Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna: Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.)
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Toruń
Oficyna Wydawnicza Kucharski
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Common history or separate? Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 380 s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788364232053 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
Maria Barbara Topolska
Common history or separate?
Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians
֊ historic relation (XV-XX century)
Summary
The aim of this paper is to elucidate the multiple reasons and effects
of the mutual relations with our Eastern neighbours. The 20-th century,
which was an enormously difficult time in the history of Middle East Eu-
rope, was also an unfavourable period for finding links between the na-
tions. Both, our neighbours and we neglected to seek what we shared in
the past, and that was the main obstacle to the strengthening of national
identities and the emergence of national states since the end of the nine-
teenth century, as they were threatened by the possessiveness and the ag-
gression of Soviet Russia and Germans.
For over a hundred years, since the moment of the nations’ revival,
Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine have been developing their own
history. Every nation wants to immortalize its state. How do multinational
and multi-ethnic states accomplish it, their history being so complicated?
There is a lot to be explained, especially in the times of positive transfor-
mations in Europe at the beginning the 21-st century.
In the form of 10 essays, the author, Senior Professor of Zielona Göra
University (the doctorate and habilitation at Adam Mickiewicz University,
Poznan), describes the social and cultural changes on these territories as
part of the western civilization, which are the least known in contempo-
rary historiography and to the general public.
The last essay - X (being also the conclusion) shows the causes and
effects of significant dissonances between Poland and the newly formed
states and societies in the 20-th and 21-st centuries. Largely these are ef-
357
fects of the historical policy blocking the memory of the common civili-
zational achievements, following Western Europe and deepening mutual
animosity in the times of regaining independence.
Themes raised in the book explain the difficulties in mutual ac-
quaintance and understanding of the inheritors to the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, and from the Lublin Union (1569) - Republic both of Nations.
They were both exploited during the period of the Partitions of Poland
(largely within the Russian rather than Austro-Hungarian Empire) and
in the 20-th century deprived of their national identity as well as treated
instrumentally by historians and writers with the aim of recovering the
sovereignty from the middle of the 19th century. The imperialist policies
of the three powers led to changing borders, two great wars and their un-
fair results, destruction of the ideas, nations and ethnic groups, as well as
their common tradition.
This book is needful, especially for students and teachers of all kinds
of schools. The author makes a lot of effort to show the beginnings, de-
velopment and destruction of the cultural community, common creation
of the nation and religions on this territory, culturally so different from
Russia.
The harmonious course of these processes shows in the tsarist cen-
sus of the Empire from 1897 - randomly presented in historiography, in
which the following ethnic groups considered their ethnic language to
be the native language: 45% of Lithuanians and Samogitians, about 65%
of Belarussians and about 75% of Ukrainians. Those considering Polish
their native language according to the census requirements, (scattered
but mostly - about 8-10 % - in Lithuanian-Belarussian areas) constituted
about 4.5% of the whole population of both sexes in 9 provinces taken by
Russia. (Essay III).
This data alone explains disputes on the effects of the polonization.
It advanced slowly along with the inflow of West European influence on
the Polish language, which was the public language, beside popular Ru-
thenian, whereas from 1697 on, with the resolution of the Sejm, it took
over the function of the official language in the multi-ethnic large state.
It is not only an effect of the inflow of the population from the province
of the Polish Crown, but accepting bi- or tri-lingualism by Samogitians,
58
Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Even today Lithuanian or
Ukrainian historians refer to the inhabiting gentry as “Poles” - which is
supplemented with: “and the polonized autochthons of all nationalities
and religions”.
Other, arguable issues from the past are: underestimating the cultural
tradition of The Grand Duchy of Kiev, Samogitia, or writings in Cyrillic
alphabet; the role of the Polish language (Topolska 1984, 2002, 2009); un-
derestimating both the value of the foreign culture as well as national cul-
ture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Ruthenian land of the
Polish Crown; unilateral understanding by our neighbours of the Polish
borderlands tradition and elements of the culture developed, as a result of
the mixing of cultures. It is work not only of Poles, but also Lithuanians,
Belarussians, Ukrainians, Samogitians, Latvians, German burgesses, Tar-
tar landowners, even Jews (baptized) etc.
Essay I links the subject matter of cultural community of the four
states, nationalities and many religions with the inception of Europe on
ruins of the Roman Empire and its expansion to the East. The civilization
phenomenon of Central East Europe - the borderland of Roman Catholic
Church is emphasized in essay II. It is Lithuanians who deserve a credit
for forming the cultural model so different from Grand Duchy of Moscow.
