Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut: (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD)
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Cluj-Napoca
Mega Publ. House
2015
|
| Series: | Pontica et Mediterranea
4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Einl. u. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 363 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9786065435933 |
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| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Cuprins
Cuvânt înainte.............................................................................5
Notă privind abrevierile..............................................................14
Introducere...............................................................................15
1. Istoricul cercetării.............................................................. 15
2. Structura lucrării.................................................................21
3. Mulţumiri..........................................................................23
Introduction (în limba engleză)...........................................................25
2. State of research...................................................................25
2. Book structure.....................................................................30
3. Acknozvledgements..................................................................32
I. Ars vitraria experimentális. Sticla între artă şi meşteşug........................35
2. Sticla ca obiect al cercetării arheologice.........................................35
2. Apariţia şi evoluţia vaselor de sticlă până în epoca arhaică.......................37
3. De la vasele lucrate pe miez de nisip la procedeul turnării în tipar...............44
4. Imitaţia în sticlă a vaselor de ceramică şi metal..................................47
5. Industria vitrică în epoca elenistică..............................................50
5.1. Cronologie.....................................................................50
52. Grupul Canosa..................................................................30
53. Grupul Tel Anafa...............................................................34
5.4. Grupul Antikythera.............................................................36
6. Industria vitrică în epoca romană..................................................37
6.1. Tehnica suflării: surse literare...............................................37
6.2. Tehnica suflării: date arheologice..........................................60
6.3. Meşterii sticlari: origine, mobilitate, statut social..........................61
7. De la legenda sticlei incasabile la rafinamentul artistic al artei vitrice romane..64
II. Aşezările dacice est֊carpatice şi raporturile lor cu lumea greco-romană
din secolul al II-lea a. Chr. până în secolul al II-lea p. Chr........................71
2. Scurtă introducere istorică.........................................................71
2. Davele de pe Şiret..................................................................76
2.1. Petrodava —► Bîtca Doamnei? (judeţul Neamţ)................................. 77
2.2. Zargidava —► sat Brad, comuna Negri (judeţul Bacău)........................79
2.3. Tamasidava — comuna Răcătau (judeţul Bacău)...................................81
7
Cuprins
2.4. Pir obor idava —» sat Poiana, comuna Nicoreşti (judeţul Galaţi)................82
2.5. Cetatea Tirighina — comuna Bărboşi (judeţul Galaţi)...........................86
3. Importuri romane în aşezările dacice est-carpatice..................................89
III. Vase de sticlă elenistice şi romane descoperite în arealul est-carpatic..............97
1. Tipologia pieselor vitrice din aşezările dacice est-carpatice.......................97
1.1. Alabastra......................................................................97
1.2. Boluri hemisferice, conice sau ovoide.........................................100
1.3. Boluri decorate cu coaste verticale în relief.................................105
1.4. Boluri cu coaste subţiri şi umăr pronunţat....................................109
1.5. Boluri cu coaste subţiri......................................................111
1.6. Boluri cu ramă exterioară.....................................................113
1.7. Cupe Hofheim (tip Isings 12)..................................................115
1.8. Căni de tip modiolus..........................................................116
1.9. SkyphoL.......................................................................118
1.10. KantharoL....................................................................120
1.11. Vase de tip carchesium.......................................................121
1.12. Pahare cu inscripţii.........................................................122
1.13. Pahare decorate cu „muguri de lotus/f........................................124
1.14. Pahare polifaţetate..........................................................126
1.15. Pahare cu talpă plată şi umbo interior.......................................128
1.16. Pahare decorate cu linii orizontale polizate.................................129
1.17. Platouri.....................................................................130
1.18. Sticle prismatice............................................................131
1.19. Urne funerare................................................................133
1.20. AryballoL....................................................................135
1.21. Unguentaria..................................................................136
1.22. Piese de joc.................................................................138
1.23. Baghete de sticlă............................................................139
1.24. Vase neidentificabile sau cu datare incertă..................................140
