Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v.: (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa)
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Machačkala
Izdatelʹstvo "Nauka - Dagestan"
2014
|
| Edition: | Vtoroe izdanie, dopolnennoe |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 287 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. |b (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) |c Aglarov, M.A. |
| 250 | |a Vtoroe izdanie, dopolnennoe | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Machačkala |b Izdatelʹstvo "Nauka - Dagestan" |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 287 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
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OT3bIBbI O KIIHTE ..................................3
BBE^EHHE KO BTOPOMY H3#AHHIO .......................8
riPE^HCJTOBHE K nEPBOMY H3flAHHIO ..................9
rnaea ne pean. HCTOPHOrPAOiiü. ITPOEJIEMbl
METO^OJIOrHH. HCTOHHHKH ............................12
1.1—1.5. Pannaa pyccxaa HCTopnorparjjMM oonuiHbi h
oömecTBeHHoro CTpoa b ,3[arecTaHe ........... 12
1.6. HcTopHorpacjjRa nepHo^a KaBKa3CKOH bohhbi ...23
1.7. M.M. KoBajieBCKHñ ...........................24
1.8. CoBpeMeHHwe Hcc.iejioBanHH no ncTopHH o6ihhhbi
b ^arecTaHe ..................................30
1.9. K Teopnn oßmHHbi: MapKCHCTCKaa Tnnojiorna....33
1.10. Hctohhhkh ..................................39
rnaea emopan. X03ÆÎCTBEHH0-3K0H0MHHECKHE
OCHOBbI OElUHHbl............................45
2.1. Bonpocbi paccejieHHH h ncTopHHecKOH ÄeMorpa(J)HH ...45
2.2. OpraHH3apHH TeppHTopHn: ocHOBHbie npHHUHnw ..48
2.3. cDopMbi nocejieHHÎi ..........................51
2.4. «Men »: cTpyiaypa h miaHHpoBKa...............52
2.5. TeppacnpoBaHHe nojien........................60
2.6. «Men.»: nppHrauHOHHwe coopyaceHHa ............64
2.7. OöiiiHHHfaiH peacHM BOflonojib30ßaHna........65
2.8. «Men.»: oßiijHHHaa peraaMeirrauHa h peacHM
OKcnayaTauHH ..................................69
2.9. 3anpeTbi Ha BHHorpaß.........................73
2.10. OSiHHHHaa opraroraauHa xyropcKoro xo3a«CTBa .75
2.11. OTpaaceHHe oôuîhhhoh opraHœapHH b cyöcTpyKHHan
X03aHCTBeHHbIX KBapTaJIOB .................... 78
2.12. OpraHH3apna naeréum.........................81
2.13. OpraHH3apHa nacxbßbi .......................85
286
rnaea mpenibR. COI#ÏAJIbHO-3KOHOMHHECKHH
CTPOß OEtUHHLI ....................................91
3.1. MacTHaa coöcTBeHHOcTb Ha3eMJiK : Bonpocbi
npoHcxoameHHa, hctohhmkh 4 opMHpoBaHHa,
fleiJjHHHOHH .................................... 91
3.2. OßmecTBeHHbie 3eMJiH ............................95
3.3. BaKy^)Haa coßcTBeHHocTb .................-.....99
3.4. Oeo/jajibHaa h o6mnHHaa |)opMbi 3eMeJibHOH
coöcTBeHHOCTH: AHitaMHKa B3aHMonpeBpaiu;eHHH,
TebweHpHH ................................. 101
3.5. OrpaHHMeHHe npaB pacnopaaceHHa nacTHOH
COÖCTBeHHOCTbK) Ha 3eMJHO .......................104
3.6. TeppHTopHaribHoe acjichmc h reppHTopHajibHbie
OTHonieHHx: o6ui,He 3aMeHaHna ............. Ill
3.7. Cnoco6w o6o3HaneHHH rpaHHii ................... 112
3.8. OôocHOBaHHe npasa Ha BJia^eHHe TeppHTopHeH..... 117
3.9. 3KCTeppHTopHajibHOCTb.......................... 127
3.10. TeppHTopHanbHbiH CTpoíí h ero oxpaaœHHe
B IXOJIHTHHeCKOM H aflMHHHCXpaXHBHOM yCTpOKCTBe ... 131
3.11. YcXOHHHBOCTb XeppHXOpHaJIbHOrO CTpoa B HCTO-
pHHecKOH nepcneKTHBe......................... 132
3.12-3.14. CeMba.................................... 135
3.15.-3.27. TyxyM .................................. 143
3.28. Oeo^ajibHoe cocaoBwe.......................... 162
3.29. Y3fleHH....................................... 167
3.30. Pafiaxbi ..................................... 169
3.31. JIarH ........................................ 170
rnaea Hemeepman. CAMOYIIPABJIEHI1E: IIP ABO,
nOJIHTHBECKHH CTPOÍ4, OPrAHbl CAMOYnPAB-
JIEHKLH......................................... 175
4.1. IIpaBa h o6a3aHHOCTH HJieHOB oômuHbi .......... 175
4.2. IIpaBOBoe nojioaceHHe HJieHa o6ihhhm........... 180
4.3. OGmHHa h OTnpaBJieHHe Kyjibxa.................. 183
4.4. A^ax: HeKOTopwe aepTbi BHyTpHnpasoBoro cTpoa .. 187
4.5. -A.7. Aflax: nepxbi apxawKH ................... 190
4.8. Aáax: eAHHCXBO OCHOB h MHoacecxBeHHOcxb 4 opM . 197
