Insect physiology and biochemistry:
"Expanded and updated, this second edition of a bestselling book challenges conventional entomological wisdom with the latest research and analytical interpretations. Encouraging independent evaluation of the data and allowing for the extrapolation of major concepts across species, this indispe...
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2016
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "Expanded and updated, this second edition of a bestselling book challenges conventional entomological wisdom with the latest research and analytical interpretations. Encouraging independent evaluation of the data and allowing for the extrapolation of major concepts across species, this indispensable text establishes a thorough understanding of the physiological and biochemical functions and adaptations that have made insects one of the most successful groups of living organisms on the planet." "Following the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, this edition provides working scientists and students with an engaging and authoritative guide to the most current findings in the field."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781482247589 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nation, James L. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Insect physiology and biochemistry |c James L. Nation |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 644 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 520 | 1 | |a "Expanded and updated, this second edition of a bestselling book challenges conventional entomological wisdom with the latest research and analytical interpretations. Encouraging independent evaluation of the data and allowing for the extrapolation of major concepts across species, this indispensable text establishes a thorough understanding of the physiological and biochemical functions and adaptations that have made insects one of the most successful groups of living organisms on the planet." "Following the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, this edition provides working scientists and students with an engaging and authoritative guide to the most current findings in the field."--BOOK JACKET. | |
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| _version_ | 1804174844556738560 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface..............................................................................xix
Author...............................................................................xxi
Chapter 1
Embryogenesis........................................................................ t
Preview................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................2
1.2 Morphogenesis....................................................................3
1.2.1 Egg, Fertilization, and Zygote Formation............................... 3
1.2.2 Variations in Zygotic Nucleus Cleavage, Formation of Energids,
and Blastoderm Formation.................................................4
1.2.2.1 Apterygota.......................................................5
1.2.2.2 Hemimetabola.....................................................7
1.2.2.3 Holometabola.....................................................8
1.2.3 Formation of the Germ Band...............................................9
1.2.4 Gastrulation.............................................................9
1.2.5 Germ Band Elongation....................................................10
1.2.6 Blastokinesis and Extraembryonic Membranes..............................11
1.3 Genetic Control of Embryogenesis.............................................. 15
1.3.1 Development of a Model for Patterning...................................16
1.3.1.1 Bicoid Gene and Anterior Determination in Drosophila............16
1.3.1.2 Posterior Group Genes and Posterior Pattern Formation...........18
1.3.1.3 Genes Required in the Acron and Telson..........................18
1.3.1.4 Dorsal-Ventral Axis.............................................19
1A Segmentation Genes..............................................................19
1.5 Homeotic Genes..................................................................20
1.5.1 Homeobox.............................................................. 21
1.6 Organogenesis...................................................................21
1.6.1 Neurogenesis............................................................21
1.6.2 Development of the Gut..................................................22
1.6.3 Malpighian Tubules......................................................23
1.6.4 Tracheal System.........................................................23
1.6.5 Oenocytes...............................................................23
1.6.6 Cuticle Secretion in the Embryo.........................................23
1.6.7 Cell Movements during Embryogenesis.....................................23
1.6.8 Programmed Cell Death: Apoptosis........................................24
1.7 Hatching........................................................................24
1.8 Imaginai Discs..................................................................24
1.9 Review and Self-Study Questions............................................... 28
References............................................................................28
CONTENTS
vi
Chapter 2
Digestion..................................................................................33
Preview....................................................................................33
2. i Introduction.......................................................................33
2.2 Relationships between Food Habits and Gut Structure and Function...................34
2.2.1 Plant versus Animal Origin: Solid versus Liquid Diet......................34
2.3 Major Structural Regions of the Gut............................................... 36
2.3.1 Foregut................................................................... 36
2.3.2 Midgut.....................................................*..............39
2.3.3 Hindgut.....................................................................39
2.4 Midgut Cell Types....................................................................40
2.4.1 Columnar Cells..............................................................40
2.4.2 Regenerative Cells..... ....................................................40
2.4.3 Goblet Cells............................................................ 41
2.5 Microvilli or Brush Border of Midgut Cells...........................................44
2.6 Glycocalyx...........................................................................45
2.7 Peritrophic Matrix...................................................................45
2.7.1 Functions of the Peritrophic Matrix................................... 46
2.8 Digestive Enzymes..................................................................47
