Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes:
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2016
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| Edition: | 6. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 599 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780444634382 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804175003479965696 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes
Autor: Ridgway, Neale D
Jahr: 2015
Contents
Contributors xix
Preface xxiii
1. Functional Roles of Lipids in Membranes
William Dowhan, Mikhail Bogdanov and Eugenia Mileykovskaya
1. Introduction and Overview 1
2. Diversity in Lipid Structure 4
2.1 Glycerolipids 4
2.2 Saccharolipids 6
2.3 Sphingolipids 8
3. Properties of Lipids in Solution 9
3.1 Why Do Polar Lipids Self-Associate? 9
3.2 Physical Properties of Membrane Bilayers 12
3.3 What Does the Membrane Bilayer Look Like? 14
4. Engineering of Membrane Lipid Composition 16
4.1 Alteration of Lipid Composition in Bacteria 17
4.2 Alteration of Lipid Composition in Yeast 19
5. Role of Lipids in Cell Function 20
5.1 The Bilayer as a Supermolecular Lipid Matrix 20
5.2 Physical Organisation of the Bilayer 20
5.3 Selectivity of Protein-Lipid Interactions 21
5.4 Assembly of Integral Membrane Proteins 29
5.5 Heterologous Organisation of Membrane Components 34
6. Summary and Future Directions 38
References 39
2. Approaches to Lipid Analysis
Jeff C. McDonald, Pavlina T. Ivanova and H. Alex Brown
1. Introduction and Overview 41
2. Lipid Diversity 42
3. Chromatographic-Based Analysis of Lipids 43
3.1 Historical Perspective 43
3.2 Lipid Extraction from Biological Sources 43
3.3 Classic Chromatographic Techniques 44
4. Basic Concepts of Analytical Biochemistry 47
4.1 What is Quantitative Measurement? 47
4.2 Standard Calibration Curve 48
v
vi Contents
4.3 Surrogate versus Internal Standard 49
4.4 Choice of Surrogate and Internal Standards 50
4.5 The Advantage of Surrogate Standards through
Isotope Dilution 51
4.6 The Relative Response Factor 51
4.7 Single Standard, Single Analyte 52
4.8 Single Standard, Multiple Analytes 53
4.9 Relative versus Absolute Quantitation 53
4.10 Bulk versus Species Analysis of Lipids 54
5. Lipid Mass Spectrometry 54
5.1 Lipidomics as a Branch of Metabolomics 54
5.2 Classification of Lipids 55
5.3 Mass Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation 57
5.4 Analytical Techniques to Enhance Class Separation
by GC and HPLC 61
5.5 Other MS Instruments and Techniques, MS/MSALL 62
5.6 Glycerophospholipid Analysis and Quantitation by MS 63
6. Future Directions 66
References 69
3. Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes
Yong-Mei Zhang and Charles O. Rock
1. Overview of Bacterial Lipid Metabolism 73
2. Membrane Systems of Bacteria 76
3. The Initiation Module 76
3.1 Acyl Carrier Protein 76
3.2 Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase 80
3.3 Malonyl Transacylase 81
3.4 3-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase ill 81
3.5 Regulation in the Initiation Module 82
4. The Elongation Module 83
4.1 3-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthases I and II 85
4.2 3-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase 85
4.3 3-Hydroxyacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Dehydratases 86
4.4 Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase 87
4.5 Regulation in the Elongation Module 87
4.6 Bacteria with a Type I Synthase 88
5. The Acyltransfer Module 88
5.1 The PlsB/PlsC System 88
5.2 The PlsX/PlsY/PlsC System 90
5.3 Regulation in the Acyltransfer Module 91
5.4 Use of Extracellular Fatty Acids 91
6. The Phospholipid Module 95
6.1 Phosphatidate Cytidylyltransferase 96
6.2 Phosphatidylethanolamine Production 96
6.3 Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase 97
6.4 Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis 97
Contents vii
6.5 Cardiolipin Biosynthesis 98
6.6 Phospholipids as Precursors 99
6.7 Modification of Phospholipids 100
6.8 Phospholipid Diversity in Bacteria 104
6.9 Membrane Lipids Lacking Phosphorus 104
6.10 Regulation in the Phospholipid Module 105
7. Genetic Regulation of Lipid Metabolism 106
7.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria 106