4.9. OpraHbi BJiacxH h f opMbi caMoynpaBJieHHa .....201
4.10. KBapxanbi .....................................204
4.11. YnpaBJieHHe oöiuhhoh ..........................206
287
4.12. Hapo,zmoe coôpaHHe ........................207
4.13. Cobct CTapeîiiiiHH.........................210
4.14. IlpaBHTCJiH................................215
4.15. Cya ................................. 221
4.16. Manryiu ............................. 223
4.17. HcnojiHHTejiH ........................ 223
4.18. npe^BO^HTejib .......................... 225
4.19. Pe4 opMbi ............................. 227
4.20. YnpaBJieHHe «bojibhbimh o6mecTBaMH» .......232
rnae a nam an. 3THOKY JlbTYPHLIE nPOU£CCbI
B YCJIOBKLHX nOJIMCTPYKTYPHOH riOJIMTHHECKOH
CHCTEMbI ........................................ 236
5.1. HcTopHfl Bonpoca ..................... 236
5.2. üpHHHHH 3THOaHHrBHCTHHeCKOH ÆH j 4)epeHIJHaiJHH ..242
5.3. 3ByeÆHHCTBO STHOKyjiBTypHbix npopeccoB
B nOJIHCTpyKTypHOÍÍ nOJTHTH^eCKOH CHCT6M6 ...251
5.4. CaMoco3HaHHe ............................ 252
3AKJUOHEHHE..................................... 253
JMTEPATYPA H HCTOHHHKH ............................266
CIIHCOK COKPAUJPEHHH ............................ 285
CONCLUSION
1. The objective of the following research was to reveal the social
nature and characteristic features of «constituent» Dagestani communi-
ties combined into «free communities» and their unions - confedera-
tions of «free unions» which used to be a significant political and mili-
tary force in the East Caucasus. The result of the following research is
the revision of previous evaluations and the main conclusion is as fol-
lows: civil communities and their unions and confederations had been a
universal form of social and political structure of Dagestani highland-
ers before they joined Russia.
In the process of the study we faced the fact that the given type of
the community emphatically delimits with the oriental type where the
community served as a lower social unit being based mostly on indus-
trial and primary social basics without any civil, political, military and
management functions in their entirety that was a prerogative of the
administration comprising a centralized public over-community system.
Dagestani community presented a type of community specific for Cir-
cum-Pontic Region which developed spontaneously and self-
sufficiently into an autonomic micropolitical institution being a link,
not a lower social unit. Such a community organized completely all the
military, legal and political functions as well as classes including com-
munity elite and sometimes feudal class into a united community body
with civil self-government.
The establishment of such a civil type of the community primarily
took place as the formation of land owners: each member of the com-
munity had to be a private owner of his land and necessarily a part-
owner of the whole community area. This duality of private and public
pervaded not only property relations but also all spheres including cul-
ture, sense, community and civil mentality etc.
Whatever formal changes happened down to falling of urbanized
settlements into villages and farm yards, the basics of political structure
and its ideals (public in the name of private and vice versa) remained
enduring values in the civil community. We are aware of the processes
which took place in historically observable period of time and con-
261
cemed many spheres of economical, cultural and political life, but not
the nature of the community itself.
2. During the I-VIII centuries as a result of Turkic and then Ara-
bic conquests in Dagestan the municipal structure in the coastal area
was dissoluted and the political system brought by the nomad culture
was synthesized with the local one. Later in the Upland Dagestan ( the
X-XV centuries) backward processes took place when small villages
(20 to 60 houses) consolidated into big auls, some of them reaching the
size of medieval towns (up to 1500 and more houses), with urban ter-
rain (district division, central square, water reservoirs, common defen-
sive works) based on traditional political principles of internal self-
government in the form of political federations, occasionally preceded
by feudal sovereigns with limited power.