2.8.1 Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes..............................................48
2.8.2 Lipid-Digesting Enzymes.....................................................49
2.8.3 Protein-Digesting Enzymes................................................. 49
2.8.4 Do Proteinase Inhibitors in the Food Influence the Evolution of Proteinase
Secreted?...................................................................51
2.9 Hormonal Influence on Midgut.......................................................51
2.10 Countercurrent Circulation of Midgut Contents and Absorption of Digested Products..53
2.11 Transepithelial and Oxidation-Reduction Potential of the Gut.......................55
2.12 Gut pH.............................................................................55
2.13 Hematophagy: Feeding on Vertebrate Blood...........................................57
2.14 Digestive System Morphology and Physiology in Major Insect Orders....................58
2.14.1 Orthoptera..................................................................58
2.14.2 Dictyoptera.................................................................59
2.14.3 Isoptera....................................................................59
2.14.4 Hemiptera...................................................................60
2.14.5 Homoptera................................................................. 61
2.14.6 Coleoptera............................................................ 61
2.14.7 Hymenoptera............................................................... 62
2.14.8 Diptera............................................................... 62
2.14.9 Lepidopter a................................................................63
2.15 Insect Gut as a Potential Target for Population Management and Control of the
Spread of Plant and Animal Disease Organisms........................................64
2.16 Review and Self-Study Questions.................................................... 65
References................................................................................ 65
Chapter 3
Nutrition............................................................................... 75
Preview................................................................................. 75
3.1 Introduction...................................................................... 75
3.2 Importance of Balance in Nutritional Components........... ..........................76
CONTENTS
vi¡
3.3 Ability of Insects to Self-Select Nutritional Components..............................77
3.4 Requirements for Specific Nutrients................................................. 77
3.4.1 Nitrogen Source: Proteins and Amino Acids....................................78
3.4.2 Essential Amino Acids........................................................79
3.4.3 Carbohydrates................................................................81
3.4.4 Lipids.......................................................................82
3.4.5 Sterols......................................................................82
3.4.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids..................................................83
3.4.7 Vitamins................................................................... 84
3.4.8 Minerals................................................................... 85
3.5 Techniques and Dietary Terms Used in Insect Nutrition Studies.........................87
3.6 Criteria for Evaluating Nutritional Quality of a Diet............................... 87
3.7 Measures of Food Intake and Utilization...............................................88
3.8 Phagostimulants.......................................................................90
3.9 Feeding Deterrents....................................................................92
3.10 Review and Self-Study Questions.......................................................92
References................................................................................93
Chapter 4
Integument and Molting....................................................................99
Preview................................................................................. 99
4.1 Introduction..................................................................... 100
4.2 Structure of the Integument........................................................100
4.2.1 Cuticulin Envelope........................................................101
4.2.2 Epicuticle.................................................-..............101
4.2.3 Procuticle.......................................................... 102
4.2.4 Pore Canals and Wax Channels..............................................103
4.2.5 Epidermal Cells...........................................................103
4.3 Molting and Formation of New Cuticle...............................................106
4.3.1 Apolysial Space......................................................... 108
4.3.2 Molting Fluid Secretion................................................. 108
4.3.3 New Cuticle Formation......................... ...........................108
4.3.4 Reabsorption of Molting Fluid........................................... 109
4.4 Ecdysis........................................*.........................«.........109
4.4.1 Shedding the Old Cuticle: Ecdysis....................................... 112
4.4.2 Post-Ecdysis Wing Expansion and Waterproofing the New Cuticle........... 113
4.4.3 Sclerotization of Cuticle.................................................114
4.5 Chemical Composition of Cuticle....................................................116
4.5.1 Chitin................................................................. 116
4.5.2 Biosynthesis of Chitin....................................................121
4.5.3 Cuticular Proteins.........................................*..............122
4.5.4 Resilin....................................*..............................125
4.5.5 Stage-Specific Differences in Cuticle Proteins.......................... 126
4.5.6 Protective Functions of Cuticle Proteins................................ 126
4.5.7 Cuticular Lipids...................................*.................*....126
4.6 Mineralization of Insect Cuticles...................................*....*.........129
4.7 Capture of Atmospheric Water on Cuticular Surfaces.............................. 129
4.8 Review and Self-Study Questions............................*........................ 129
References................................................*...*.....................*....150
CONTENTS
viii
Chapter 5
Hormones and Development.................................................
Preview..................................................................
5.1 Introduction.......................................................
5.2 Historical Beginnings for the Concept of Hormonal Control of Molting
and Metamorphosis.................................................
