Geologija Krasa: = Geology of Kras
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovenian English |
| Published: |
Ljubljana
Geološki zavod Slovenije
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 205 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789616498425 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geologija Krasa |b = Geology of Kras |c Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Geology of Kras |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ljubljana |b Geološki zavod Slovenije |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 205 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| adam_text | POVZETEK
SUMMARY
Kras, slikovita pokrajina na skrajnem sever-
nem koncu Jadranskega morja, zaseda med
kraškimi regijami v svetu prav posebno mesto,
saj je po njegovem imenu nastal mednarodni
izraz karst (kras). Drugo, v geoloških krogih
pogosto uporabljano ime za Kras je Tržaško-
komenska planota. Leži na severnem defor-
miranem robu Jadranske mikroplošče, za ka-
terega je značilno gubanje in narivanje proti
osrednjemu delu plošče t. j. proti jugu in jugo-
zahodu. Kras predstavlja skupaj z večjim delom
jugozahodne Slovenije del Zunanjih Dinaridov,
ki so v paleogeografskem smislu zgrajeni iz se-
dimentov nekdanje Jadransko-dinarske karbo-
natne platforme.
Zgornjekarbonsko-spodnjetriasna pred-
zgodovina Jadransko-dinarske karbonatne
platforme je vezana na epikontinentalni šelf
Gondvane, od srednjega triasa naprej pa je
obstajala kot bolj ali manj izolirana intraoce-
anska karbonatna platforma, ki so jo obkrožali
globokomorski bazeni oceana Tetida. Jadran-
sko-dinarska karbonatna platforma je bila ge-
otektonsko razmeroma stabilna in je vse do
razpada v zgornji kredi in paleogenu uspešno
vzdrževala ravnotežje med globalnimi spre-
membami morske gladine in vplivi sinsedimen-
tarne tektonike znotraj dinamičnega območja
med Lavrazijo in Gondvano. Primerjava karbo-
natnih kamnin Krasa, ki so nastajale na notra-
njem delu karbonatne platforme, z drugimi
območji Zunanjih Dinaridov kaže, da je bila
platforma v spodnji kredi in v spodnjem delu
zgornje krede paleogeografsko homogena. O
tem priča podobnost številnih litostratigrafskih
enot na celotnem krednem ozemlju Zunanjih
Dinaridov. Evidentna je zlasti ozka povezanost
večine stratigrafskih nivojev, členov in formacij
z globalnimi evstatičnimi dogodki. Šele v mlaj-
šem delu zgornje krede je opazna večja dife-
renciacija sedimentacijskega prostora.
Kras, a picturesque landscape on the northern
end of the Adriatic Sea, has a special place among
the karst regions of the world, as its name became
the basis of the internationally used term karst.
Another name for Kras often used among geolo-
gists is the Trieste-Komen plateau. It lies at the
northern edge of the deformed Adria microplate,
which is characterized by folding and thrusting to
the central part of the plate, i.e., south and south-
west. Kras represents, together with much of the
southwestern part of Slovenia, part of the External
Dinarides, which, in paleogeographic terms, built
of sediments of the former Adriatic-Dinaric Car-
bonate Platform.
The Late Carboniferous to early Triassic prehis-
tory of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform
is linked to the Gondwana continental shelf, and
from the Middle Triassic onwards, it existed as a
more or less isolated intraoceanic carbonate plat-
form, which was surrounded by the deep basin of
the Tethys Ocean. The Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate
Platform was geotectonically relatively stable, and
until its demise in the late Cretaceous and Paleo-
gene, it successfully maintained a balance be-
tween global sea-level changes and influence of
synsedimentary tectonics within the dynamic area
between the Laurasia and Gondwana continents.
Comparison of the Kras carbonate rocks, which
were formed in the inner part of the carbonate
platform, with other areas of the External Dinar-
ides, reveals that the platform in the early Creta-
ceous and in the lower part of the late Cretaceous
was paleogeographically homogeneous. This is
indicated by the similarity of many of the lithos-
tratigraphic units in the entire Cretaceous territory
of the External Dinarides. Particularly evident is
the close correlation of most stratigraphic levels,
members and formations with the global eustatic
events. Only in the upper part of the late Creta-
ceous was there a more pronounced difference in
the sedimentary environment.
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 87
V tem delu je predstavljenih deset glavnih
formacij s členi, ki gradijo Kras in njegovo
obrobje. Na tablah je za vsako enoto, poleg
osnovnega terenskega in makroskopskega
prikaza kamnin, velik del namenjen fosilom.