The founders of the country stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea
had believed, since the XIII century, in the relations with Roman Catholic
Europe and since times of the king of the Mindaugas (1251), had made
a few attempts to bring Christianity.
About 90% of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was oc-
cupied by Orthodox Ruthenians, and in the East The Grand Duchy of
Moscow grew more and more powerful. The cultural change, which began
with the Union of Krewo (1385) and the Baptism, took place owing to
Władysław Jagiełło and his governor Grand Duke Witold. The bounda-
ries of Roman Catholicism shifted to the borders of Dniepr and Daugava
(Dźwina), The arrival of the Jesuits at the end of XVI century increased
the pace of this shift. In 1772 there were about 560 parish churches in the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and about 750 on the Ruthenian land of the
Crown as well as 300 and 330 monasteries respectively. Simultaneously
the number of Orthodox churches decreased substantially (only about
359
500 were left out of a dozen thousand), and Greek Catholic Church spread
widely in native languages of Belarusians and Ukrainians: in 1772 there
were 1350 parishes on the land of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and
about 8100 on the Ruthenian land of the Crown. (Essay IV).
These changes, despite the aggression of the State of Moscow (turn
of XV and XVI century) and after the year 1648 (the outbreak of a Cos-
sack uprising, onslaught of the Russian army, and destruction of land and
people (until 1667 - the takeover of the near-Dniepr land by the Tsar of
Aleksy Michajlowicz Romanow), resulted in the development of educa-
tion following the western model not only in the Catholic Church but
especially in national languages, including Polish in the Greek Catholic
Church. (Essay V). After partitions of Poland, an Imperial Vilnius School
Circuit (5 grammar schools, 25 secondary schools, 50 monastic and 254
elementary schools with Polish being the lecture tongue) became a symbol
of the Western civilization with Polish nationality dominating. The Circuit
was made on the basis of the school network (until 1773 Jesuit and then of
Committee of the National Education) with the permission of Tsar of Al-
exander I. Five Jesuit Colleges in Belarus and one in Daugavpils (Dyneb-
urg), left by Catherine II, Paul I and Alexander I before 1820 served the
educational needs in Russia. Similar to Vilnius, first Russian districts were
created: Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tartu, Kazan. After the liquidation
of the Vilnius district after the defeat of the November Uprising (1830 /
1831), based on the resources of the known in Europe secondary school in
Kremenets (Krzemieniec), another University of Kiev was created.
Essay VI reflects transformations of the multi-ethnic writing and
printing in the most often chosen language - Polish, particularly visible
in the period of the Partitions of Poland. Writing in national languages be-
came more frequent from XVIII century. After the third Partition (1795)
the creations of writers and teachers in the Polish language for Lithua-
nians, Belarussians, Ukrainians and Poles made their national identity
more visible from the middle of the XIX century. Poles and polonized per-
sons, educated in Russian and West-European colleges contributed to the
process of technical modernization mainly in Russia, but also worldwide
(railways, bridges, factories, discovering new lands and people etc.). The
authors of the discussed land created memorable works in the Polish lan-
360
guage during the Romantic and then Positivistic period. From the times
of Wincenty Pol, the phenomenon of the “borderland” (Kresy) literature
in Polish dominated the feeling of Polishness on this land and until today
disagreement continues between Poland and its eastern neighbours.
Deliberations about ethnic structure and the national awareness of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Ruthenian Land of the Crown as
well as the change in this respect in the 19-th century - until 17 Septem-
ber 1939, are an innovative depiction in this book (Essay III and VIII). It
shows contribution of many Poles, coming from various ethnic and reli-
gious backgrounds, including the numerous (after the Lublin Union in
1569) Poles from the province of the Crown as well as Catholic and Prot-
estant clergymen and authors from many fields from Western European
countries. Essay VIII illustrates long standing settlement of Lithuanians,
Belarusians and Ukrainians till the end of Partitions; forming of their na-
tional awareness from the end of the 19-th century, and the inception of
national states. It also shows the tragedy of Byelarussians and Ukrainians
after the First World War as a result of losing the statehood and the distri-
bution of their territories between Soviets and the II Republic of Poland.
Not until the beginning of the 21-st century did younger Belarus-
sian historians admit that Belarusians (annihilated in the USSR) survived
because part of their people were saved in the II Republic of Poland. Also
some Ukrainian historians have recently realized this fact, however they
are more likely to admit this to have happened in the Austrian Partition
territory, where tolerance was bigger.