2. Consideraţii asupra pieselor vitrice din aşezările dacice est-carpatice.............141
IV Catalogul pieselor vitrice din aşezările dacice est-carpatice.........................153
1. Bîtca Doamnei, Nr. 1...............................................................153
2. Brad,, Nr. 2-31....................................................................153
3. Racătău, Nr. 32-60.................................................................162
4. Poiana, Nr. 61-236.................................................................171
5. Bărboşi, Nr. 237-260...............................................................223
V. Observaţii finale.................................................................. 233
Lista abrevierilor.......................................................................239
Bibliografie.............................................................................245
Tabel sinoptic al principalelor tipuri de vase de sticlă descoperite
în aşezările dacice de la est de Carpaţi (secolele II a. Chr.- II p. Chr.).......265
8
Cuprins
Glosar de termeni explicativi privind formele şi tehnicile de prelucrare
a vaselor de sticlă..........................................................275
Summary.................................................................. 277
List of illustrations........................................................281
Ilustraţii...................................................................287
Indici..................................................................... 355
9
Contents
Foreword...............................................................................5
Note on Abbreviations.................................................................14
Introduction-.........................................................................15
1. State of research...............................................................15
2. Book structure..................................................................21
3. Acknowledgements................................................................23
Introduction (in English).............................................................25
1. State of research...............................................................25
2. Book structure..................................................................30
3. Acknowledgements................................................................32
I. Ars vitraria experimentalis. Glass between arts and craftmanship........................35
1. Glass as object of archaeological research................................... .35
2. The emergence of glass vessels and their development until the archaic period...37
3. From the core-made to mould-casting vessels.....................................44
4. Glass imitations of ceramic and metal vessels...................................47
5. Hellenistic glass industry......................................................50
5.1. Chronology............................................................... .50
5.2. The Canosa Group............................................................50
5.3. The Tel Anafa Group.........................................................54
5.4. The Antikythera Group.......................................................56
6. Roman glass industry............................................................57
6.1. The blowing technique: literary sources.....................................57
6.2. The blowing technique: archaeological data..................................60
6.3. The craftsmen: origins, mobility and social status....................... .61
7. From the unbreakable glass legend to the exquisite craftsmanship of Roman glassware..64
II. East-Carpathian Dacian settlements and their relations with the Greco-
Roman world from the 2nd century BC - to the 2nd century AD...............................71
2. Brief historical introduction...................................................71
2. The davae located on the banks of Sereth .......................................76
2.1. Petrodava —► Bîtca Doamnei? (Neamţ County)......................................77
2.2. Zargidava -֊ Brad village, commune of Negri (Bacău County).....................79
2.3. Tamasidava — commune of Răcătău (Bacău County).........................81
11
Table of contents
2.4. Piroboridava — Poiana village, commune of Nicore$ti (Galati County)....82
2.5. Cetatea Tirighina —► commune of Barbosi (Galati County).................86
3. Roman imports in the East-Carpathian Dacian settlements......................89
III. Hellenistic and Roman glass vessels discovered in the East-Carpathian
area...............................................................................97
1. The typology of glass finds from the East-Carpathian Dacian settlements......97
1.1. Alabastra...............................................................97
1.2. Plain bowls............................................................100
1.3. Ribbed bowls...........................................................105
1.4. Mold-blown bowls with thin ribs and clear-cut shoulder.................109
1.5. Bowls with marvered threads............................................Ill
1.6. Bowls with cutout ridge................................................113
1.7. Hofheim cups (Isings type 12)..........................................115
1.8. Modioli cups...........................................................116
1.9. SkyphoL................................................................118
1.10. Kantharoi.............................................................120
1.11. Carchesium vessels....................................................121
1.12. Beakers with inscriptions.............................................122
1.13. Lotus bud beakers.....................................................124
