Religion in a secular context: Balkan projections
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sofia
Paradigma
2015
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 261 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789543262472 |
Staff View
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Conclusion
The analysis do not provide sufficient grounds for drawing a
categorical dividing line between European countries as regards the
processes and trends in religions and Churches within the contempo-
rary secular context. Together with this, there are differences within
the group itself of the post-communist Balkan countries, distinctions
that can hardly be accounted for by purely religious or confessional
factors.
The relationships between religion, state and politics assume
a variety of forms and manifestations in social-geographical space;
they change over historical time in ways dependent on the fundamen-
tal specificity of the society and culture in which they are formed.
As concerns developments in the 20th and early 21st century within
these complex relationships, the state’s “ontological primacy” has
been established, and the political factor tends to cross over into the
sphere of religion with growing aggressiveness and without “asking
for admittance”. In some societies, this penetration meets with some
resistance; in others, with well-calculated hospitality.
“Ontological primacy” of the state over the religion and church
during the secular 20th century (Zylberberg 1990: 93) and in the pres-
ence defines the tendency for each European country, not subject to
the form of the government ֊ democracy, totalitarianism, welfare
states etc. The “project” of the state, not subject to being called “a
dialogue”, “interaction”, dictate, “protectionism”, “ethnical manage-
ment” etc., is to control the social positions of the church, to instru-
mentalize it for its own purpose or to marginalize it. In democratic
regimes, it is realized through democratic means - legislation, con-
sensus; in totalitarian regimes - both with violence and compulsion.
The “revival” of religiousness in the contemporary Balkan
countries in the secular context of the post-totalitarian regimes is a
rather complex phenomenon, and to all appearances it will follow
some of the basic tendencies in contemporary religiousness in West-
ern countries.
259
Religion in a Secular Context: Balkan Projections
Although they have many common socio-cultural features, the
Balkan countries are separated by important economic, political, and
cultural differences, which led to the formation of their national states
in the 19th and 20th century. Their common Orthodox creed where pre-
vails not only failed to harmonize relations between these states, but
became a spiritual and ideological cause for rivalry during the centuries
֊ at various times Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Rumania have competed
for leadership as the center of “Orthodox” statehood. There are many
spiritual and moral features ascribed to Orthodoxy that are due rather
to national mentality, to ethnic paternalistic communitarian traditions,
which “Orthodoxy” has adapted to rather than initiated. The close link
between Orthodoxy and the national statehood in all Orthodox coun-
tries was destroyed at the time of the totalitarian regimes (except in
Greece) and Orthodoxy lost much of its social support.
The secular dimension of the “religious radicalization” in Eu-
rope (including Balkans) is very important. The analysis should go
beyond the confessional façade of the problem and look for the deep-
er causes of religious radicalization in the main confessions that de-
termine the possible conflict field. Religious mobilization and opposi-
tion based on confessional differences is to a great degree a directed
and manipulated process, the deeper roots of which are to be sought
elsewhere. The confessional cleavage masks and “falsifies” deeper
cleavages, those between poverty and wealth, between the “socialist”
and “capitalist” stereotype in thought and action; between the differ-
ent life styles and work styles of separate ethnic groups, etc.
Every action of the group or individual, carried out in the name
of the faith, but with means that contradict the pathos and ethos of
the Holy books, tends to deeply erode the spirit and public image
of religion. In fact such an action, viewed from a perspective inter-
nal to religion, cannot be considered religiously motivated at all. In
religion-motivated conflict situations, opposing parties de-sacralize
their Sacred Books as their acts contradict the books' moral content.