5.3 Interplay of PTTH, Ecdysteroids, and Juvenile Hormone Control Development..........137
5.4 Brain Neurosecretory Cells and Prothoracicotropic Hormone..........................141
5.4.1 Source and Chemistry......................................................141
5.4.2 Bioassay for PTTH Activity............................................... 141
5.4.3 Stimuli for the Secretion of PTTH....................................... 143
5.4.4 PTTH Secretion after Brain Activation by Stretch Receptors................143
5.4.5 Gated PTTH Secretion in Tobacco Hornworm..................................144
5.4.6 Secretion of PTTH after Brain Activation by Cold Exposure.................144
5.4.7 Regulation of Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of PTTH.........................144
5.4.8 Mode of Action of PTTH....................................................145
5.5 Prothoracic Glands and Ecdysteroids.......................................*........146
5.5.1 Biosynthesis of Ecdysone..................................................146
5.5.2 Conversion of Ecdysone into 20-Hydroxyecdysone............................148
5.5.3 Molecular Diversity in the Structure of the Molting Hormone...............148
5.5.4 Calliphora Assay for Ecdysteroids.........................................151
5.5.5 Radioimmunoassay for Ecdysone and Related Ecdysteroids....................151
5.5.6 Assay by Physicochemical Techniques.......................................152
5.5.7 Tissues and Cell Cultures Used in Assays..................................153
5.5.8 Degradation of Ecdysone................................................. 153
5.5.9 Virus Degradation of Host Ecdysteroids....................................155
5.5.10 Dependence of Some Parasitoids on Host Ecdysteroids.......................155
5.6 Corpora Allata and Juvenile Hormones........................................... 155
5.6.1 Glandular Source and Chemistry ......................................... 155
5.6.2 Assays for JH Activity.................................................. 157
5.6.3 Regulation of the Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of JH.......................157
5.6.4 Insect Growth Regulators and Compounds That Are Cytotoxic
to the Corpora Allata..................................................... 161
5.6.5 Cellular Mode of Action and Receptors for JH..............................162
5.6.6 Downstream Transcription Factors..........................................163
5.7 Mode of Action of Ecdysteroids at the Gene Level..........................164
5.7.1 Chromosomal Puffs.........................................................164
5.7.2 Isolation of an Ecdysteroid Receptor......................................166
5.7.3 Differential Tissue and Cell Response to Ecdysteroids.....................168
5.8 Possible Timer Gene in the Molting Process.........................................170
5.9 Ecdysone-Gene Interaction Ideas Stimulated Vertebrate Work.........................170
5.10 Review and Self-Study Questions.................................................. 171
References............................................................................. 172
Chapter 6
Biological Rhythms..................................................................... 181
Preview................................................................................. Jg[
6.1 Introduction.................................................................... 182
6.2 Characteristics of Circadian and Photoperiodic Rhythms........................... 182
CONTENTS
IX
6.3 Molecular Basis for the Circadian Clock.........................................183
6.4 Evidence for Clock Genes in Many Insects.........................................186
6.5 Examples of Circadian Functions in Insects.......................................186
6.5.1 Circadian Regulation of Hormone Secretion................................186
6.5.2 Circadian Clock Influence in Peripheral Organs and Tissues...............188
6.5.3 Circadian Clock Influence in Social Behavior of Honeybees.............. 189
6.5.4 Circadian Clock Influence in Reproduction................................190
6.6 Photoperiodic Response: One Clock, Two Clocks, or Multiple Clocks?...............193
6.7 Clock Models Based on Experimental Responses of Insects to Varying
Light/Dark Regimes..............................................................195
6.7.1 Hourglass Model..........................................................196
6.7.2 External Coincidence Model...............................................197
6.7.3 Internal Coincidence Model............................................. 197
6.7.4 Resonance Model........................................................ 197
6.7.5 Summary Results from Model Experiments................................. 198
6.8 Conclusions......................................................................198
6.9 Review and Self-Study Questions..................................................198
References.............................................................................199
Chapter 7
Diapause............................................................................. 207
Preview................................................................................207
7.1 Introduction................................................................... 207
7.2 Diapause: A Survival Strategy.................................................. 208
7.3 Phases of Diapause......................................................... 210
7.3.1 Prediapause: Induction and Preparation...................................210
7.3.2 Diapause: Initiation and Maintenance................................. 211
7.3.3 Diapause Termination................................................. 212
7.4 Hormonal Control of Diapause.....................................................212
7.4.1 Embryonic Diapause.......................................................212
7.4.2 Larval Diapause........................................................ 213
7.4.3 Pupal Diapause...........................................................213
7.4.4 Adult Diapause..................................................... 214
7.5 Role of Daily and Seasonal Biological Clocks in Diapause....................... 215
7.6 Diapause and Gene Expression.....................................................215
7.7 Nutrient Accumulation for Diapause and the Storage and Conservation of Nutrients
during Diapause............................................................... 216
7.8 Molecular Studies of Diapause....................................................217
7.9 Review and Self-Study Questions................................................ 218
References.............................................................................219
Chapter 8
Intermediary Metabolism...............................................................223
Preview............................................................................ 223