1.14. Honeycomb beakers.....................................................126
1.15. Beakers with solid pad-base...........................................128
1.16. Beakers with wheel-cut lines..........................................129
1.17. Dishes................................................................130
1.18. Prismatic bottles.....................................................131
1.19. Cinerary urns.........................................................133
1.20. Aryballoi.............................................................135
1.21. Unguentaria...........................................................136
1.22. Board game pieces.....................................................138
1.23. Stirring rods.........................................................139
1.24. Un iden tified vessels................................................140
2. Considerations on the glass finds in the East-Carpathian Dacian settlements.141
IV. Catalogue of glassware discovered in the East-Carpathian settlements....153
1. Bitca Doamnei, no. 1........................................................153
2. Brad, no. 2-31..............................................................153
3. Racatau, no. 32-60..........................................................162
4. Poiana, no. 61-236........................................................ 171
5. Barbosi, no. 237-260........................................................223
V. Final considerations.........................................................233
Abbreviations.....................................................................239
Bibliography......................................................................245
Chart of the main glass types discovered in the East-Carpathian Dacian
settlements (2nd century BC ֊ 2nd century AD)..............................265
i;
Table of contents
Glossary for the forms and decorative techniques used in glass industry..275
Summary...................................................................277
List of illustrations.....................................................281
Illustrations.............................................................287
Indices...................................................................355
13
Summary
Ïn Romania, the study of ancient glassware is still a pioneer field. However,
the rather large number of glass artefacts discovered during archaeologi-
cal excavations warrants the usefulness of their systematic examination, no
less because they are important indicators of the economic life in antiquity.
As a fruit of artistry and technological innovation, glassware was
included rather rapidly within the daily tableware. Starting with the
Hellenistic era, one can speak of a genuine industry of glassware, favoured
by the improvement of certain techniques of production, as well as by the
dynamisation of the cultural contacts between the East and the West. In
this period, the workshops in Alexandria or on the Levantine coast became
famous for the production and decoration of certain types of ware. As they
had direct access to the raw material sources, the Sidonian artisans set
the foundations of a large-scale production, which made glassware more
accessible. The most diffused and appreciated shape proved to be the
hemispheric or conical bowl with massive walls, decorated on the inside,
below the rim, with incised horizontal grooves.
Though it diffused rapidly throughout the entire Mediterranean basin,
the shape is practically absent from the Black Sea, except for Odessa and
the sanctuary of Gurzuf in Crimea, where 27 items were discovered: they
had been broken within religious ceremonies. Surprisingly, the Hellenistic
bowls are relatively well represented in the Dacian settlements, which
may suggest that they were brought here directly from Asia Minor and
from the Eastern Mediterranean area, hence avoiding the Western Pontic
colonies, where no such items have been discovered thus far.
If we add the few late shards of alabaster made by core-forming tech-
nique - discovered in both the East-Carpathian and the Wallachian settle-
ments -, then the glass tableware arrived rather early in this area, due
to the commercial contacts with the Pontic and Aegean-Mediterranean
regions. The fact that this outlet functioned at a high level (as proven by the
other categories of imports discovered here) demonstrates the existence of
a wealthy social class, capable of absorbing this material influences.
277
Sever-Petru Botan
The extension and consolidation of the Roman hegemony in the
Mediterranean basin in the lsl century BC coincided with an essential
event for the subsequent development of the glass industry: the inven-
tion of the glassblowing technique. This allowed for a diversification of
the shape repertory and for an extension of the use of glass vessels to new
contexts. The blowpipe was improved and technological progress also
pertained to colouring and decorating the glass. As a result, glass artisans
of the early lsi century AD created genuine masterpieces, among which
the cameo tableware deserves to be singled out.
The literary sources note the importance of the new glassmaking tech-
nique; the new type of glass was present in the daily life, being used for
nutrition, cosmetics or even funerary offerings. Archaeological discover-
ies confirm this evolution, thus proving that the quantity of the blown-
glass tableware increased and that it gradually replaced both the moulded
glassware and the pottery or metal tableware after copying their shapes.
Because of this technological revolution , more and more workshops
emerged, especially in the areas with raw material sources, such as Levant,
Egypt, or Northern Italy. Specialised in high-quality tableware, many of
these workshops marked their products with the names of the artisans.