7.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria 108
7.3 Stress Response Regulators 109
8. Future Directions 110
References 111
4. Lipid Metabolism in Plants
Katherine M. Schmid
1. Introduction 113
2. Plant Lipid Geography 115
2.1 Plastids 115
2.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lipid Bodies 117
2.3 Mitochondria 117
2.4 Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes 117
3. Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthesis in Plants 118
3.1 Components of Plant Fatty Acid Synthase 118
3.2 The First Double Bond Is Introduced by Soluble Acyl-Acyl
Carrier Protein Desaturases 119
3.3 Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterases Release Fatty
Acids for Export 120
4. Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase and Control of Fatty Acid
Synthesis 121
4.1 Most Plants Have Two Acetyl-Coenzyme
A Carboxylases 121
4.2 Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase is a Control Point for
Fatty Acid Synthesis 121
5. Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis Occurs via Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Acyltransferases 121
5.1 Plastidial Acyltransferases Use Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein
Substrates 122
5.2 Extraplastidial Acyltransferases Use Acyl-Coenzyme A
Substrates 122
5.3 The 16:3 and 18:3 Plants Have Different Proportions of
Prokaryotic Flux 122
6. Membrane Glycerolipid Synthesis 124
6.1 Lipid Trafficking between Plastids and Endomembranes 125
6.2 Glycerolipids Are Substrates for Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acid Synthesis 126
6.3 Some Plants Use Endoplasmic Reticulum Glycerolipids
as Substrates for Production of Unusual Fatty Acids 129
viii Contents
7. Lipid Storage in Plants 130
7.1 Lipid Body Structure and Biogenesis 130
7.2 The Pathways of Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis 133
7.3 Control of Triacylglycerol Yield 134
7.4 Control of Triacylglycerol Composition 135
7.5 Triacylglycerols in Vegetative Tissues 135
7.6 Triacylglycerol Engineering: Some Case Studies 136
8. Protective Lipids: Cutin, Waxes, Suberin and Sporopollenin 137
8.1 Fatty Acid Elongation and Wax Production 139
9. Sphingolipid Biosynthesis 140
10. Oxylipins as Plant Hormones 141
11. Sterol and Isoprenoid Biosynthesis 142
12. Future Prospects 144
Acknowledgements 145
References 145
5. Fatty Acid Handling in Mammalian Cells
Richard Lehner and Ariel D. Quiroga
1. Introduction 150
2. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 150
2.1 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 151
2.2 Fatty Acid Synthase 153
3. Fatty Acid Uptake, Activation and Trafficking 154
3.1 CD36 155
3.2 FATPs/ACSVL 155
3.3 Acyl-CoA Synthetases 157
3.4 Fatty Acid Binding Proteins 158
3.5 Acyl-CoA Binding Protein 160
4. Fatty Acid Storage as Triacylglycerol in Lipid Droplets 161
4.1 Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferases 163
4.2 Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases 163
4.3 LD Biogenesis 165
5. Fatty Acid Use for Energy 168
5.1 Lipolysis of Lipid Storage 168
5.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation 174
5.3 Fatty Acids and Thermogenesis 176
6. Fatty Acids and Signalling 176
6.1 Fatty Acids as Ligands for Nuclear Receptors 176
6.2 Plasma Membrane Fatty Acid Signalling Receptors 177
7. Fatty Acids and Disease Pathogenesis 178
7.1 Insulin Resistance 178
7.2 ER Stress 179
7.3 Inflammation 180
8. Future Directions 181
References 182
Contents ix
6. Fatty Acid Desaturation and Elongation in Mammals
Laura M. Bond, Makoto Miyazaki, Lucas M. O Neill, Fang Ding and
James M. Ntambi
1. Introduction 185
1.1 Nomenclature and Sources of Long-Chain
Fatty Acids 186
2. Elongation Reactions of Long-Chain Fatty Acids 188
2.1 Microsomal Fatty Acid Elongation 188
2.2 Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Elongation 192
2.3 Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Elongation 193
3. Desaturation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid in Mammals 193
3.1 A9 Desaturase 193
3.2 A5 and A6 Desaturases 195
3.3 Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 197
3.4 Functions of Fatty Acids Synthesised by A9, A6 and A5
Desaturases 197
4. Transcriptional Regulation of Desaturases and Elongases 201