8.1 Introduction: Nutrient Stores—The Fat Body................................... 224
8.2 Energy Demands for Insect Flight............................................... 225
8.3 Metabolic Stores............................................................... 226
8.3.1 Carbohydrate Resources............................................... 226
8.3.1.1 Trehalose Resources........................................... 226
8.3.1.2 Glycogen: Storage and Synthesis............................. 229
X
CONTENTS
8.4 Hormones Controlling Carbohydrate Metabolism..................................
8.5 Pathways of Metabolism Supporting Intense Muscular Activity, Such as Flight...
8.5.1 Glycolysis.............................................................
8.5.1.1 Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle and Regeneration of NAD*.........
8.5.1.2 Significance and Control of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle..
8.5.2 Krebs Cycle............................................................
8.5.2.1 Control of Krebs Cycle Metabolism and the Regulation
of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Flight Muscles.................
8.5.3 Electron Transport System..............................................
8.5.4 Proline as a Fuel for Flight...........................................
8.5.5 Mobilization and the Use of Lipids for Flight Energy...................
8.5.5.1 Transport of Lipids by Lipophorin.............................
8.5.5.2 Activation of Fatty Acids, Entry into Mitochondria, and p-Oxidation.
8.6 Review and Self-Study Questions...............................................
References..........................................................................
230
230
230
232
235
235
.237
,237
.240
,243
.247
.247
.249
.249
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
Chapter 9
Neuroanatomy...................................................................................255
Preview.......................................................................................255
9.1 Introduction...........................................................................256
9.2 Central Nervous System.................................................................256
9.3 Brain..................................................................................258
Protocerebrum.......................................... .......................259
Deutocerebrum .................................................................260
9.3.2.1 Antennal Mechanosensory and Motor Center Neuropil ..................261
9.3.2.2 Antennal Lobe..........................................................261
Tritocerebrum..................................................................263
Ventral Ganglia........................................................................264
9.4.1 Abdominal Ganglia..............................................................265
9.4.2 Lateral Nerves.............................................................. 266
Oxygen and Glucose Supply to the Brain and Ganglia.....................................266
Neuropil....................................................................... 267
Hemolymph-Brain (CNS) Barrier..........................................................268
Neurons: Building Blocks of a Nervous System.............................................269
9.8.1 Afferent or Sensory Neurons................................................ 270
9.8.2 Efferent or Motor Neurons.......................................................270
9.8.3 Intemeurons............................................................... 271
9.8.4 Glial Cells............................................................... 272
Giant Axons in the Insect Central Nervous System.......................................273
Nervous System Control of Behavior. Motor Programs................................... 274
9.10.1 Motor Program That Controls Walking.............................................274
9.10.2 Motor Pattern for Rhythmic Breathing.......................................... 274
Neurosecretory Cells and Neurosecretion Products from the CNS............................276
9.11.1 Neurosecretory Cells............................................................276
Adipokinetic Hormone..... ......................................................278
Proctolin.......................................................................... .278
FMRFamide-Related Peptides................................................... 278
Tachykinins: Locustatachykinins and Leucokinins.............................................279
Pigment-Dispersing Factors.......,.....;....;....,,...................................279
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.11.2
9.11.3
9.11.4
9.11.5
9.11.6
CONTENTS xi
9.11.7 Vasopressin-Like Peptide (Locust F2 Peptide)...............................279
9.11.8 Allatotropins and Allatostatins.............................................280
9.11.9 Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide............................................280
9.11.10 Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide.............................280
Review and Self-Study Questions........................................................ 281
References.................................................................................281
Chapter 10
Neurophysiology.......................................................................... 285
Preview....................................................................................285
10.1 Introduction.........................................................................286
10.2 Nerve Cell Responses to Stimuli.....................................................286
10.2.1 Graded Responses........................................................ 287
10.2.2 Spike Potentials........................................................ 288
10.3 Physiological Basis for Neuronal Responses to Stimuli................................289
10.3.1 Membrane Ion Channels: Bioelectric Potentials...............................289
10.3.2 Resting Potential..................................................... 292
10.3.3 The Action Potential: Sodium Activation................................. 294
10.3.4 Sodium Inactivation and Repolarization.................................. 296
10.3.5 Measurement of Ion Fluxes: Voltage Clamp Technique.........................297
10.4 Conduction of the Action Potential: Local Circuit Theory............................298
10.5 Physiology and Biochemistry at the Synapse: Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic
Potentials.................................................................. 299
10.6 Acetylcholine-Mediated Synapses...................................................... 301
10.6.1 Action of Acetylcholine at the Synapse.....................................301
10.6.2 Nicotinic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Insects........................302