The inscriptions on the tableware preserve numerous such signatures ,
many of which sound Graeco-Oriental or even Roman. The fact that these
products were widely distributed underlines the stability of the economic
relations between various provinces, as well as the extensiveness of trade
relations within the Roman Empire.
The fortified settlements within the East-Carpathian area were included
rather early into this trading network, although they were not under
the direct authority of Rome. Still, Roman diplomatic contacts with the
dynasts and the local elites of the Lower Danube were gradually increas-
ing. Strategically placed on the Siret Valley, the dava settlements managed
to attract a significant amount of foreign goods, imported by the merchants
from the Empire. Furthermore, this space had the great advantage that it
allowed trade to be developed into two directions - westwards along the
Danube and eastwards, to the Black Sea and the Western Pontic Greek
colonies. To this, one may add the important contact with the Bosporan
Kingdom and the other cities situated on the Northern Black Sea coast,
through the Sarmatian lands.
Hence, the Dacian davae mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD
(Petrodava?, Zargidava, Tamasidava, Piroboridava), managed to develop and
to prosper on a long-term basis, as proven also by the extent of the archae-
ological culture layer, which comprises several habitation levels. These
278
Vase de sticlă în spaţiul dintre Carpati şi Prut
settlements are rather large, they have fortified precincts and dwellings
made of wattle and daub. They peaked during the blossom of Dacian
civilisation, in the 2nd century BC - 2nd century AD.
Among the imported goods found in those settlements, the highest per-
centage is that for the pottery, especially amphorae, but also various types
of ceramic tableware. In fact, many items are of terra sigillata of fine fabric,
covered with red engobe, which can thus be labelled luxury pottery.
To these, one may add numerous bronze tableware items (some of
which bear the names of their Italian producers, but also medical and cos-
metic instruments, as well as various types of fibulae). The overall picture
would, however, be incomplete without referring to a huge amount of coin
finds, mostly dating to the 1st century BC - 1st century AD. All these con-
firm the idea of an active and dynamic commerce with the Roman world.
Glass tableware was part of this commerce, as proven by the numerous
fragments, discovered in the davae on the Siret River. This glass is rich and
typologically diverse, sharing all the characteristics of tableware of the 1st
century AD. Most of it was discovered in the settlement of Poiana to which
I referred several times throughout the present work. A sample with a
similar structure was found at Răcătău, whereas the material of Brad and
Bărboşi, differ in number and typology. In the case of Brad, the archae-
ological context for much of the tableware remains uncertain. Yet I was
able to attribute several items discovered in the Dacian habitation level to
medieval or modem rather than ancient tableware types. At Bărboşi, the
Roman habitation levels overlap with the pre-Roman layers, which makes
it very difficult to date any of the items, all the more so since some of the
shapes were continued to be produced and used until the 2nd-3rd centuries
AD. As to the settlement of Bîtca Doamnei, only one alabaster fragment
was discovered here, an insufficient basis for any further analysis.
Concerning the typological and functional weighting, the glass material
discovered in the East-Carpathian space conveys a relatively even impres-
sion. The most numerous are the serving vessels (bowls, dishes) and the
drinking vessels (beakers, mugs, and cups), which represent almost three
quarters of all finds. This proportion is similar to the glass material known
from the Western half of the Roman Empire, at least for the 1st century
AD. The percentage of tableware is high in both the military and the civil-
ian settlements, thus underlying the practical utility of glass in daily life.
The Dacian finds align with this pattern and the same is the case for the
Germanic settlements north from the Rhine. They all show the preferences
of the local population, especially high quality drinking vessels, imported
from the glass producing centres of the Roman Empire. However, as
279
Sever-Petru Botan
compared with the glassware from Moesia Inferior, which is neighbour-
ing the area examined here, one can notice a significant difference: the
Western Pontic space appears less unified in economic terms, which is also
reflected in the reduced capacity to absorb the imported luxury products.