Similarly, until today, Polish historiographers have been underesti-
mating the contribution of Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian authors
writing in Latin, Polish, and in national languages, not distinguishing
servicemen and commanders of many nationalities (e.g. Tartars in 18th
and the 19th century). It also regards little-known area of research from
the scope of the sacred and secular architecture. Essay IX points at the
permanence of civilization border with Russia and influences crossing it.
Our neighbours only recently have valued the treasures of architecture
and art, especially from the baroque period and the contribution of their
foreign authors: Poles, Italians, Germans, representatives of autochthons
and other. Many monuments (churches and Greek Catholic churches as
361
well as castles and residences of aristocracy and gentry) were destroyed.
However, the European past of the discussed land is unquestionable, e.g.
the famous in Europe “Vilnius baroque” accomplishments - churches,
Greek Catholic and Orthodox churches.
This book may provoke a discussion concerning the mentioned, dif-
ficult subjects concerning the past. But also subjects from the period after
1989, like the situation of the Polish minority in Lithuania - since the
interwar period still referred to as polonized Lithuanians, losing by them
Vilnius and the Vilnius region in 1920. It resulted in 4-year negotiations
concerning mutual neighbourly relationships between Poland and Lithua-
nia (1990-1994). Ukrainians do not complain about Russia, which in the
days of Partitions and under the Soviet rule appropriated (“as Russians”)
the most gifted citizens of all professions. They complain about Poles. It is
worthwhile mentioning the widespread consciousness of the injustice the
Ukrainians suffered during the mass extermination of the intelligence and
mainly peasants in the Soviet times. Experiences from the time of Stalin-
ist terror from the 1930-s and during the Soviet occupation (1939-1941)
however did not result in Ukrainians’ hatred towards other nations. This
hatred became a cruel experience of the Poles murdered in the Ukrain-
ian part formerly belonging to the II Republic of Poland (1943-1947) as
a result of the nationalist movement, already strong in the days of the
Austrian Partition (see essay VIII and X).
Transl. by Rafał Wieczorek
362
Spis treści
Wstęp . .7
I. Rozszerzanie się chrześcijańskiej Europy na wschód
i jego skutki . 21
II. Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie pomiędzy Koroną Polską
a Moskwą do połowy XVI w. .43
III. Narody i grupy etniczne na ziemiach wschodnich
Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, w dobie zaborów
i w XX wieku.69
IV. Kościoły i wyznania w XV-XX w.97
V. Oświata - jej przemiany na wielonarodowym terytorium.149
VI. Piśmiennictwo i drukarstwo na ziemiach litewskich,
białoruskich i ukraińskich. 175
VII. Rola elit, ich otoczenia w procesach zmian kulturowych .205
VIII. Przemiany świadomości narodowej w XVI-XX wieku .249
IX. Europejski wymiar architektury sakralnej i świeckiej .281
X. Przyczyny oraz skutki bliskości i obcości członków dawnej
wspólnoty państwowej wczoraj i dziś .313
Spis ilustracji .339
Bibliografia (odsyłacze w tekście). 343
Streszczenie .351
Summary: Common history or separate?
Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians
- historic relation (XV-XX century) .357
Indeks osobowy. 363
5 |
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| id | DE-604.BV042666182 |
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| indexdate | 2024-11-25T11:08:43Z |
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| language | Polish |
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| physical | 380 s. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
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| publisher | Oficyna Wydawnicza Kucharski |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Piechowiak Topolska, Maria Barbara 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)137471378 aut Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) Maria Barbara Topolska Toruń Oficyna Wydawnicza Kucharski 2015 380 s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Common history or separate? Indeks Geschichte 1400-2000 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 g Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Geschichte 1400-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028098317&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028098317&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Piechowiak Topolska, Maria Barbara 1937- Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4079143-9 (DE-588)4074266-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) |
| title_auth | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) |
| title_exact_search | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) |
| title_full | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) Maria Barbara Topolska |
| title_fullStr | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) Maria Barbara Topolska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) Maria Barbara Topolska |
| title_short | Historia wspólna czy rozdzielna |
| title_sort | historia wspolna czy rozdzielna polacy litwini bialorusini ukraincy w ich dziejowym stosunku xv xx w |
| title_sub | Polacy, Litwini, Białorusini, Ukraińcy w ich dziejowym stosunku (XV - XX w.) |
| topic_facet | Ukraine Belarus Litauen Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028098317&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028098317&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT piechowiaktopolskamariabarbara historiawspolnaczyrozdzielnapolacylitwinibiałorusiniukraincywichdziejowymstosunkuxvxxw |