Najobsežnejši je izbor fotografij mikroskop-
skih preparatov - zbruskov, ki so bili izdelani
v laboratoriju Geološkega zavoda Slovenije
vzporedno z geološkim kartiranjem Krasa, saj
je bilo marsikdaj mogoče le s pomočjo mikro-
fosilnih združb natančno starostno definirati
litostratigrafske enote (sl. 37, 38).
Najstarejše karbonatne kamnine pripada-
jo Brski formaciji, ki je nastajala pretežno v
plitvem zatisnem šelfu z značajem lagune. V
spodnjem dolomitnem delu Brske formacije ni
ohranjenih fosilov, zato morda najnižje ležeče
dolomitne plasti pripadajo še berriasijski sto-
pnji. V apnencu nad dolomitom se ponekod
množično pojavljajo favreine, ki pripadajo ne-
okomskemu t. i. koprolitnemu horizontu. Nav-
zgor sledi apnenec z bacinellami, ki predsta-
vlja refleksijo na oceanski anoksični dogodek
OAE-1a. Med mikrofosili zgornjega dela Brske
formacije je pomembna spodnjeaptijska fora-
minifera Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenba-
ch), tik pod aptijsko-albijsko emerzijsko mejo
pa se množično pojavijo alge Salpingoporella
dinarica Radoičič.
S splošno znanim padcem evstatičnega ni-
voja morske gladine pod rob karbonatne
platforme med aptijem in albijem in njenim
ponovnim dvigom se je pričela sedimentaci-
ja Povirske formacije in s tem nastanek nove
megasekvence na karbonatni platformi. Za
emerzijsko mejo med Brsko in Povirsko for-
macijo je značilna plast breče, ki je opazna
tudi na drugih delih Jadransko-dinarske kar-
bonatne platforme.
Albijski del Povirske formacije v splošnem
kaže nekoliko višji energijski nivo sedimenta-
cijskega okolja. Od foraminifer najnižjega dela
je najpomembnejša Orbitolina (Mesorbitoli-
na) texana Roemer, ki se množično pojavlja v
klastih emerzijske breče in v plasteh nad njo.
Za albijsko-cenomanijski del Povirske forma-
cije sta značilna pretežno dolomitna postse-
dimentacijsko tektogeno-diagenetska breča
in plastovit bituminozni dolomit. V zgornjem,
In this work, ten main formations are presented
that constitute Kras and its peripheral area. On the
plates, a basic field and macroscopic presentation
of rocks is given for each unit, and a large portion
is devoted to the fossil content. The most compre-
hensive is the selection of photomicrographs of
rock thin-sections that were prepared in the labo-
ratory of the Geological Survey Slovenia parallel to
the geological mapping of the Kras area, as it was
often only with the help of microfossil associations
possible to define the lithostratigraphic units ac-
curately (Fig. 37, 38).
The oldest carbonate rocks belong to the Brje
Formation, which was built mainly in a shallow
calm shelf with the lagoonal character. In the
lower, dolomitic part of the Brje Formation, there
are no preserved fossils, so perhaps the lowermost
dolomite beds belong to the Berriasian stage. In
the limestone above the dolomite, favreinas abun-
dantly appear in places and belong to the Neo-
comian coprolite horizon. Further upward, there
is limestone with bacinellas, which represents a
reflection of the oceanic anoxic event OAE-1a.
Among the microfossils of the upper part of the
Brje Formation, there is the important lower Ap-
tian species Palorbitollna lenticularis (Blumen-
bach), whereas just below the Aptian-Albian emer-
sion boundary, the alga Salpingoporella dinarica
Radoicic occurs in massive amounts.
The generally known eustatic sea level drop be-
low the edge of the carbonate platform during Ap-
tian and Albian and its re-raising started sedimen-
tation of the Povir Formation and the beginning of
a new megasequence of the carbonate platform.
The emersion boundary between the Brje and Po-
vir Formations is characterized by a breccia layer,
which is also evident in other parts of the Adriatic-
Dinaric Carbonate Platform.
