Industrial crystallization: fundamentals and applications
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2015
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 323 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781107052154 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Nomenclature
Main
Greek letters
Subscripts
Abbreviations
Industrial crystallization in practice: from process to product Scope of the book Summary of the chapters
Chapter 1: Thermodynamics, crystallization methods and supersaturation
Chapter 2: Characterization of a crystalline product Chapter 3: Basic process design for crystallization Chapter 4: Nucleation Chapter 5: Crystal growth Chapter 6: Agglomeration Chapter 7: The population balance equation Chapter 8: Batch crystallization Chapter 9: Measurement techniques Chapter 10: Industrial crystallizers Chapter 11: Precipitation and anti-solvent crystallization Chapter 12: Melt crystallization Chapter 13: Additives and impurities Chapter 14: Polymorphism References
Thermodynamics, crystallization methods and supersaturation
1.1 Why this chapter is important
1.2 Phase diagrams
1.3 Crystallization methods
1.3.1 Modes of operation
1.3.2 Crystallization from the melt
1.3.3 Crystallization from solution
1.4 Selection of crystallization methods
1.5 Supersaturation
1.5.1 General thermodynamic expression for the supersaturation
ft
page xiii xiii xix
xxi
xxii
xxiii xxiii
XXV
XXV
XXV
XXV
XXV
xxvi
xxvi
xxvi
xxvi
xxvii xxvii xxvii
xxvii
xxviii xxviii xxviii
1
1
1
4
4
6
6
11
14
14
VI
Contents
1.5.2 Supersaturation for processes at constant temperature and pressure 15
1.5.3 Driving force for processes at constant pressure
(varying temperature) 17
1.5.4 Driving force for processes at constant temperature
(varying pressure) 17
1.5.5 Practical expressions for the supersaturation 17
1.6 Thermodynamic models and speciation 19
1.6.1 Activity models for organics 20
1.6.2 Activity models for electrolytes 21
1.6.3 Selection of a thermodynamic model 21
1.7 A brief summary of the chapter 22
1.8 End of chapter problems 23
1.9 References 24
2 Characterization of a crystalline product 26
2.1 Why this chapter is important 26
2.2 Crystal size distribution (CSD) or particle size distribution (PSD) 26
2.2.1 Definitions of crystal size L 27
2.2.2 Representations of the CSD 28
2.3 Crystal shape 35
2.3.1 Quantifying crystal shape 3 6
2.3.2 Predicting crystal morphology and shape 37
2.3.3 Effect of operating conditions on crystal shape 40
2.4 Polymorphism 42
2.5 Mother liquor inclusions 44
2.6 Uptake of impurities in the crystal lattice 47
2.7 Degree of agglomeration 48
2.8 A brief summary of the chapter 48
2.9 End of chapter problems 49
2.10 References 50
3 Basic process design for crystallization 51
3.1 Why this chapter is important 51
3.2 The basic design procedure 51
3.2.1 Design Level 0: initial design specifications 52
3.2.2 Design Level I: crystalline product design 52
3.2.3 Design Level II: physicohemical design of the crystallization task 53
3.2.4 Design Level III: flow-sheet design of the crystallization process 55
3.2.5 Design Level IV: crystallizer design 60
3.2.6 Economic evaluation of the design 64
3.3 Worked examples 65
3.3.1 A continuous evaporative crystallizer 65
3.3.2 A continuous cooling crystallizer 67
Contents vü
3.4 A brief summary of the chapter 68
3.5 End of chapter problems 69
3.6 References 69
4 Nucléation 71
4.1 Why this chapter is important 71
4 2 Primary nucléation 71
4.2.1 Homogeneous primary nucléation 71
4.2.2 Heterogeneous primary nucléation 77
4.3 Nucléation theorem 78
4.3.1 Induction time and metastable zone 78
4.3.2 Measurement of nucléation rate 80
4.4 Non-classical nucléation 82
4.4.1 Two-step nucléation with an intermediate liquid 83
4.4.2 Two-step nucléation with an intermediate solid 86
4.5 Secondary nucléation 89
4.5.1 Secondary nucléation mechanisms 89
4.5.2 Secondary nucléation: the power law 91
4.5.3 Secondary nucléation: taking into account collision mechanisms 92
4.5.4 Secondary nucléation: the attrition behavior of parent crystals 93
4.5.5 Secondary nucléation: a physical attrition model 96
4.6 A brief summary of the chapter 100
4.7 End of chapter problems 101
4.8 References 102
5 Crystal growth 104
5.1 Why this chapter is important 104
5.2 Basic concepts 104
5.3 Crystal growth mechanisms 105
5.4 Crystal surfaces 106
5.5 Surface integration-controlled growth 107
5.5.1 Smooth growth 107
5.5.2 Rough growth 112
5.5.3 Thermal and kinetic roughening 113
5.6 Volume diffusion-controlled growth 115
5.7 Combined volume diffusion- and surface integration-controlled growth 117
5.8 Effect of temperature 118
5.9 Heat transfer-controlled growth 119
5.10 Simultaneous mass and heat transfer 120
5.11 Growth rate dispersion 120
5.12 Enhanced growth rate of crystals by addition of macro-building blocks 123
5.13 Dissolution of crystals 123
Contents
viii
mm
5.14 Measuring the growth rate 124
5.14.1 Direct measurement of the linear growth rate of individual crystals 124