The situation was different for the Greek cities on the Northern Black
Sea coast, which had easier access to the southern territories of today s
Russia and Ukraine. Their prosperity was especially based on the grain
trade. Through this, they were also connected with the Aegean and
Oriental regions, which is reflected in the richness and variety of import
products from those areas. The glass tableware discovered in the necropo-
lises of Panticapaeum, Chersonessos, Olbia, Kepoi, Gorgippia, Tanais, or
Nymphaion represents highly diverse and valuable material, with numer-
ous analogies to the Dacian davae. Hence, it can be assumed that these
were the access routes for the glass tableware on the Siret Valley; the North
Pontic cities may have thus played the role of intermediaries.
Of course, we should not neglect the role of the Danube Valley in
merchandise transportation in Antiquity; nonetheless, the lack of simi-
lar discoveries south of the river seems to question the view that there
were established trade connections between the Western Pontic coast and
Northern Italy through the Danube basin. But the evidence appears to be
suggestive of the possibility that itinerant artisans from the Mediterranean
might have settled in the area. At any rate, tableware deserves to be seen as
an integral part of the ancient economy, and thus to be taken into account
systematically in the context of future studies on trade relations in the
Roman world.
280
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Boţan, Sever-Petru 1984- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1074952073 |
| author_facet | Boţan, Sever-Petru 1984- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Boţan, Sever-Petru 1984- |
| author_variant | s p b spb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042872708 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1069234 (OCoLC)925377571 (DE-599)BSZ443234531 |
| era | Geschichte 200 v. Chr.-200 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 200 v. Chr.-200 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Karpaten Nordost (DE-588)7522526-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Karpaten Nordost |
| id | DE-604.BV042872708 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:11:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786065435933 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028301792 |
| oclc_num | 925377571 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M491 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M491 |
| physical | 363 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1509 |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Mega Publ. House |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Pontica et Mediterranea |
| series2 | Pontica et Mediterranea |
| spelling | Boţan, Sever-Petru 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1074952073 aut Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Sever-Petru Boţan Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Cluj-Napoca Mega Publ. House 2015 363 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pontica et Mediterranea 4 Einl. u. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 200 v. Chr.-200 gnd rswk-swf Fund (DE-588)4155636-7 gnd rswk-swf Vase (DE-588)4126533-6 gnd rswk-swf Karpaten Nordost (DE-588)7522526-8 gnd rswk-swf Glas (DE-2581)TH000008274 gbd Karpaten Nordost (DE-588)7522526-8 g Vase (DE-588)4126533-6 s Fund (DE-588)4155636-7 s Geschichte 200 v. Chr.-200 z DE-604 Pontica et Mediterranea 4 (DE-604)BV042035121 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028301792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028301792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Boţan, Sever-Petru 1984- Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Pontica et Mediterranea Fund (DE-588)4155636-7 gnd Vase (DE-588)4126533-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4155636-7 (DE-588)4126533-6 (DE-588)7522526-8 |
| title | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
| title_alt | Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
| title_auth | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
| title_exact_search | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
| title_full | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Sever-Petru Boţan |
| title_fullStr | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Sever-Petru Boţan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Sever-Petru Boţan |
| title_short | Vase de sticlă in spaţiul dintre Carpaţi şi Prut |
| title_sort | vase de sticla in spatiul dintre carpati si prut secolele ii a chr ii p chr glass vessels between the carpathian mountains and the pruth river 2nd century bc 2nd century ad |
| title_sub | (secolele II a. Chr. - II p. Chr.) = Glass vessels between the Carpathian mountains and the Pruth River (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) |
| topic | Fund (DE-588)4155636-7 gnd Vase (DE-588)4126533-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fund Vase Karpaten Nordost |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028301792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028301792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042035121 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT botanseverpetru vasedesticlainspatiuldintrecarpatisiprutsecoleleiiachriipchrglassvesselsbetweenthecarpathianmountainsandthepruthriver2ndcenturybc2ndcenturyad AT botanseverpetru glassvesselsbetweenthecarpathianmountainsandthepruthriver2ndcenturybc2ndcenturyad |