4.1 Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins 201
4.2 Liver X Receptors 202
4.3 Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors 203
4.4 Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein 203
5. Summary and Future Directions 204
References 205
7. Phospholipid Synthesis in Mammalian Cells
Neale D. Ridgway
1. Introduction 210
2. Biosynthesis of Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol 211
2.1 Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferases 212
2.2 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferases 212
2.3 PA Phosphatases 213
2.4 Diacylglycerol Kinases 214
3. Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis and Regulation 215
3.1 Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis by the CDP-Choline/
Kennedy Pathway 215
3.2 Choline Transporters 215
3.3 Choline Kinase 216
3.4 CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase 217
3.5 Posttranscriptional Regulation of CTP:Phosphocholine
Cytidylyltransferase 218
3.6 CDP-Choline:1,2-DAG Choline Phosphotransferase 220
3.7 Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase 221
4. Phosphatidylethanolamine Biosynthesis and Regulation 222
4.1 Functions of Phosphatidylethanolamine 222
x Contents
4.2 The CDP-Ethanolamine Pathway 223
4.3 The Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase Pathway for PE
Synthesis 224
5. Phosphatidylserine Biosynthesis and Regulation 225
5.1 Functions of Phosphatidylserine 225
5.2 The Serine Base-Exchange Pathways: Phosphatidylserine
Synthases 1 and 2 226
6. Phosphatidylinositol and Polyphosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol 227
6.1 Cellular Functions of PI and Its Phosphorylated
Derivatives 227
6.2 Biosynthesis of CDP-DAC and PI 228
6.3 Functions of PIPs 228
6.4 PI Kinases and Phosphatases 230
7. Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol and Cardiolipin 231
7.1 Functions of PG and Cardiolipin 231
7.2 PG and Cardiolipin Biosynthetic Pathways 232
8. Fatty Acid Remodelling of Phospholipids 233
9. Future Directions 234
References 235
8. Phospholipid Catabolism
Robert V. Stahelin
1. Introduction 237
1.1 The Enzymatic Activities of Phospholipases 237
1.2 Phospholipase Interactions at the Membrane Interface 239
1.3 Substrate Activation of PLases at Membrane
Surfaces 239
1.4 Conformation Activation of PLases at Membrane
Surfaces 240
1.5 Enzymatic Assays for PLases 241
2. The Phospholipase A Family 241
2.1 The Phospholipase At Family 241
2.2 Escherichia coli Phospholipases A 242
2.3 Phospholipase B 242
2.4 Phospholipase A2 242
2.5 Cytosolic Phospholipases A2 249
2.6 Group VI Intracellular PLA2 251
2.7 Group VII and VIII PAF Hydrolases 252
2.8 Group XV Lysosomal PLA2 252
3. Phospholipase C 253
3.1 Bacterial PLC 253
3.2 Mammalian Phospholipases C 253
4. Phospholipase D 254
4.1 PLD Structure and Enzymology 254
4.2 PLD Isoforms 255
5. Future Directions 255
References 256
Contents xi
9. The Eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and
Epoxygenase Pathways
William L Smith and Robert C. Murphy
1. Introduction 260
1.1 Background, Terminology, Structures and Nomenclature 260
2. Prostanoids 260
2.1 Prostanoid Structures and Pathways 260
2.2 Prostanoid Chemistry 263
3. Prostanoid Biosynthesis 263
3.1 Mobilisation of AA 264
3.2 Cytosolic and Secreted Phospholipases A2 264
3.3 Mobilisation of 2-AC and AA via Phospholipase C 265
3.4 Physico-Chemical Properties of PGHS That Catalyse
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H2 Formation 266
3.5 Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H2 Formation 267
3.6 PGHS Active Site 269
3.7 PGHS and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 270
3.8 Allosteric Regulation of PGHS by Fatty Acids and
COX Inhibitors 271
3.9 Regulation of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 Gene Expression 272
3.10 Formation of Biologically Active Prostanoids from
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H2 273
4. Prostanoid Catabolism and Mechanisms of Action 274
4.1 Prostanoid Catabolism 274
4.2 Physiological Actions of Prostanoids 275
4.3 Prostanoid Receptors 275
5. Leukotrienes and Lipoxygenase Products 276
5.1 Introduction and Overview 276
5.2 Leukotriene Biosynthesis 278
5.3 Enzymes and Proteins Involved in Leukotriene Biosynthesis 280