The Albian part of the Povir Formation gener-
ally displays a slightly higher energy level of the
sedimentary environment. In the lowest part, the
most important foraminifera is Orbitolina (Mes-
orbitolina) texana Roemer, which is widely found
in the clasts of emersion breccia and in the layers
above it. The Albian-Cenomanian part of the Po-
vir Formation is characterized mainly by dolomit-
ic, postsedimentary tectogeno-diagenetic breccia
and bedded bituminous dolomite. In the upper
Cenomanian part of the Povir Formation, next to
88 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
BERRIASIAN VALANGINIAN HAUTERIVIAN BARREMIAN APTIAN m _l CENOMANIAN TURONIAN CONIACIAN SANTONIAN CAMPANIAN MAASTRICHTIAN
Maycina bulgaríca Praechrysalidina sp. Haplophramoides joukowskyi Vercorsella tenuis Vercosella camposauri Vercosella scarsellai Novalesia sp. Rumanoloculina robusta Sabaudia minuta Novalesia distorta Pseudonummoloculina sp. Campanellula capuensis Debarina hahounerensis Novalesia producta Glomospira watersi Vercorsella wintered Spiriloculina cretacea Belorussiella textilarioides Istriloculina cf. elliptica Novalesia cornucopia Praechrysalidina infracretacea Rumanoloculina minima Nezzazatinella sp. Vercorsella arenata Palorbitolina lenticularis Pseudolituonella conica Voloshinoides murgensis Pseudonummoloculina aurigerica Glomospira urgoniana Istriloculina cf. granumtrici Nezzazata isabellae Novalesia anguiosa Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) texana Cuneolina pavonia Cuneolina parva Scandonea aff. phoenissa Nezzazatinella picardi Protochrysafidina elongata Pseudonummoloculina heimi Valdanchelia decourti Nezzazata simplex Trochospira avnimelechi 1 1
1 1 1 1 .1.. J. 1
ļ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ľ ļ i ļ
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1 1
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! ! 1 1
I 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 .1.. 1 1 4 j
Broeckina (Pastrikella) balcanica Vidalina radoicicae Peneroplis cf. parvus Pseudocyclammina sphaeroidea I 1 J I ֊ 1 1 1 1 1 1 f ļ ļ
1 1 • r 1 [ 1 1 ! ļ 1 1 1 f
Í j 1 [ 1 ! 1 ՛ 1 1 1 1 1
j 1 1 1 1
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Scandonea samnitica Dicyclina schlumbergeri Accordiella conica 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1
! 1 1 1 1 !
1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1
i
Scandonea mediterranea i 1 ļ 1 1 1 1 Ì 1 i i 1 1
Murgella lata Keramosphaerina tergestina 1 ! i ! i 1 I ! į
i 1 i 1 ļ 1 ļ
1 1 t 1 !
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1 1 ՝ 1 1 -
1 ļ 1 1 [ L_ 1 1 Į ■|
Sl. 37. Stratigrafska razširjenost krednih benoških foraminifer na Krasu.
Fig. 37. Stratigraphic distribution of the Cretaceous benthic foraminifera from Kras.
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 89
BERRIASIAN VALANGINIAN HAUTERIVIAN BARREMIAN APTIAN ALBIAN
Salpingoporella annulata Clypeina? solkani Salpingoporella muehlbergii Salpingoporella melitae Salpingoporella genevensis Salpingoporella dinarica Salpingoporella turgida
j j
! 1 1
I
1
Sl. 38. Stratigrafska razširjenost spodnjekrednih dazikladacejskih apnenčevih alg na Krasu.
Fig. 38. Stratigraphic distribution of the Early Cretaceous dasyclad calcareous algae from Kras.
cenomanijskem delu Povirske formacije ima
poleg hondrodont velik stratigrafski pomen
foraminifera Broeckina (Pastrikella) balcanica
Cherchi, Radoičić Schroeder, ki je poznana iz
številnih srednje in zgornjecenomanijskih na-
hajališč v mediteranskem prostoru.
Ploščasti in laminirani apnenci se na Krasu
pojavljajo znotraj različnih formacij od albija
do campanija. Največ teh plasti je v širši okolici
Komna. Velik del Komenskega apnenca, ki se
pojavlja v sklopu Povirske formacije, je nastajal
v intraplatformnem bazenu v neposredni bliži-
ni eksponiranih območij (plimske ravnice, nad-
plimska okolja). Pridnena voda v bazenu je bila
občasno disoksična do anoksična, menjavanje
različnih faciesov pa je bilo rezultat manjših
sprememb morske gladine in lokalnega pose-
danja področja.
