................................... 9
METODA E PUNĚS............................................11
SHENJAT PLOTĚSUESE DHE SHKURTIMET.........................15
1. HYRJE..................................................19
1.1. TE DHENA TĚ PĚRGJITHSHME PÉR KARADAKUN ......... 19
1.2. KARADAKU NĚ FJALORIN ENCIKLOPEDIK SHQIPTAR.......20
1.3. POŽITA GJEOGRAFIKE...............................22
1.4. POPULLSIA........................................ 25
1.5. E KALUARA PERGJAKSHME DHE E LAVDISHME
EKARADAKUT........................................... 33
1.6. KARADAKU NÉ ATLASIN DIALEKTOLOGJIK
TĚ GJUHĚS SHQIPE.................................. 39
1.7. VENDII TE FOLMES SĚ KARADAKUT TE SHKUPIT NE
STRUKTUREN DIALEKTORE TĚ SHQIPES..........................42
1.8. GJENDJA DHE PERSPEKTIVA E VÉZHGIMEVE DIALEKTORE
NĚ MAQEDONI..................................... 43
II. TIPARET FONETIKE E FONOLOGJIKE........................55
2. VEÇORI TĚ PĚRGJITHSHME TE THEKSIT NĚ GJUHĚN SHQIPE 55
2.2. Tbeksi ně tě folmen e Karadakut tě Shkupit........61
2.3. Gjatěsia fonetike dhe fonologjike e zanoreve..76
2.4. Sistemi i zanoreve................. .....109
2.5. Sistemi i bashkětingělloreve.................164
III. VEÇORITE MORFOLOGJIKE...........................239
3.1. EMRI.......................................... 241
3.1.1. Gjinia e emrit.............................241
3.1.2. Numri i emrit..............................247
3.1.3. Shquarsia e emrit...................... 255
3.1.4. Rasat e emrit........................... 259
ASLLAN НАМ ITI
3.2. MBIEMRI............................................ 264
3.2.1. Formimi i mbiemrave............................265
3.2.2. Format e mbiemrave neper rasa............ ....266
3.2.3. Numri i mbiemrit...............................268
3.2.4. Pershtatja e mbiemrit me rasen e emrit.........269
3.2.5. Kategoria e shkalles te mbiemri................271
3.3. NUMÉRORI........................................... 273
3.4. PÉREMRI..............................................277
3.4.1. Peremrat vetore................................277
3.4.2. Peremrat vetvetore.............................282
3.4.3. Peremrat deftore...............................283
3.4.4. Peremrat pronore.............................. 285
3.4.5. Peremrat pyetes............................. 288
3.4.6. Peremrat lidhore............................. 290
3.4.7. Peremrat e pacaktuar...........................291
3.5. FOLJA................................................292
3.5.1. Menyra deftore.............................. 298
3.5.2. Menyra lidhore.................................316
3.5.3. Menyra urdherore............................. 320
3.5.4. Menyra deshirore...............................323
3.5.5. Menyra habitore................................326
3.5.6. Pjesorja..................................... 329
3.5.7. Paskajorja.....................................333
3.5.8. Percjellorja..........,........................334
3.6. NDAJFOLJA.......................................... 337
3.7. PARAFJALA............................................341
3.8. LIDHÉZA..............................................342
3.9. PJESÉZA..............................................344
3.10. PASTHIRRMA..........................................346
IV. VE ;ORITÈ FJALEFORMUESE.............................. 347
4.1. FORMIMI I FJALÉVE ME PARASHTESIM.....................348
4.2. FORMIMI I FJALÉVE ME PRAPASHTESIM....................350
4.3. FORMIMI I FJALÉVE ME PARANYJÉZIM DHE PRAPASHTESIM.354
4.4. KOMPOZIMI DHE PÉRNGJITJA.............................356
E FOLMJA SHQIPE E KARADAKUT TË SHKURIT
V. VEÇORITË LEKSIKORE............................359
5.1. SINONIMIA LEKSIKORE.........................361
5.2. DYGJUHËSIA DHE HUAZIMI LEKSIKOR.............367
5.3. HU AZİMET SLLAVE............................369
5.4. SHTRIRJA E ORIENTALIZMAVE NË TË FOLMET SHQIPE NË
MAQEDONI PËRFSHIRË EDHE KARAD AKUN E SHKUPIT.....374
5.5. PËRSHTATJA E HUAZIMEVE TURKE E SLLAVE.......391
VI. FJALOR KRAHINORI KARADAKUT TË SHKUPIT........395
PËRMBYLLJE.......................................429
CONCLUSION.......................................453
TEKSTE NGA E FOLMJA..............................477
LITERATURA E KONSULTUAR..........................487
HARTA............................................497
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hamiti, Asllan 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076591906 |
| author_facet | Hamiti, Asllan 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hamiti, Asllan 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | a h ah |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042873414 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)925381643 (DE-599)BVBBV042873414 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Skopska Crna Gora (DE-588)1076635512 gnd Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Skopska Crna Gora Skopje Region |
| id | DE-604.BV042873414 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:11:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789989585463 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028302479 |
| oclc_num | 925381643 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 499 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Logos-A |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka Fjala |
| spelling | Hamiti, Asllan 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1076591906 aut E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit Asllan Hamiti Shkup [u.a.] Logos-A 2014 499 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Fjala Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd rswk-swf Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd rswk-swf Skopska Crna Gora (DE-588)1076635512 gnd rswk-swf Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 gnd rswk-swf Skopska Crna Gora (DE-588)1076635512 g Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 s Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 s DE-604 Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 g Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028302479&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028302479&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hamiti, Asllan 20./21. Jh E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019725-6 (DE-588)4040725-1 (DE-588)4112482-0 (DE-588)1076635512 (DE-588)4699979-6 |
| title | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit |
| title_auth | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit |
| title_exact_search | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit |
| title_full | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit Asllan Hamiti |
| title_fullStr | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit Asllan Hamiti |
| title_full_unstemmed | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit Asllan Hamiti |
| title_short | E folmja shqipe e Karadakut të Shkupit |
| title_sort | e folmja shqipe e karadakut te shkupit |
| topic | Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gegisch Mundart Albanisch Skopska Crna Gora Skopje Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028302479&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028302479&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hamitiasllan efolmjashqipeekaradakutteshkupit |