5.4 Regulation of Leukotriene Biosynthesis 283
5.5 Metabolism of Leukotrienes 284
5.6 Biological Activities of Leukotrienes 287
5.7 Other LO Pathways 288
6. Cytochrome P450s and Epoxygenase Pathways 290
6.1 Epoxygenase P450 Isozymes 292
6.2 Occurrence of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids 292
6.3 Metabolism of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids 292
6.4 Biological Actions of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids 293
7. Future Directions 293
References 294
10. Sphingolipids
Anthony H. Futerman
1. Introduction 297
2. Nomenclature and Structure 299
xii Contents
3. Sphingolipids Biosynthesis 302
3.1 SPT and 3-Ketosphinganine Reductase 302
3.2 Ceramide Synthases and Dihydroceramide Desaturase 305
3.3 Ceramide Transport between the ER and the Colgi
Apparatus 306
3.4 Formation of S1P 308
3.5 CSL Synthesis and Transport 309
4. Sphingolipid Degradation 310
5. Sphingolipid Signalling and Roles in Cell Regulation 311
6. Sphingolipid Biophysics 315
7. Sphingolipids in Disease Pathology 318
7.1 Serine Ralmitoyl Transferase 318
7.2 Ceramide Synthases 318
7.3 CSL Synthesis 319
7.4 CSL Degradation 319
7.5 Acid Sphingomyelinase and Ceramidase 321
7.6 S1P, S1 PR and SphK 322
8. Perspectives 324
Acknowledgements 324
References 324
11. Cholesterol Synthesis
Andrew J. Brown and Laura J. Sharpe
1. Introduction
1.1 What Is Cholesterol?
1.2 The Cholesterol Synthesis Fbthway
1.3 The Functions of Cholesterol
1.4 Cholesterol in the Body
1.5 Where is Cholesterol Made within Cells?
1.6 Cholesterol Homeostasis
2. Cholesterol Synthesis - An Historical Overview
3. Targeting Cholesterol Synthesis Therapeutically
3.1 How Statins Work to Decrease Blood Cholesterol Levels
4. Sterol Pathway Intermediates
4.1 Overview
4.2 Functions of the Intermediates
4.3 Diseases Resulting from Defective Cholesterol Synthesis
5. Enzymes of Cholesterol Biosynthesis
5.1 Acetyl-Coenzyme A to Mevalonic Acid
5.2 Mevalonic Acid to Squalene
5.3 Squalene Cyclisation to Lanosterol
5.4 Lanosterol Metabolism in the Bloch and Kandutsch-Russell
Pathways
5.5 Lanosterol Conversion to Penultimate Intermediates
5.6 Ultimate Enzymes in Cholesterol Synthesis
6. Oxysterols
328
328
328
330
331
333
333
333
335
339
339
339
340
340
347
347
347
348
348
349
350
350
Contents xiii
7. Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis 351
7.1 Transcription 352
7.2 Posttranslational Regulation 354
7.3 Other Modes of Regulation 356
8. Summary 356
Acknowledgements 357
References 357
12. Bile Acid Metabolism
Paul A. Dawson
1. Introduction 359
2. Bile Acid Structure and Physical Properties 361
3. Biosynthesis of Bile Acids 363
3.1 Biosynthetic Pathway 363
3.2 Inherited Defects in Bile Acid Synthesis 370
3.3 Regulation of Bile Acid Biosynthesis 372
3.4 Secondary Metabolism of Bile Acids 375
4. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids 377
4.1 Hepatic Bile Acid Transport 378
4.2 Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids 383
5. Bile Acids as Signalling Molecules 385
6. Future Directions 387
References 388
13. Lipid Modification of Proteins
Marilyn D. Resh
1. Introduction 391
2. Attachment of Fatty Acids to Proteins 392
2.1 N-Myristoylation 393
2.2 S-ftilmitoylation 396
2.3 N-Ralmitoylation 399
2.4 Acylation with Other Fatty Acids 400
3. Attachment of Cholesterol to Hedgehog Proteins 402
4. Attachment of Isoprenoids to Proteins 403
4.1 Farnesylation 403
4.2 Geranylgeranylation 405
5. Attachment of Phospholipids and Diacylglycerol Lipids
to Proteins 406
5.1 CPI Anchors 406
5.2 PE Attachment to the Atg8 and LC3 Autophagy Proteins 407
5.3 Bacterial Lipoproteins 408
6. Spotlight on Inhibitors of Lipid-Modifying Enzymes and
Their Roles in Disease 408
6.1 Inhibitors of NMT 408
6.2 Inhibitors of S-Ralmitoylation 409
xiv Contents
6.3 Inhibitors of N-Ralmitoylation and Ralmitoleoylation 409
6.4 FTase and CCTasel Inhibitors 410
6.5 Defects in GPI Anchor Biosynthesis 411
7. Future Directions and Challenges 411
References 412
14. Intramembrane and Intermembrane Lipid Transport
Frederick R. Maxfield and Anant K. Menon
1. Introduction 415
2. Vesicular Trafficking of Lipids 418
3. Nonvesicular Transport of Lipids 421
3.1 Lipid Transport Proteins 421
3.2 Membrane Contact Sites 422