Med pomembnimi dogodki, ki so zaznamo-
vali nadaljnji razvoj Jadransko-dinarske karbo-
natne platforme in življenje na njej, je bil evsta-
tični dvig morske gladine med cenomanijem in
turonijem. Ta globalni dogodek je karbonatno
platformo skoraj v celoti potopil. Nastala je Re-
penska formacija, za katero je značilen pojav
številnih pelagičnih fosilov. Repenska formacija
združuje tri glavne tipe apnenca, ki lateralno in
vertikalno prehajajo drug v drugega. Osnovno
telo formacije sestoji iz plastovitega apnenca,
ki lokalno vsebuje množične kalcisfere, znotraj
njega pa se pojavlja Komenski apnenec s pela-
gičnimi fosili. Slednjega povezujemo z ocean-
skim anoksičnim dogodkom OAE-2. V vrhnjem
delu Repenske formacije leži člen Repen/Kopri-
va s premeščenimi in lokalno zdrobljenimi rudi-
chondrodonts, the foraminifera Broeckina (Pas-
trikella) balcanica Cherchi, Radoicic Schroeder
is of great stratigraphic importance, being later
known from a number of middle and late Ceno-
manian sites in the Mediterranean.
Platy and laminated limestones of the Kras area
occur within various formations ranging from the
Albian to the Campanian. Most of these strata
are exposed in the surrounding areas of Komen.
A large portion of the Komen limestone, which
occurs within the Povir Formation, was deposited
in an intraplatform basin in the vicinity of the ex-
posed areas (tidal flats, supratidal environment).
The bottom water in the basin was occasionally
dysoxic to anoxic; the changing of different facies
was the result of slight changes in sea level rise and
local subsidence of the area.
The eustatic sea level rise between the Ceno-
manian and Turonian was among the major
events that marked the further development
of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform and
life on it. This global event almost entirely sub-
merged the carbonate platform. The result was
the Repen Formation, which is characterized by
the appearance of many pelagic fossils. The Re-
pen Formation is a combination of three main
types of limestones that pass laterally and verti-
cally to each other. The basic core of the forma-
tion consists of stratified limestone that locally
contains abundant calcispheres and Komen Lime-
stone with pelagic fossils. The latter is associated
with the oceanic anoxic event OAE-2. The upper
part of the formation includes the Repen/Kopriva
member with displaced and locally fractured rud-
ist shells. This part of the formation belongs to
90 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
stnimi lupinami, ki spada med ekonomsko zelo
perspektivne tipe naravnega kamna na Krasu.
Padec evstatičnega nivoja morske gladine je
v turoniju prekinil nastajanje Repenske forma-
cije. Odložili so se plitvovodni apnenci Sežan-
ske formacije. V najnižjem delu formacije je
razvit Onkoidni apnenec, ki lokalno vključuje
bioklastične rudistne leče. Nad njim sledi pre-
težno srednje do debelo plastovit biomikrit z
nizkim do zelo nizkim energijskim indeksom.
Od fosilov so zastopane številne bentoške fo-
raminifere, ki imajo velik stratigrafski razpon
in jih najdemo tudi v Lipiški formaciji.
V sklopu Sežanske formacije se pojavlja Ko-
menski apnenec z rožencem, ki je po osnovnih
Iitoloških značilnostih podoben Komenskemu
apnencu v Povirski formaciji. Maloštevilna in
neznačilna bentoška favna, piritni pigment in
organska snov kažejo na lagunski model sedi-
mentacije z občasnimi anoksičnimi in disoksič-
nimi pogoji na morskem dnu.
V osrednjem santonijskem delu Sežanske
formacije se je sedimentiral Pliskoviški apne-
nec s pelagičnimi fosili. Poleg številnih kalcisfer
so v tem apnencu prisotne nekatere oportuni-
stične planktonske foraminifere, ki se pojavlja-
jo tudiv matriksu bioklastičnih apnencev tega
člena. V splošnem lahko za ta apnenec zaklju-
čimo, da je nastal v eni od tektonsko pogoje-
nih depresij na platformi, ki je imela dobro po-
vezavo z odprtim morjem. V
V Lipiški formaciji se pojavlja več tipov
apnenca, med katerimi prevladujejo predvsem
bioklastični različki. Precej je debelo plasto-
vitih in masivnih biomikritov in biosparitov z
deloma ali povsem izprano mikritno osnovo
in z razmeroma velikimi rudistnimi fragmenti,
celimi rudistnimi lupinami, redkeje rudistnimi
šopki, grozdi in deli rudistnih trat. Ta apne-
nec zaradi debelih plasti in strukture kamna
predstavlja ekonomsko najzanimivejši del kar-
bonatnih kamnin Krasa. Foraminifere v Lipiški
formaciji so podobne kot v Sežanski formaciji.