5.14.2 Indirect measurement of the growth rate of populations of crystals
via mass deposition rates 125
5.15 A brief summary of the chapter 126
5.16 End of chapter problems 126
5.17 References 128
6 Agglomeration 130
6.1 Why this chapter is important 130
6.2 Agglomeration or aggregation? 130
6.3 The agglomeration process 132
6.3.1 Transport and collision of particles 133
6.3.2 Particle-particle interactions 140
6.3.3 Collision efficiency and disruption of aggregates 141
6.3.4 Aggregate cementation 142
6.4 Modeling agglomeration: the agglomeration kernel 142
6.5 Determination of the agglomeration kernel from experimental data 144
6.5.1 Case study 1: calcium oxalate monohydrate (Bramley
etal, 1997) 145
6.5.2 Case study 2: Al(OH)3 (Van Leeuwen, 1998) 146
6.6 A brief summary of the chapter 147
6.7 End of chapter problems 147
6.8 References 148
7 The population balance equation 151
7.1 Why this chapter is important 151
7.2 Evolution of the crystal size distribution in a crystallizer 151
7.3 The population balance equation 153
7.3.1 Formulation of the population balance 153
7.3.2 The population balance for agglomeration and breakage 156
7.3.3 Relationship between the population balance and mass and heat
balances 158
7.4 Solving the population balance for an ideally mixed one-compartment
model 159
7.4.1 Population balance equation for stationary operation 159
7.4.2 Moment equations for stationary and non-stationary operation 164
7.4.3 Moment equations in case of agglomeration and breakage 166
7.4.4 Numerical solutions of the PBE 167
7.5 Modeling and scaling-up of crystallizers 168
7.6 A brief summary of the chapter 172
7.7 End of chapter problems 174
7.8 References 176
Contents
IX
8 Batch crystallization 178
8.1 Why this chapter is important 178
8.2 Phenomenological description of batch crystallization processes 178
8.3 Seeding procedure 181
8.3.1 Seed load and seed size 181
8.3.2 The timing of seed addition 184
8.3.3 Generation of seeds and their quality 184
8 4 Mathematical modeling 185
8.5 Cooling and evaporation trajectories 186
8.5.1 Natural and linear cooling 186
8.5.2 Constant supersaturation 187
8.6 Optimal trajectories 187
8.7 A brief summary of the chapter 189
8.8 End of chapter problems 189
8.9 References 190
9 Measuring techniques 192
9.1 Why this chapter is important 192
9.2 Sampling and dilution procedures 192
9.3 PSD measuring techniques 193
9.3.1 Sieve analysis 193
9.3.2 Coulter counter 194
9.3.3 Dynamic light scattering 194
9.3.4 Forward light scattering 195
9.3.5 Ultrasonic attenuation 196
9.3.6 Backward light scattering 197
9.3.7 Imaging 197
9.4 Supersaturation measuring techniques 200
9.4.1 Refractive index 200
9.4.2 ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 201
9.4.3 Density 202
9.5 Other techniques 204
9.6 Selection of measuring technique 204
9.7 A brief summary of the chapter 206
9.8 End of chapter problems 206
9.9 References 207
10 Industrial crystallizers 210
10.1 Why this chapter is important 210
10.2 Criteria for the choice of a crystallizer 210
10.3 Solar ponds 212
10.4 Thermo-syphon crystallizer 213
X
Contents
10.5 Stirred draft tube crystallizer 215
10.5.1 Clear liquor advance 219
10.6 Forced circulation crystallizer 220
10.7 Fluidized bed crystallizer 225
10.8 Growth crystallizer 227
10.9 Spray evaporative crystallizer 228
10.10 Direct cooling crystallizer 228
10.11 Surface cooling crystallizer 229
10.12 Cascades of crystallizers 231
10.13 References 232
Precipitation and anti-solvent crystallization 234
11.1 Why this chapter is important 234
11.2 What is precipitation? 234
11.3 What makes it unique? 234
11.4 Characteristics of precipitation processes 236
11.4.1 Dominant phenomena in precipitation 236
11.5 Mixing in precipitation processes 237
11.5.1 Macro-mixing 238
11.5.2 Meso-mixing 238
11.5.3 Micro-mixing 239
11.6 Time and length scales for mixing and precipitation 240
11.7 Scale-up 242
11.7.1 Simplified compartmental modeling approach 11.7.2 Scale-up using an experimental approach: 243
the three-zone model 245
11.7.3 Scale-up using numerical modeling 246
11.7.4 Eulerian modeling approach 246
11.7.5 Lagrangian modeling approach 249
11.8 A practical approach: mixing configurations in stirred vessels 251
11.9 Anti-solvent crystallization 255
11.10 A brief summary of the chapter 256
11.11 End of chapter problems 257
11.12 References 258
Melt crystallization 261
12.1 Why this chapter is important 261
12.2 Definitions of melt crystallization 261
12.3 Advantages/disadvantages 262
12.4 Thermodynamics 263
12.4.1 Phase diagrams 263
12.4.2 Impurity distribution 263
12.5 Melt crystallization techniques 265
Contents
XI
12.5.1 Solid layer melt crystallization 265
12.5.2 Suspension melt crystallization 269
12.6 Eutectic freeze crystallization 274
12.6.1 Binary phase diagrams 275
12.6.2 Ternary phase diagrams: Na2SC 4-MgS04-H20 277
12.7 A brief summary of the chapter 280
12.8 End of chapter problems 280
12.9 References 281
Additives and impurities 284
13.1 Why this chapter is important 284
13.2 Application and occurrence 284