4. Transbilayer Movement of Lipids 425
4.1 Flippases 425
4.2 Floppases 426
4.3 Scramblases 427
5. Specific Examples of Intracellular Lipid Transport 428
5.1 Intracellular Trafficking of Cholesterol 428
5.2 Transport of Phospholipids between the ER and
Mitochondria 430
5.3 Glycolipid Scramblases Required for Protein
N-Glycosylation 432
6. Future Directions 433
Acknowledgements 433
References 433
15. High-Density Lipoproteins: Metabolism and
Protective Roles Against Atherosclerosis
Cordon A. Francis
1. Introduction 437
2. High-Density Lipoprotein Formation 438
2.1 HDL Composition and Subclasses 438
2.2 HDL Apolipoproteins 440
2.3 ABCA1 and Initial Formation of HDLs 441
2.4 Additional Mechanisms of Cholesterol Efflux to HDLs 444
3. High-Density Lipoprotein Remodelling and Lipid Transfer 445
3.1 Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase 446
3.2 Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein 447
3.3 Phospholipid Transfer Protein 448
3.4 Hepatic Lipase 448
3.5 Endothelial Lipase 448
3.6 Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type 1 449
4. Extremes of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and
Relationship to Atherosclerosis 449
4.1 ApoAI Deficiency 450
4.2 ABCA1 Deficiency 450
Contents xv
4.3 LCAT Deficiency 450
4.4 Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency 450
5. Protective Actions of High-Density Lipoprotein 451
5.1 Anti-Inflammatory Effects 451
5.2 Protection ofVascular Endothelium 452
5.3 Antioxidant Effects 452
5.4 Antithrombotic Effects 452
5.5 Other Protective Actions of HDLs 453
5.6 Loss of Protective Actions of HDLs 453
6. High-Density Lipoprotein-Raising Therapies 453
7. Summary and Future Directions 454
References 454
16. Assembly and Secretion of Triglyceride-Rich
Lipoproteins
Roger S. McLeod and Zemin Yao
1. Overview of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins 460
2. Structure and Regulation of the Apolipoprotein B Gene 462
3. Structural Features of Apolipoprotein B 463
3.1 Computer Models 464
3.2 Experimental Evidence 465
3.3 Homology Modelling 466
3.4 Post-Translational Modifications 467
4. Assembly of Hepatic Very Low Density Lipoproteins 468
4.1 Role of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein 469
4.2 VLDL Heterogeneity 471
4.3 Exchangeable Apolipoproteins 471
5. Regulation of Hepatic Very Low Density Lipoprotein
Assembly and Secretion 472
5.1 Triglyceride Supply 472
5.2 Phospholipid Supply 474
5.3 Cholesterol Synthesis 474
5.4 Cellular Trafficking 475
5.5 Pharmacologic Agents That Regulate VLDL Secretion 477
6. Intracellular Degradation of Apolipoprotein B 477
6.1 Ubiquitin-Proteasome System 478
6.2 Nonproteasomal Mechanisms 479
7. Dysregulation of Very Low Density Lipoprotein
Assembly and Secretion 480
7.1 Insulin Resistance 480
7.2 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 481
8. Assembly and Secretion of Chylomicrons 481
8.1 Similarities to VLDL Assembly 482
8.2 Distinguishing Features 482
9. Hepatocyte and Enterocyte Models - Strengths and
Limitations 483
10. Future Directions 485
References 485
xvi Contents
17. Lipoprotein Receptors
Wolfgang J. Schneider
1. Introduction: Receptor-Mediated Lipoprotein Metabolism 489
2. Removal of Low-Density Lipoprotein from the Circulation 492
2.1 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 493
2.2 The Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Pathway 494
2.3 Relationships between Structure and Function of the
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 495
2.4 The Human Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene:
Organisation and Naturally Occurring Mutations 498
3. Post-Translational Modulators of Low-Density Lipoprotein
Receptor Activity 500
3.1 Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolaemia 500
3.2 Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Like Kexin-Type 9 501
3.3 Inducible Degrader of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 501
4. Receptor-Mediated Removal of Triacylglycerol-Rich
Lipoproteins from the Plasma 503
4.1 Catabolism of Chylomicrons by Low Desity Lipoprotein
Receptor-Related Protein 1 503
4.2 The So-Called Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor:
A Role in Catabolism of Very Low Density Lipoprotein? 504