3. Jamaat communities having entered the unions established the
whole systems or associations of so called «republics» (according to
pre-revolutionary and partly modem historiographic classification)
known as «free communities». Almost all the communities (societies)
except for certain ones, entirely feudal and governed by feudals, proved
to be embraced with these unions which were not temporary or mo-
mentary, easily disintegrating and folding (though it used to happen to
frontier interallied unions), they were consistent, solid, smoothly knitted
on the basis and on terms of commonness of territory possessions and
observing community law, codified specifically for the whole federa-
tion of «free communities» in general and for each of the unions, and
also particularly for communities which set up the unions.
4. Territory possessions of each jamaat composing the union
were clearly distinguished. Territories of «free communities» were
marked by the borders recorded in written documents and fixed in the
collective memory, oral legends reflected the ground for the right of
possession etc. A sort of territorial law was established in the commu-
nity unions; the interesting detail was that extra-territoriality of people
and possession was fixed by adat and strictly observed which provided
safety of inland transportation that was extremely necessary under the
conditions of disunity of political polystructural system links. Adminis-
trative and territory division as well as other social-political and legal
principles.of interconnection of «free communities» had traits of federa-
tive and sometimes confederative organization.
5. The economic basis of the community established in the Upland
Dagestan was multisectoral economy: agriculture, gardening and cattle
breeding. Economical pattern created by the activity of the community
(especially a complex of ploughs, haylands and farm yard system) had
262
an exclusive structural impact on the community itself. Legal and
standard regulation of economical activity, order of agricultural area
operation reached high practical rates which was the result of millenary
struggle for optimization of economical organization under the condi-
tions of agricultural over-population. An important part in the fate of
communities was assigned to such a form of agricultural intensification
as terracing which embraces the whole agricultural system of Upland
Dagestan, modified agricultural relations and subsequently its social
structure acting as a basis for the community of «atomic» possessors as
opposed to agricultural or primary community. A community based on
private property had different structural connections and solidity in-
comparable with other forms. The community developed into society,
sometimes integrating feudal forms as well by including feudals among
the governing social class inside the community and preventing any
over-community power and over-community government institutions;
such a community existed in the association of similar communities, it
was included into extensive federative political systems, being its minor
links but not its lower units.
6. Social relations in the community were characterized with social
stratum, private landed property of the community members and
simultaneously co-ownership of communal property by every member
as a condition of the communal membership. Stability and constancy of
marriages were also typical of jammaats (communities), that was
strictly dictated by the law prohibiting to rezone landed property, and
that is inevitable when a person, a land owner, moves to another
community after marriage.
7. The administrative management and power organization were of
one type but had two varieties. In communities consisting of small
settlements, scattered on a large territory, political management was
performed by nobility heritably. In this case there was a separate
political centre of a free community, where the power was
concentrated. Urbanized communities and their unions were
characterized with “ democratic” principals (annual elections, rulers’
change) and federative type of communities unions ( free communities)
Gidatl, Andalal, Andia, Koisubulu and etc.
The judicial power belonged to rulers and the olders alongside
with quadis ( judges). Legislation and control was realized by the
olders’ council, who were representatives of tukhums and quarters for
the life term without elections. They had also the right to call the
people’s meeting — the supreme authority. They elected rulers
«nlyxIGn», quadis, officers «rlenari», “mediator” between the people
263
and rulers, a herald «MaHryiu», a fields guard, a water distributor, a
treasurer annually. The olders’ council also appointed a military
commander «ueBex^aH».
The public power was simplified, it was performed as a civil duty (
non-willing to be elected as rulers were forced, in case of refusal they
were strictly fined), the position was not paid, though certain privileges
were granted (deliverance from social works and etc.) In all cases large
and noble tukhums had more power and influence, they managed affairs
and imposed their will to the society.
8. A special place in social structure was taken by tukhums, who
composed the ruling (feudal or usden) part of the community. Rightless
rayats’ or lags5 parts of the community before their liberation in the
middle of the XIX th century as well as newcomers didn’t have the right
to form their own tukhums. The tukhum division is more a structural
element of the conservative community than a relic of a clan system.
The tukhums division of the Dagestani community is a phenomenon
different from the Norh- Caucasian teip devision. Unlike North-
Caucasian families tukhums were not exogamous and extended, they
were cut by communities and therefore numerous. The father’s line as
a condition to belong to a tukhum (alongside with getting a membership
by joining a tukhum) was complemented by the kinship of the woman’s
line from another tukhum, thus making cross lines of kinship
throughout all the community, but strictly in corresponding stratums.
