Introduction to spintronics:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2016]
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| Edition: | Second edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xxi, 636 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781482255560 1482255561 |
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MARC
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| adam_text | SECOND EDITION
Introduction to
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Marc Cahay
CRC Press
Taylor amp; Francis Group
Boca Raton London NewYork
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor amp; Francis Croup, an informa business
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Early History of Spin 1
1 1 Spin 1
1 2 Bohr planetary model and space quantization 3
1 3 Birth of “spin” 4
1 4 The Stern-Gerlach experiment 6
1 5 Advent of spintronics 9
1 6 Problems 10
1 7 References 14
2 Quantum Mechanics of Spin 17
2 1 Pauli spin matrices 19
211 Eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices: Spinors 22
2 2 The Pauli equation and spinors 23
2 3 More on the Pauli equation 25
2 4 Extending the Pauli equation - the Dirac equation 26
241 Connection to Einstein’s relativistic equation 30
2 5 Time-independent Dirac equation 30
251 Non-relativistic approximation to the Dirac equation 31
252 Relationship between the non-relativistic approxima-
tion to the Dirac equation and the Pauli equation 32
2 6 Problems 34
2 7 Appendix 37
271 Working with spin operators 37
272 Two useful theorems 38
273 Applications of the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
to a few spin problems 40
274 The Heisenberg principle for spin components 43
2 8 References 44
3 Bloch Sphere 45
3 1 Spinor and “qubit” 45
3 2 Bloch sphere concept 47
321 Preliminaries 47
vii
Contents
viii
322 Connection between the Bloch sphere concept and the
classical interpretation of the spin of an electron 50
323 Relationship with qubit 51
324 Special spinors 53
325 Spin flip matrix 54
326 Excursions on the Bloch sphere: Pauli matrices revis-
ited 54
3 3 Problems 58
3 4 References 63
4 Evolution of a Spinor on the Bloch Sphere 65
4 1 Spin-1/2 particle in a constant magnetic field: Larmor preces-
sion 65
411 Rotation on the Bloch sphere 67
4 2 Preparing to derive the Rabi formula 69
4 3 Rabi formula 74
431 Spin flip time 77
4 4 Problems 87
4 5 References 89
5 The Density Matrix 91
5 1 Density matrix concept: Case of a pure state 91
5 2 Properties of the density matrix 92
5 3 Pure versus mixed state 96
5 4 Concept of the Bloch ball 99
5 5 Time evolution of the density matrix: Case of mixed state 101
5 6 Relaxation times Ti and T2 and the Bloch equations 105
5 7 Problems 118
5 8 References 129
6 Spin-Orbit Interaction 131
6 1 Microscopic or intrinsic spin-orbit interaction in an atom 132
6 2 Macroscopic or extrinsic spin-orbit interaction 135
621 Rashba interaction 136
622 Dresselhaus interaction 139
6 3 Problems 141
6 4 References 144
7 Magneto-Electric Subbands in Quantum Confined Structures
in the Presence of Spin—Orbit Interaction 147
7 1 Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands
and eigenspinors in a two-dimensional electron gas in the pres-
ence of spin-orbit interaction 147
711 Magnetic field in the plane of the 2-DEG 151
Contents
ix
712 Magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the 2-
DEG 161
7 2 Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands
and eigenspinors in a one-dimensional electron gas in the pres-
ence of spin-orbit interaction 162
721 Magnetic field directed along the wire axis (x-axis) 162
722 Spin components 165
723 Magnetic field perpendicular to wire axis and along
the electric field causing Rashba effect (i e , along y-
axis) 170
724 Spin components 175
7 3 Magnetic field perpendicular to the wire axis and the electric
field causing the Rashba effect (i e , along the z-axis) 177
731 Spin components 179
732 Special case 179
7 4 Eigenenergies of spin resolved subbands and eigenspinors in a
quantum dot in the presence of spin-orbit interaction 180
7 5 Why are the dispersion relations important? 185
7 6 Problems 186
7 7 References 192
8 Spin Relaxation 195
8 1 Spin-independent spin-orbit magnetic field 197
8 2 Spin relaxation mechanisms 200
821 Elliott-Yafet mechanism 200
822 D’yakonov PereF mechanism 203
823B ir-Aronov-Pikus mechanism 211