10.6.3 Acetylcholine Receptor Structure........................................ 303
10.7 Electric Transmission across Synapses.................................................304
10.8 Neuromuscular Junctions...................................................... 304
10.9 Review and Self-Study Questions........................................... .....304
References......................................................................... 305
Chapter 11
Muscles...................................................................................309
Preview......................................................................................309
11.1 Introduction............................................................ 310
11.2 Basic Muscle Structure and Function............................................... 310
11.2.1 Macro- and Microstructure of Muscle.........................................310
1L2.2 Muscle Attachments to the Exoskeleton........................................313
11.2.3 Skeletal Muscle............................................................314
11.2.4 Polyneuronal Innervation and Multiterminal Nerve Contacts.................... 314
11.2.5 Transmitter Chemical at Nerve-Muscle Junctions.............................316
11.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Muscles........................................... 317
11.4 Muscle Proteins and Physiology of Contraction...................................... 320
11.4.1 Active State: Binding of Myosin Heads to Actin and the Sliding of Filaments.... 322
1L4.2 Release of Myosin Heads from ..........322
11.5 Muscles Involved in General Locomotion, Running, and Jumping....................... 323
11.5.1 Adaptations for Running, Walking, and 323
11.5.2 Adaptations for Jumping«.». 325
CONTENTS
хи
11.6 Sound Production: Туmbal and Stridulatory Muscle..............................*...327
11.6.1 Tymbal Morphology and Physiology........................................ 327
11.6.2 Stridulatory Muscle Physiology............................................328
11.7 Morphology and Physiology of Nonskeletal Muscle...................................*329
11.7.1 Visceral Muscles......*.........................................329
11.7.2 Heart Muscle..............................................................329
11.7.3 Alary Muscles.............................................................33^
11.8 Review and Self-Study Questions....................................................330
References.............................................*................................33^
Chapter 12
Flight..................................................................................33^
Preview.................................................................................33^
12.1 Introduction..................................................................*...333
12.2 Thoracic Structure, Wing Hinges, and Muscle Groups Involved in Flight.............336
12.3 Wing Strokes.......................................................................338
12.4 Multiple Contractions from Each Volley of Nerve Impulses to Asynchronous Muscles... 339
12.5 Flight in Dragonflies and Damselflies..............................................340
12.6 Aerodynamics of Lift and Drag Forces Produced by Wings............................341
12.6.1 Lift Forces Generated by Clap and Fling Wing Movements...................342
12.6.2 Lift Forces Derived from Drag and Delayed Stall..........................343
12.7 Hovering Flight....................................................................344
12.8 Control of Pitch and Twisting of Wings.............................................346
12.9 Power Output of Flight Muscles.....................................................346
12.10 Metabolic Activity of Wing Muscles................................................347
12.11 Flight Behavior...................................................................348
12.12 Review and Self-Study Questions...................................................348
References............................................................................. 349
Chapter 13
Sensory Systems..........................................................................353
Preview................................................................................ 353
13.1 Introduction.......................................................................353
13.2 External and internal Receptors Monitoring the Environment.........................355
13.3 General Functional Classification of Sensory Receptors........................... 355
13.3.1 Receptors w ith Multiple Pores............................................356
13.3.2 Receptors with a Single Pore..............................................357
13.3.3 Receptors w ithout Pores..................................................357
13.4 Mechanoreceptors...................................................................357
13.4.1 Structure ol a Simple Tactile Hair: A Mechanoreceptor Sensillum...........357
13.4.2 Hair Plates............................................................. 358
13.4.3 Chordotonal Sensilla......................................................358
13.4.4 Subgenual Organs................................................... .....359
13.4.5 Tympanal Organs: Specialized Organs for Airborne Sounds...................360
13.4.6 Johnston’s Organ........................................................ 354
13.4.7 Simple Chordotonal Organs.............................................. 364
13.4.8 Thermoreceptors and Hygroreceptors...................................... 365
13.4.9 Infrared Reception..................................................... 366
CONTENTS
xiii
13.5 Chemoreceptors....................................................................368
13.5.1 Olfactory Sensilla: Dendritic Fine Structure..............................368
13.5.2 Contact Chemoreceptors-Gustatory Receptors................................369
13.5.3 Specialists versus Generalists among Chemoreceptors.......................371
13.5.4 Stimulus-Receptor Excitation Coupling.....................................371
13.6 Review and Self-Study Questions...................................................372
References..............................................................................372
Chapter 14
Vision.................................................................................377
Preview.................................................................................377
14.1 Introduction.....................................................................377
14.2 Compound Eye Structure............................................................379
14.3 Dioptric Structures........................................................... 381
Î4.4 Corneal Layering..................................................................383
14.5 Retinula Cells....................................................................383
14.6 Rhabdomeres.......................................................................384