The executive and regulating functions of tukhums were so exhaustive
in the spheres of criminal, family and adat law, that official executives
were mostly engaged in economy and political life. Besides executive
functions tukhums and their quarters had a right to set up their
representatives to the olders’ council.
The collapse of the tukhum system would result in public power
strengthening, concentration of public treasures in rulers’ hands and
etc.
9. The unique socio-political organization of Dagestan with its
self-sufficient communities, entirely self-contained as polices (the first
stage) or organized as free societies (the second stage), as federations
of free societies (Akusha-Dargo), sometimes with the khan’s,
feudal’s, but limited power (the third stage) and, finally, as unions of
free societies federations with the external law (the fourth stage),
broken by permanent commitments and agreements existing
throughout Upland Dagestan, has attracted t researchers’ attention for
two centuries already.
264
Jamaat, if it dealt with others, was not entirely self-sufficient
socio-political system (except for individual cases); the sovereignty of
the individual jamaat was realized through the union, i.e. free society ,
in which it was a member on equal, federal basis. On this next level
the process of cultural and linguistic differentiation among individual
political entities was exacerbated to the complete ethnographic effect.
In other words, a deep and prolonged state of political fragmentation of
individual jamaats, sometimes with the smallest (one village) units —
was the main cause of ethno-cultural division of Dagestani society.
If every political entity, small or large, became individually a field
of ethnic integration, as a unit it was a fie Idsof ethnic differentiation.
The depth of ethnic differentiation was equivalent to the level of
autonomy or to the position of each of the units of the political system
outlined above — a kind of a correction principle, that we just state here,
came into action.
10. Ethnocultural processes in polystructural political system ran
segmented, both as a dual process of integration and differentiation:
integration embraced the whole system; differentiation could be seen in
each of the units and parts of the overall political system. In that
system, open to deep cultural interaction, the culture was modified in
parts of the system, creating not different, but distinct types of cultures
in each of them.
The age-old mysteiy of the Caucuses studies, i.e. ethno-linguistic
pluralism in Dagestan, finds its explanation in the ethnogenesis that
followed the politogenesis as a phenomenon of cultural reaction to the
forms of political organization of the society.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Aglarov, Mamajchan Aglarovič 1935-2017 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170778843 |
| author_facet | Aglarov, Mamajchan Aglarovič 1935-2017 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Aglarov, Mamajchan Aglarovič 1935-2017 |
| author_variant | m a a ma maa |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042725682 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)952631391 (DE-599)BVBBV042725682 |
| edition | Vtoroe izdanie, dopolnennoe |
| era | Geschichte 1600-18XX gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-18XX |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Dagestan (DE-588)4070193-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dagestan |
| id | DE-604.BV042725682 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:08:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028156799 |
| oclc_num | 952631391 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 287 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Izdatelʹstvo "Nauka - Dagestan" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Aglarov, Mamajchan Aglarovič 1935-2017 Verfasser (DE-588)170778843 aut Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) Aglarov, M.A. Vtoroe izdanie, dopolnennoe Machačkala Izdatelʹstvo "Nauka - Dagestan" 2014 287 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text russisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1600-18XX gnd rswk-swf Obschtschina (DE-588)4172329-6 gnd rswk-swf Dagestan (DE-588)4070193-1 gnd rswk-swf Dagestan (DE-588)4070193-1 g Obschtschina (DE-588)4172329-6 s Geschichte 1600-18XX z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028156799&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028156799&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Aglarov, Mamajchan Aglarovič 1935-2017 Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) Obschtschina (DE-588)4172329-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4172329-6 (DE-588)4070193-1 |
| title | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) |
| title_auth | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) |
| title_exact_search | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) |
| title_full | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) Aglarov, M.A. |
| title_fullStr | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) Aglarov, M.A. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) Aglarov, M.A. |
| title_short | Selʹskaja obščina v Nagornom Dagestane v XVII-načale XIX v. |
| title_sort | selʹskaja obscina v nagornom dagestane v xvii nacale xix v issledovanie vzaimootnosenija form chozjajstva socialʹnych strukturu i etnosa |
| title_sub | (issledovanie vzaimootnošenija form chozjajstva, socialʹnych strukturu i ėtnosa) |
| topic | Obschtschina (DE-588)4172329-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Obschtschina Dagestan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028156799&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028156799&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aglarovmamajchanaglarovic selʹskajaobscinavnagornomdagestanevxviinacalexixvissledovanievzaimootnosenijaformchozjajstvasocialʹnychstrukturuietnosa |