Over many centuries philosophers, writers, humanists have
tried to break down the aggressive emotional potential which lies in
260
Conclusion
otherness based on religion, race, ethnicity. Voltaire, Kant, Sartre,
Semyon Frank, Gabriel Marcel, Martin Buber, Berdyaev, Emanuel
Levinas, Gibran and many others have used the resources of reason,
of the moral imperative in order to sacralize the element that unites
people into “us”, into “you and I”. They have looked for such resourc-
es in universal definitions: culture, reason, individuality, creativity,
love. Many have tried to represent religion and God as a common
heritage of humanity. Arnold Toynbee dreamed of the time (of glo-
balization) when mutual understanding, the unity of people would be
inspired by a shared faith in one God; he expected that the unification
of a divided God would lead to the unification of divided civiliza-
tions, nations, states. Other philosophers have been more skeptical —
they have believed that human nature was hardly amenable to change,
constantly reproducing hatred, envy, aggression towards others. Ac-
cording to Kant the cause of the ineradicable vices lies in the initial
inclination of human nature to evaluate one’s own happiness or un-
happiness only through comparison with others: what is lacking is an
autonomous center of self-esteem and self-confidence.
Without sharing either the skeptical or the Utopian views on
the issue, I believe that God is created and is present wherever there
is an act of surmounting the personal ego, be it through gesture, cre-
ation, love, compassion, when a person surmounts his limited self
and transience in time and space, and becomes part of the tissue of
universal, of global culture. But this trait of community cannot be
structured or institutionalized, cannot be defined in terms of concrete
religious creeds, which divide as much as they unite especially in the
time of globalization. Thus the presence of the Absolute is perceptible
in a soul and in an act imbued with harmony, calm, acceptance, love;
the absence of these is marked by aggression, hatred, rejection. And
such attitudes, whether endowments or faults, are always personal.
Translation of the main parts of the book from Bulgarian
by Vladimir Vladov
261
Contents
Introduction / 7
Acknowledgment /13
Chapter L Religion - Essence and Historical Forms:
Methodological Matrix of the Study /15
I. Models and Approaches of the Knowledge of Religion
and Religions, Relevant to the Study /17
II. Religion and Human Essence: Philosophical-Anthropological
View / 28
Chapter 2. Byzantine Christianity and Local Identities:
Historical Dimensions and Archetypes /51
I. Jesus Christ-Emperor: the Transcendent Foundations
of Power / 53
II. “Nationalization” of the Byzantine Christianity on the Balkans:
From Eschatology to Reality / 63
Chapter 3. The European Secular States: Differences and Similarities.
Are There Two Europes? /81
I. The Principle of the Secular State / 83
II. Religion, State, Religious Diversity. “Ontological” Primacy
of the State Over Religion and Church as a European Trend
(A Virtual Debate) /91
III. The Religious “Revival” in the Post-Communist (Balkan)
Countries /111
Chapter 4. Construction and Destruction of the Nation-State
Projects on the Balkans: the Role of Religion. Modern
Transformations of the Historical Archetypes /125
L Orthodoxy and the National Idea on the Balkans. Conceptual
Framework /127
II. Religion, Historical Myths and Changing Identities on the Balkans:
Retrospective and Prospective / 164
Chapter 5. Religion and Society in Bulgaria. Historical Stages
and Modern Transformations / 193
I. State-Church Relations in Bulgaria: Historical Dimensions / 195
II. The Contemporary Political Processes, Religions and
the Bulgarian Orthodox Church / 207
III. The Bulgarian Situation of Religious Education in School / 230
Conclusion / 259 |
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| spelling | Bogomilova, Nonka 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1075558670 aut Religion in a secular context Balkan projections Nonka Bogomilova 1. ed. Sofia Paradigma 2015 261 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 s DE-604 Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028154031&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028154031&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4463409-2 (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4008866-2 (DE-588)4058449-5 |
| title | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections |
| title_auth | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections |
| title_exact_search | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections |
| title_full | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections Nonka Bogomilova |
| title_fullStr | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections Nonka Bogomilova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Religion in a secular context Balkan projections Nonka Bogomilova |
| title_short | Religion in a secular context |
| title_sort | religion in a secular context balkan projections |
| title_sub | Balkan projections |
| topic | Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Säkularismus Religion Bulgarien Südosteuropa |
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