V najvišjem delu Lipiške formacije kažeta vr-
sti Calveziconus lecalvezae Claus Cornella in
Pseudocyclamina massiliensis Maync, da se je
sedimentacija Lipiške formacijena nekaterih
delih platforme nadaljevala še v campanij. V
the economically very promising types of natural
stone in Kras.
The eustatic sea level drop in the Turonian ter-
minated sedimentation of the Repen Formation.
Shallow water limestones of the Sežana Formation
were deposited. In the lowest part of the forma-
tion, the Oncoidal Limestone is developed, which
locally includes biodastic rudist lenticular bodies.
Above it, a mostly medium-to thick-bedded biom-
icrite follows, with a low to very low energy index.
The fossils are represented by a number of benthic
foraminifera, which have wide stratigraphic ranges
and can also be found in the Lipica Formation.
Within the Sežana Formation, there is Komen
Limestone with chert, which is, in terms of basic
lithological characteristics, similar to the Komen
Limestone of the Povir Formation. The small and
insignificant benthic fauna, pyrite pigment and
organic matter indicate a lagoonal model of sedi-
mentation with occasional anoxic and dysoxic con-
ditions on the seabed.
In the central Santonian portion of the Sežana
Formation, the Pliskovica Limestone with pelagic
fossils was sedimented. In addition to numerous
calcispheres in this limestone, some opportunistic
planktonic foraminifera are present and also oc-
cur in the matrix of biodastic limestone of this
member. In general, it can be concluded that this
limestone was formed in one of the tectonically
induced depressions on the platform that had a
good connection with the open sea.
In the Lipica Formation, several types of lime-
stone with prevailing biodastic varieties are
present. There are quite numerous bedded and
massive biomicrites and biosparites with a par-
tially or completely washed micritic matrix and
relatively large rudist fragments, complete rudist
shells, rarely rudist bouquets, clusters and parts of
rudist thickets. Due to thick layering and homoge-
neous texture, this limestone represents the most
economically interesting part of the Kras carbon-
ate rocks. Foraminifera in the Lipica Formation are
similar to those in the Sežana Formation. In the
highest part of the Lipica Formation, the species
Calveziconus lecalvezae Claus Cornelia and Pseu-
docyclamina massiliensis Maync indicate that the
sedimentation of the Lipica Formation in certain
parts of the platform continued into the Campa-
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 91
splošnem velja, da se je apnenec Lipiške for-
macije odlagal v različnih okoljih karbonatne
platforme, večidel na odprtem delu šelfą, lo-
kalno pa tudi v njegovem zatisnem delu in celo
v okolju z litoralnimi razmerami.
Znotraj Lipiške formacije se v osrednjem
delu Tržaško-komenske planote pojavlja tan-
koplastovit, ploščast in laminiran Tomajski
apnenec z rožencem. Bioklastični vložki s po-
stopno zrnavostjo, teksture podvodnega pol-
zenja, odsotnost primarnega bentosa ter pe-
lagični mikro- in makrofosili pričajo o globjem
okolju, dobri povezanosti z odprtim morjem
in o življenju nektonskih in planktonskih or-
ganizmov le v vodnem stolpcu nad anoksič-
nim oziroma eoksičnim dnom lagune. Fosilna
makroflora, v kateri prevladujejo konifere,
izvira z bližnjega kopna, ki je že v zgornjem
santoniju pričelo nastajati južno od »tomajske
lagune«. Obenem se pri Tomajskem apnencu
ponuja primerjava s santonijsko-campanijsko
transgresijo in morda z oceanskim anoksičnim
dogodkom OAE-3, kar pa bo predmet bodočih
raziskav.
Počasna paleogeografska diferenciacija, ki
je v santoniju in kasneje v campaniju že moč-
no zaznamovala sedimentacijska okolja na Ja-
dransko-dinarski karbonatni platformi, se je
nadaljevala še v maastrichtiju in paleogenu. Po
prekinitvi sedimentacije so se nad apnencem
Lipiške formacije odložile plasti Kraške grupe,
ki predstavljajo začetek nove megasekvence.