14.7 Electrical Activity of Retinula Cells........................................... 384
14.8 Neural Connections in the Optic Lobe..............................................384
14.9 Ocelli............................................................................385
14.10 Larval Eyes: Stemmata.............................................................386
14.11 Dermal Light Sense............................................................ 387
14.12 Chemistry of Insect Vision........................................................388
14.13 Visual Cascade.................................................................. 389
14.14 Regulation of the Visual Cascade................................................ 390
14.15 Color Vision......................................................................391
14.16 Vision Is Important in Behavior................................................. 394
14.17 Nutritional Need for Carotenoids in Insects..................................... 394
14.18 Detection of Plane-Polarized Light................................................395
14.19 Visual Acuity................................................................... 397
14.20 Review and Self-Study Questions...................................................400
References.............................................................................400
Chapter 15
Circulatory System.....................................................................405
Preview....................... ........................................................405
15.1 Introduction: Embryonic Development of the Circulatory System and Hemocvtes.......405
15.2 Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta....................................................406
15.2.1 Alary Muscles............................................................409
15.2.2 Ostia................................................................... 410
15.2.3 Heartbeat........................................................... 410
15.2.4 Ionic Influences on Heartbeat......................................... 411
15.2.5 Nerve Supply to the Heart.................................................411
15.2.6 Cardioactive Secretions................................................. 412
15.3 Accessory Pulsatile Hearts.................................................... 413
15.4 Hemocytes....................................................................... 414
15.4.1 Functions of Hemocytes....................................................416
15.4.2 Hemocytopoietic Tissues and Origin of Hemocytes......................... 417
15.4.3 Number of Circulating Hemocytes..................................... 418
xiv CONTENTS
15.5 Hemolymph...............................................*........................420
15.5.1 Functions of Hemolymph and Circulation....................................420
15.5.2 Hemolymph Volume..........................................................422
15.5.3 Coagulation of Hemolymph.................................................422
15.5.4 Hemolymph pH and Hemolymph Buffers.................................... 424
15.5.5 Chemical Composition of Hemolymph....................................... 425
15.5.5.1 Inorganic Ions...................................................426
15.5.5.2 Free Amino Acids..................................................426
15.5.5.3 Proteins..........................................................427
15.5.5.4 Other Organic Constituents.................................*.....427
15.6 Rate of Circulation..............................................................428
15.7 Hemoglobin.......................................................................428
15.8 Review and Self-Study Questions.............................................*.....429
References..............................................................................429
Chapter 16
Immunity...............................................................................433
Preview................................................................................433
16.1 Introduction......................................................................433
16.2 Physical Barriers to Invasion....................................................435
16.3 Cellular Immune Reactions........................................................436
16.4 Recognition of Nonself............................................................437
16.5 Synthesis of Antifungal and Antibacterial Peptides................................438
16.6 Toll Pathway for the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptides........................... 439
16.7 IMD Pathway for the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptides...........................442
16.8 C-Type Lectins....................................................................443
16.9 Serpins..........................................................................443
16.10 Ecology, Behavior, and Immunity................................................. 444
16.11 Cost of Defense..................................................................445
16.12 Coevolution ary Race between Parasitoid Escape Mechanisms and Host Defense
Mechanisms..................................................................... 446
16.13 Autoimmune Consequences of Some Defense Reactions.................................447
16.14 Gender Differences in Immune Responses.......................................... 447
16.15 Conclusions.......................................................................447
16.16 Review and Self-Study Questions......... .........................................448
References............................................................................ 448
Chapter 17
Respiration........................................................................... 455
Preview................................................................................455
17.1 Introduction............................................................... 455
17.2 Structure of the Tracheal System................................................ 457
17.2.1 Tracheae and Tracheole Structure........................................ 457
17.2.2 Spiracle Structure and Function..................................... 459
17.2.3 Tracheal Epithel ium......................................................462
17.2.4 Development of New Tracheoles.............................................462
17.2.5 Air Sacs................................................................ 464
17.2.6 Molting of Tracheae.......................................................464
17.3 Tracheal Supply to Tissues and Organs........................................... 464
17.3.1 Adaptations of Tracheae to Supply Flight Muscles..........................465
CONTENTS
xv
17.4 Ventilation and Diffusion of Gases within the System...............................466
17.4.1 Simple Diffusion Is Usually Not Adequate..................................467