824 Hyperfine interactions with nuclear spins 212
8 3 Spin relaxation in a quantum dot 212
831 Longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation times in
a quantum dot 215
8 4 Problems 220
8 5 References 230
9 Some Spin Phenomena 235
9 1 The Spin Hall effect 235
911 The intrinsic Spin Hall effect 241
9 2 The Spin Galvanic effect 253
9 3 The Spin Capacitor 257
9 4 The Spin Transfer Torque 262
9 5 The Spin Hanle effect 264
9 6 The Spin Seebeck effect 266
9 7 The Spin Peltier effect 268
9 8 Problems 268
9 9 References 271
X
Contents
10 Exchange Interaction 277
10 1 Identical particles and the Pauli exclusion principle 277
10 1 1 The helium atom 278
10 1 2 The Heitler-London model of the hydrogen molecule 287
10 2 Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations 290
10 3 The role of exchange in ferromagnetism 292
10 3 1 The Bloch model of ferromagnetism 292
10 3 2 The Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism 293
10 4 The Heisenberg Hamiltonian 294
10 5 Problems 295
10 6 References 299
11 Spin Transport in Solids 301
11 1 The drift-diffusion model 301
11 1 1 Derivation of the simplified steady-state spin drift-
diffusion equation 305
11 2 The semiclassical model 309
11 2 1 Spin transport in a quantum wire: Monte Carlo sim-
ulation 310
11 2 2 Monte Carlo simulation 311
11 2 3 Specific examples: Temporal decay of spin polariza-
tion 312
11 2 4 Specific examples: Spatial decay of spin polarization 313
11 2 5 Upstream transport 313
11 3 Concluding remarks 317
11 4 Problems 319
11 5 References 319
12 Passive Spintronic Devices and Related Concepts 321
12 1 Spin valve 321
12 2 Spin injection efficiency 323
12 2 1 Stoner-Wohlfarth model of a ferromagnet 324
12 22A simple two-resistor model to understand the spin
valve 328
12 2 3 More advanced treatment of the spin valve 331
12 24A transfer matrix model 338
12 2 5 Application of the Julliere formula to extract the spin
diffusion length in a paramagnet from spin valve ex-
periments 353
12 2 6 Spin valve experiments 354
12 3 Hysteresis in spin valve magnetoresistance 354
12 4 Giant magnetoresistance 360
12 4 1 Applications of the spin valve and GMR effects 361
12 5 Spin accumulation 366
12 6 Spin injection across a ferromagnet/metal interface 371
Contents
xi
12 7 Spin injection in a spin valve 376
12 8 Spin extraction at the interface between a ferromagnet and a
semiconductor 382
12 9 Problems 386
12 10 References 391
13 Active Devices Based on Spin and Charge 395
13 1 Spin-based transistors 395
13 2 Spin field effect transistors (SPINFET) 396
13 2 1 Particle viewpoint 398
13 2 2 Wave viewpoint 400
13 2 3 Effect of scattering on the Datta-Das SPINFET 402
13 2 4 Transfer characteristic of the Datta-Das transistor 403
13 2 5 Sub-threshold slope 405
13 2 6 Effect of non-idealities 407
13 2 7 The quantum well SPINFET 410
13 3 Analysis of the two-dimensional SPINFET 411
13 3 1 SPINFET based on the Dresselhaus spin-orbit inter-
action 417
13 4 Device performance of SPINFETs 419
13 4 1 Comparison between MISFET and SPINFET 422
13 4 2 Comparison between HEMT and SPINFET 423
13 5 Power dissipation estimates 425
13 6 Other types of SPINFETs 426
13 6 1 Non-ballistic SPINFET 426
13 6 2 Spin relaxation transistor 429
13 7 Importance of spin injection efficiency 432
13 8 Transconductance, gain, bandwidth, and isolation 435
13 8 1 Silicon SPINFETs 437
13 9 Spin Bipolar Junction Transistors (SBJT) 438
13 10 GMR-based transistors 439
13 10 1 All-metal spin transistor 440
13 10 2 Spin valve transistor 440
13 11 Concluding remarks 446
13 12 Problems 447
13 13 References 449
14 All-Electric spintronics with Quantum Point Contacts 453
14 1 Quantum point contacts 453
14 2 Recent experimental results with QPCs and QDs 456
14 3 Spin-orbit coupling 459
14 4 Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) 460
14 5 Lateral spin-orbit coupling (LSOC) 462
14 6 Stern-Gerlach type spatial spin separation in a QPC structure 465
14 7 Detection of spin polarization 466
Contents
xii
14 8 Observation of a05 Go conductance plateau in asymmetri-
cally biased QPCs with in-plane side gates 468
14 9 Prospect for generation of spin-polarized current at higher
temperatures 472
14 10 Prospect for an all-electric SpinFET 473
14 11 Conclusion 475
14 12 Problems 475
14 13 References 480
15 Single Spin Processors 485
15 1 Single spintronics 485
15 1 1 Bit stability and fidelity 486