4.3 A Multifunctional Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
in the Chicken 505
5. Other Relatives of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor
Family 506
5.1 ApoER2—A Close Relative of the Very Low Density
Lipoprotein Receptor 506
5.2 Small and Midsize Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor
Relatives: LRP 3, 4, 5 and 6 507
5.3 The Unusual One: LR11 508
5.4 Large Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Relatives:
LRP2 and LRP1B 509
6. Roles of Lipoprotein Receptors in Signal Transduction 510
6.1 Genetic Models Reveal New Roles for apoER2 and
Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Signal
Transduction 510
6.2 Signalling through LRP1 510
7. Scavenger Receptors: Lipid Uptake and Beyond 511
7.1 Class A Scavenger Receptors 512
7.2 Lectin-Like Oxidised Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 513
7.3 Class B Scavenger Receptors 513
8. Outlook 515
References 516
18. Atherosclerosis
Murray W. Huff, Alan Daugherty and Hong Lu
1. Atherosclerosis 520
2. Lipoprotein Transport in Atherosclerosis 522
Contents xvii
2.1 Low-Density Lipoprotein 522
2.2 Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein 523
2.3 Remnants of VLDL and Chylomicrons 524
2.4 Lipoprotein(a) 524
2.5 High-Density Lipoprotein 525
3. Lipoprotein Receptors and Lipid Transporters 525
3.1 LDL Receptors 525
3.2 Scavenger Receptors 527
3.3 Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 528
3.4 ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily (ABCs) 528
4. Contributions of Lipoprotein-Mediated Inflammation to
Atherosclerosis 529
4.1 Cell Types Involved in Atherosclerotic Lesions 529
4.2 Foam Cells 531
4.3 Macrophage Polarisation 534
4.4 Inflammatory Responses 535
4.5 Atherosclerotic Lesion Macrophage Retention and
Emigration 535
4.6 Atherosclerotic Lesion Regression 536
5. New Emerging Mechanisms of Lipid Metabolism Influencing
Atherosclerosis 537
5.1 MicroRNAs 537
5.2 Inflammasomes 539
5.3 Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine-A/-oxide 540
6. Traditional and Evolving Lipid-Lowering Therapies for the
Treatment of Atherosclerosis 540
6.1 Statins 541
6.2 Fibrates 541
6.3 Niacin 541
6.4 Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors 542
6.5 (0-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 542
6.6 Proprotein Convertase SubtiIisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors 543
6.7 ASO Therapies 543
6.8 Microsomal Triacylglyceride Transfer Protein Inhibitors 544
6.9 ACAT and DGAT Inhibitors 544
6.10 High-Density Lipoprotein Modulating Drugs 545
7. Future Directions 545
References 546
Diabetic Dyslipidaemia
Khosrow Adeli, Jennifer Taher, Sarah Farr, Changting Xiao and
Gary F. Lewis
1. Introduction to the Typical Dyslipidaemia of insulin-Resistant
States 550
1.1 Major Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States:
Hypertriglyceridaemia, Low HDL and Qualitative
Changes in Low-Density Lipoprotein (Small, Dense
Low-Density Lipoprotein) 550
1.2 Lipid Profile of Individuals with T1D 551
xviii Contents
1.3 Role of Diabetic Dyslipidaemia in Atherosclerosis
and CVD 552
1.4 Aetiology of the Dyslipidaemia: Genetic and
Environmental Factors 553
2. Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States: Key Factors and
Mechanisms, with a Focus on Hepatic Lipoprotein
Overproduction 554
2.1 Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins: Alterations
in Insulin Resistance andT2D 554
2.2 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Hepatic Insulin
Resistance and Increased VLDL Secretion 554
2.3 Mechanisms of Hepatic VLDL Overproduction in Insulin
Resistance: Multiorgan Cross Talk, Hormones and
Dietary Factors 557
2.4 Association of Fatty Liver/Inflammation and Diabetic
Dyslipidaemia 559
3. Postprandial Dyslipidaemia and Intestinal Chylomicrons
Hypersecretion in Insulin-Resistant States 560
3.1 Mechanisms of Intestinal Lipoprotein Overproduction
in Insulin-Resistant States 560
3.2 Lipid and Carbohydrate Regulation of Intestinal
Lipoprotein Secretion 562
3.3 Alterations in Other Pathways Involved in Lipoprotein
Assembly and Secretion 563
3.4 Gut Peptides and Inflammatory Factors Affect Intestinal
Lipoprotein Secretion 563
4. Low High-Density Lipoprotein in Insulin Resistance