17.4.2 Active Ventilation of Tracheae............................................467
17.4.3 Diffusion from Tracheoles to Mitochondria.................................471
17.5 Discontinuous Gas Exchange.........................................................471
17.6 Water Balance during Flight........................................................475
17.7 Gas Exchange in Aquatic Insects....................................................475
17.7.1 Compressible Gas Gills....................................................476
17.7.2 Incompressible Gas Gills: A Plastron......................................477
17.7.3 Use of Aquatic Plants as Air Source.......................................477
17.7.4 Cutaneous Respiration: Closed Tracheal System in Some Aquatic Insects.....478
17.8 Respiration in Endoparasitic Insects...............................................481
17.9 Respiratory Pigments............................................................. 481
17.10 Respiration in Eggs and Developing Embryos.........................................481
17.11 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Tracheal System....................................482
17.12 Review and Self-Study Questions.................................................. 483
References...............................................................................484
Chapter 18
Excretion................................................................................489
Preview..................................................................................489
18.1 Introduction.......................................................................489
18.2 Malpighian Tubules.................................................................490
18.3 Malpighian Tubule Cells.......................................................... 493
18.4 Formation of Primary Urine in Malpighian Tubules................................. 494
18.5 Proton Pump as a Driving Mechanism for Urine Formation and Homeostasis.............495
18.6 Selective Reabsorption in the Hindgut............................................ 499
18.6.1 Anatomical Specialization of Hindgut Epithelial Cells.....................499
18.6.2 Secretion and Reabsorption in the Ileum...................................501
18.6.3 Reabsorption in the Rectum.............................................. 501
18.7 Role of the Excretory System in Maintaining Homeostasis............................502
18.7.1 Electrolyte Homeostasis................................................. 502
18.7.2 Water Homeostasis.........................................................503
18.7.2.1 Diuretic Hormones................................................504
18.7.2.2 Antidiuretic Hormones............................................506
18.7.3 Acid-Base Homeostasis................................................. 506
18.7.4 Nitrogen Homeostasis......................................................507
18.7.4.1 Ammonia Excretion................................................508
18.7.4.2 Uric Acid Synthesis and Excretion................................509
18.8 Cryptonephridial Systems..........................................................511
18.9 Self-Study and Review Questions.................................................. 513
References...............................................................................514
Chapter 19
Semiochemicals....................................................................... 523
Preview.......................................................................... 523
19.1 Introduction.................................................................... 524
19.2 Classes of Semiochemicals........................................................ 524
19.3 Importance of the Olfactory Sense in Insects................................... 525
CONTENTS
xvi
19.4 Active Space Concept................................................................^2%
19.5 Pheromones Classified according to Behavior Elicited..............................528
19.6 Pheromone Parsimony...............................................................
19.7 Chemical Characteristics of Semiochemicals.....................*..................529
19.8 Insect Receptors and the Detection Process........................................533
19.8.1 Pheromone-Binding Proteins.................................................533
19.8.2 Signal Transduction and Receptor Response..................................535
19.8.3 Pheromone Inactivation and Clearing of the Receptor........................538
19.8.4 Do Insects Smell the Blend or Just the Major Components?...................538
19.9 Information Coding and Processing.........................*.......................539
19.9.1 Structure of Odor Plumes...................................................539
19.9.2 Pheromone Signal Processing................................................541
19.10 Hormonal Control of Pheromone Synthesis and Release...............................543
19.10.1 Mode of Action of PBAN.....................................................544
19.11 Biosynthesis of Pheromones.........................................................545
19.12 Geographical and Population Differences and Evolution of Pheromone Blends.........547
19.13 Practical Applications of Pheromones............................................. 548
19.13.1 Mechanisms Operating in Mating Disruption................................ 549
19.13.1.1 Sensory Fatigue...................................................549
19.13.1.2 False Trail Following............................................549
19.13.1.3 Camouflage of Natural Pheromone Plume.............................550
19.13.1.4 Pheromone Antagonists and Imbalanced Blends.......................550
19.14 Review and Self-Study Questions...................................................550
References...............................................................................551
Chapter 20
Reproduction.............................................................................561
Preview..................................................................................561
20. i Introduction.......................................................................562
20.2 Female Reproductive System.........................................................562
20.2.1 Structure of Ovaries..................................................... 562
20.2.1.1 Panoistic Ovarioles................................................564
20.2.1.2 Telotrophic Ovarioles..............................................564
20.2.1.3 Polytrophic Ovarioles..............................................565
20.2.1.4 Oviposition...................................................... 565
20.2.2 Nutrients for Oogenesis....................................................566
20.2.3 Hormonal Regulation of Ovary Development and Synthesis of Egg Proteins....567
20.3 Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins....................................................572