13.3 Mechanism of organic growth inhibitors 285
13.3.1 Small organic molecules 285
13.3.2 Large organic molecules 285
13.4 Tailor-made additives 287
13.4.1 Small organic tailor-made additives 287
13.4.2 Application of tailor-made additives 288
13.4.3 Molecular modeling 13.4.4 Application of molecular modeling to the design of an 288
anti-malarial drug 290
13.5 Small unintentionally present organic molecules and solvents 291
13.6 Tailored polyelectrolytes 293
13.6.1 Polyelectrolytes for organic crystals 293
13.6.2 Polyelectrolytes for mineral crystals 294
13.6.3 Proteins for ice crystals 296
13.7 Metal ions 296
13.8 Small anions 298
13.9 Additives as templates for controlled nucleation 299
13.10 A brief summary of the chapter 300
13.11 References 300
Polymorphism 303
14.1 Why this chapter is important 303
14.2 Occurrence and consequences 303
14.3 Types of polymorphs 307
14.3.1 Monotropic system 307
14.3.2 Enantiotropic system 308
14.4 Kinetics of polymorph formation 309
14.4.1 Metastable zone width 309
14.4.2 Seeding 311
14.4.3 Templates 311
14.4.4 Molecular structure of the solvent 312
xii
Contents
14.5 Alternative solid forms 314
14.5.1 Polymorphic and amorphous forms 314
14.5.2 Solvates and hydrates 314
14.5.3 Salts 315
14.5.4 Cocrystals 315
14.6 Cocrystals 315
14.7 A brief summary of the chapter 317
14.8 References 318
Index
320
Newcomers will learn all of the most important topics in industrial crystallization, from key concepts and basic theory, to industrial practices. Topics covered include the characterization of a crystalline product and the basic process design for continuous evaporative and cooling crystallization, as well as batch crystallization. Also included are measurement techniques, and details on precipitation, melt crystallization, and polymorphism, as well as the impact of additives and impurities on process and product features. Each chapter begins with an introduction explaining the importance of the topic, and is supported by homework problems and worked examples. Real-world case studies are also provided, as well as new industry-relevant information, making this an ideal resource for industry practitioners, students, and researchers in the fields of industrial crystallization, separation processes, particle synthesis, and particle technology.
is a Professor at the University of Cape Town where she founded the Crystallization and Precipitation Research Unit. She is also a registered professional engineer, a Fellow of the South African Academy of Engineering (FSAAE), the South African Institute of Chemical Engineers (FSAIChE), and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (FSAIMM).
is an Associate Professor at the University of Sao Paulo. He has previously been the CEO of the Brazilian Association for Chemical Engineers and the President of the Higher Council. He is now a member of the Higher Council. He also has a fellowship in productivity in technology from Brazil s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.
is an Associate Professor in the Department of Process and Energy at Delft University of Technology, and he is also a board member of the European Working Party on Industrial Crystallization and organizer of a number of international conferences.
malen spent twenty years as Professor of Industrial Crystallization and Clean Technology at the Laboratory for Process Equipment at Delft University of Technology, and her distinguished positions include being a board member of the Working Party on Industrial Crystallization of the European Federation of Chemical Engineers.
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| spelling | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications Alison Emslie Lewis ... 1. publ. Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press 2015 XXVIII, 323 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd rswk-swf Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 s DE-604 Lewis, Alison 1963- Sonstige (DE-588)107572855X oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028195175&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028195175&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033215-9 |
| title | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications |
| title_auth | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications |
| title_exact_search | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications |
| title_full | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications Alison Emslie Lewis ... |
| title_fullStr | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications Alison Emslie Lewis ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications Alison Emslie Lewis ... |
| title_short | Industrial crystallization |
| title_sort | industrial crystallization fundamentals and applications |
| title_sub | fundamentals and applications |
| topic | Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kristallisation |
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