and Type 2 Diabetes 564
4.1 HDL Lowering Due to Increased Catabolism in
Hypertriglyceridaemia and Insulin Resistance 564
4.2 Increased Apolipoprotein A-l Catabolism Due to TG
Enrichment, Combined with Increased HL Activity 564
4.3 Role of Inflammation and Endothelial Lipase in HDL
Metabolism 565
5. Treatment of the Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States 566
5.1 Lifestyle Modification 567
5.2 Pharmacotherapies 567
6. Conclusions 568
References 569
Index
575
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Ridgway, Neale David |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | n d r nd ndr |
| author_facet | Ridgway, Neale David |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042776454 |
| classification_rvk | WD 4000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)927130002 (DE-599)BSZ44352517X |
| dewey-full | 572.57 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 572 - Biochemistry |
| dewey-raw | 572.57 |
| dewey-search | 572.57 |
| dewey-sort | 3572.57 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 6. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV042776454 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:09:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780444634382 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028206603 |
| oclc_num | 927130002 |
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| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-11 DE-20 |
| physical | XXIII, 599 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes ed. by Neale Ridgway ... 6. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2016 XXIII, 599 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lipids / Metabolism Lipoproteins / Metabolism Membranes (Biology) / Metabolism Lipidmembran (DE-588)4167790-0 gnd rswk-swf Lipoproteide (DE-588)4074259-3 gnd rswk-swf Lipide (DE-588)4035873-2 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf Biomembran (DE-588)4006884-5 gnd rswk-swf Membranlipide (DE-588)4203814-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Lipide (DE-588)4035873-2 s Lipoproteide (DE-588)4074259-3 s Biomembran (DE-588)4006884-5 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Lipidmembran (DE-588)4167790-0 s 2\p DE-604 Membranlipide (DE-588)4203814-5 s 3\p DE-604 Ridgway, Neale David edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9780444634498 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028206603&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes Lipids / Metabolism Lipoproteins / Metabolism Membranes (Biology) / Metabolism Lipidmembran (DE-588)4167790-0 gnd Lipoproteide (DE-588)4074259-3 gnd Lipide (DE-588)4035873-2 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd Biomembran (DE-588)4006884-5 gnd Membranlipide (DE-588)4203814-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4167790-0 (DE-588)4074259-3 (DE-588)4035873-2 (DE-588)4006777-4 (DE-588)4006884-5 (DE-588)4203814-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes |
| title_auth | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes |
| title_exact_search | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes |
| title_full | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes ed. by Neale Ridgway ... |
| title_fullStr | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes ed. by Neale Ridgway ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes ed. by Neale Ridgway ... |
| title_short | Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes |
| title_sort | biochemistry of lipids lipoproteins and membranes |
| topic | Lipids / Metabolism Lipoproteins / Metabolism Membranes (Biology) / Metabolism Lipidmembran (DE-588)4167790-0 gnd Lipoproteide (DE-588)4074259-3 gnd Lipide (DE-588)4035873-2 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd Biomembran (DE-588)4006884-5 gnd Membranlipide (DE-588)4203814-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lipids / Metabolism Lipoproteins / Metabolism Membranes (Biology) / Metabolism Lipidmembran Lipoproteide Lipide Biochemie Biomembran Membranlipide Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028206603&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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