20.3.1 Biochemical Characteristics of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins............572
20.3.2 Yolk Proteins of Higher Diptera.......................................... 573
20.4 Sequestering of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins by Oocytes....................... 574
20.4.1 Patency of Follicular Cells............................................ 574
20.4.2 Egg Proteins Produced by Follicular Cells..................................576
20.4.3 Proteins in Addition to Vitellogenin and Yolk Proteins in the Egg..........576
20.5 Formation of the Vitelline Membrane................................ 576
20.6 Chorion.............................................................................
20.7 Gas Exchange in Eggs.......................................................... 577
CONTENTS xvii
20.8 Male Reproductive System........................................................577
20.8.1 Apyrene and Eupyrene Sperm of Lepidoptera...............................579
20.8.2 Male Accessory Glands...................................................580
20.8.3 Transfer of Sperm..................................................... 580
20.9 Gender Determination............................................................58Î
20.10 Review and Self-Study Questions.................................................582
References............................................................................583
Chapter 21
Insect Symbioses................................................................ 591
Preview...............................................................................591
21.1 Introducti on............................................................. 592
21.2 Symbioses among Leaf-Cutting Ants, Fungi, and Bacteria..........................593
21.3 Biology of Termites.............................................................595
21.3.1 Symbionts in Termites...................................................596
21.3.2 Lignocellulose Structure.............................................. 598
21.3.3 Nitrogen Metabolism.....................................................599
21.3.4 Fungal Culture........................................................ 599
21.4 Bark and Ambrosia Beetles and Their Symbionts................................. 599
21.4.1 Ambrosia Beetles...................................................... 600
21.4.2 Bark Beetles............................................................603
21.4.3 Fungal Role in Supplementing Limited Nutrients in Wood and Phloem.......603
21.4.4 Evolution of Fungal Feeding in Bark Beetles.............................603
21.4.5 Bacteria as Part of the Bark Beetle Holobiont...........................604
21.4.6 Anthropogenic Effects upon Bark Beetles and Their Symbionts.............605
21.5 Buchnera in Aphids............................................................ 605
21.6 Tsetse Fly Symbionts............................................................606
21.7 Wolbachia.......................................................................607
21.7.1 Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Inducing the Effect of Wolbachia............608
21.7.2 Parthenogenesis Inducing the Effect of Wolbachia...................... 609
2L7.3 Feminizing Strains of Wolbachia.........................................610
21.8 Review and Self-Study Questions.................................................611
References............................................................................611
Index.................................................................................623
|
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Nation, James L. Verfasser aut Insect physiology and biochemistry James L. Nation 3. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2016 XXI, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Expanded and updated, this second edition of a bestselling book challenges conventional entomological wisdom with the latest research and analytical interpretations. Encouraging independent evaluation of the data and allowing for the extrapolation of major concepts across species, this indispensable text establishes a thorough understanding of the physiological and biochemical functions and adaptations that have made insects one of the most successful groups of living organisms on the planet." "Following the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, this edition provides working scientists and students with an engaging and authoritative guide to the most current findings in the field."--BOOK JACKET. Insectes - Physiologie Insetos (fisiologia) larpcal Insects Physiology Insects physiology Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd rswk-swf Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028091332&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nation, James L. Insect physiology and biochemistry Insectes - Physiologie Insetos (fisiologia) larpcal Insects Physiology Insects physiology Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027110-9 (DE-588)4060126-2 (DE-588)4006777-4 |
| title | Insect physiology and biochemistry |
| title_auth | Insect physiology and biochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Insect physiology and biochemistry |
| title_full | Insect physiology and biochemistry James L. Nation |
| title_fullStr | Insect physiology and biochemistry James L. Nation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insect physiology and biochemistry James L. Nation |
| title_short | Insect physiology and biochemistry |
| title_sort | insect physiology and biochemistry |
| topic | Insectes - Physiologie Insetos (fisiologia) larpcal Insects Physiology Insects physiology Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Insectes - Physiologie Insetos (fisiologia) Insects Physiology Insects physiology Insekten Tierphysiologie Biochemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028091332&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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