15 2 Reading and writing single spin 487
15 3 Single spin logic 488
15 3 1 SSL NAND gate 488
15 3 2 Input-dependent ground states of the NAND gate 489
15 3 3 Ground state computing with spins 498
15 4 Energy dissipation issues 505
15 4 1 Energy dissipated in the gate during switching 505
15 4 2 Energy dissipated in the clocking circuit 509
15 5 Comparison between spin transistors and
single-spin-processors 509
15 6 Concluding remarks 510
15 7 Problems 511
15 8 References 513
16 Quantum Computing with Spins 517
16 1 Quantum inverter 517
16 2 Can the NAND gate be switched without dissipating energy? 522
16 3 Universal reversible gate: Toffoli-Fredkin gate 527
16 3 1 Dynamics of the T-F gate 529
16 4 A-matrix 529
16 5 Quantum gates 530
16 5 1 The strange nature of true quantum gates: The “square
root of NOT” gate 530
16 6 Qubits 532
16 7 Superposition states 534
16 8 Quantum parallelism 536
16 9 Universal quantum gates 537
16 9 1 Two-qubit universal quantum gates 538
16 10 A 2-qubit “spintronic” universal quantum gate 538
16 10 1 Silicon quantum computer based on nuclear spins 539
16 10 2 Quantum dot-based spintronic model of universal quan-
tum gate 540
16 11 Conclusion 542
Contents
xiii
16 12 Problems 543
16 13 References 545
17 Nanomagnetic Logic: Computing with Giant Classical
Spins 549
17 1 Nanomagnetic logic and Bennett clocking 553
17 2 Why nanomagnetism? 561
17 2 1 All-spin logic 562
17 2 2 Magneto-elastic magneto-tunneling junction logic 566
17 3 Problems 569
17 4 References 572
18 A Brief Quantum Mechanics Primer 577
18 1 Blackbody radiation and quantization of electromagnetic en-
ergy 577
18 1 1 Blackbody radiation 577
18 2 Concept of the photon 578
18 3 Wave-particle duality and the De Broglie wavelength 581
18 4 Postulates of quantum mechanics 584
18 4 1 Interpretation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle 590
18 4 2 Time evolution of expectation values: Ehrenfest
theorem 593
18 5 Some elements of semiconductor physics: Particular applica-
tions in nanostructures 595
18 5 1 Density of states: Bulk (3-D) to quantum dot (0-D) 595
18 6 Rayleigh-Ritz variational procedure 609
18 7 The transfer matrix formalism 614
18 7 1 Linearly independent solutions of the Schrödinger equa-
tion 615
18 7 2 Concept of Wronskian 616
18 7 3 Concept of transfer matrix 617
18 7 4 Cascading rule for transfer matrices 617
18 8 Peierls’ transformation 622
18 9 Problem 624
18 10 References 625
Index
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo Cahay, Marc |
| author_facet | Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo Cahay, Marc |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo |
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| bvnumber | BV042723530 |
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| discipline | Physik |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo aut Introduction to spintronics Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, Marc Cahay Second edition Boca Raton CRC Press [2016] © 2016 xxi, 636 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Spintronik (DE-588)7755384-6 gnd rswk-swf Magnetoelektronik (DE-588)4532095-0 gnd rswk-swf Magnetoelektronik (DE-588)4532095-0 s DE-604 Spintronik (DE-588)7755384-6 s Cahay, Marc aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028154683&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo Cahay, Marc Introduction to spintronics Spintronik (DE-588)7755384-6 gnd Magnetoelektronik (DE-588)4532095-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7755384-6 (DE-588)4532095-0 |
| title | Introduction to spintronics |
| title_auth | Introduction to spintronics |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to spintronics |
| title_full | Introduction to spintronics Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, Marc Cahay |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to spintronics Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, Marc Cahay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to spintronics Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, Marc Cahay |
| title_short | Introduction to spintronics |
| title_sort | introduction to spintronics |
| topic | Spintronik (DE-588)7755384-6 gnd Magnetoelektronik (DE-588)4532095-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spintronik Magnetoelektronik |
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