Plitvomorski in paralični karbonati Kraške gru-
pe (Liburnijska formacija, Trsteljska formacija
in Alveolinsko-numulitni apnenec), so spodaj
jasno omejeni z regionalno diskordanco, zgo-
raj pa z bazenskimi klastiti.
Za Liburnijsko formacijo, ki se je odložila
nad izrazitim paleokraškim reliefom v maa-
strichtiju in paleocenu, so značilni sedimenti
plitvomorskega, brakičnega in sladkovodnega
okolja, ki se med seboj menjavajo. V »vrem-
skem« faciesu so značilni rodovi Gyropleura,
Apricardia, Bournonia in Biradiolites, od fora-
minifer pa Rhapydionina liburnica (Stache). V
sladkovodnih in brakičnih fazah sedimentaci-
je je prišlo do nastanka premogovih plasti, ob
katerih se pogosto pojavljajo številne haraceje
in polži rodu Stomatopsis. Na meji med kredo
nian. In general, the limestone of the Lipica For-
mation was deposited in different environments
of the carbonate platform, mostly in the open part
of the shelf, locally in its restricted part, as well as
in an environment with littoral conditions.
Within the Lipica Formation, in the central part of
theTrieste-Komen plateau, thin, platy and laminated
Tomaj Limestone is present. Biodastic intercalations
with gradually decreasing grain size, slumping struc-
ture, absence of primary benthos and the presence
of pelagic micro-and macrofossils testify to a deeper
environment, good connection with the open sea,
and nektonic and planktonic organisms in the water
column just above the anoxic or dysoxic bottom of
the lagoon. Fossil macroflora with dominant conifers
came from the nearby land that already in the late
Santonian began to form the Tomaj lagoon in the
south. At the same time, the Tomaj Limestone pro-
vides a comparison with the Santonian-Campanian
transgression and perhaps the oceanic anoxic event
OAE-3, which will be the subject of future research.
Gradual paleogeographic differentiation, which
in the Santonian and later in the Campanian al-
ready heavily influenced the sedimentary environ-
ments of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform,
continued into the Maastrichtian and Paleogene.
After the break in limestone sedimentation of the
Lipica Formation, the beds of the Kras Group were
sedimented and represent the beginning of the
new megasequence. Shallow marine and paralic
carbonates of the Kras Group (Liburnia and Trstelj
Formations, Alveolinid-nummulitid Limestone)
are, at their lower boundary, clearly limited by the
regional discordance and at the upper boundary
by the basinal dastites.
The Liburnia Formation was deposited on the
distinct paleokarstic relief during the Maastrich-
tian and Paleocene. The sediments are character-
ized by interchanging shallow marine, brackish
and freshwater environments. The Vreme facies
is characterized by rudist genera Gyropleura, Apri-
cardia, Bournonia, Biradiolites, and the foraminif-
era Rhapydionina liburnica (Stache). In freshwater
and brackish phases of sedimentation, coal beds
were formed, and associated with the common oc-
currence of numerous characeans and gastropods
of the genus Stomatopsis. The Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary is characterized by breccia with micritic
matrix and Microcodium structures. The Kozina
92 Į GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
in terciarjem leži breča z mikritno osnovo in
strukturami mikrokodijev. Za »kozinski« faci-
es, ki se običajno pojavlja v višjih paleocenskih
delih formacije, so značilni temnejši, rahlo la-
porasti apnenci s pogostimi tankolupinastimi
školjkami, drobnimi polži, ostrakodi, haraceja-
mi in miliolidami. Vmes se pojavljajo stromato-
litne lamine in strukture mikrokodijev.
Na karbonatih Liburnijske formacije ležijo
Spodnje trsteljske plasti, v katerih prevladuje
bioklastični apnenec s številnimi miliolidami.
Najpogostejše bentoške foraminifere pripada-
jo rodovom Periloculina, Miscellanea, Coskinon
in Fallotella, od dazikladacej pa sta zastopana
rodova Clypeina in Cymopolia. Spodnje trstelj-
ske plasti so se odlagale v plitvem priobrežnem
okolju z občasnimi okopnitvami in plitvinami.
Na osnovi bentoške združbe so te plasti uvršče-
ne v spodnji thanetij.
V najnižjem delu Zgornjih trsteljskih plasti
lahko leži Koralno-algni apnenec, ki se poja-
vlja v obliki različno debelih lečastih teles na
celotnem prostoru Krasa. Za večji del Zgornjih
trsteljskih plasti je značilen bioklastični apne-
nec z velikimi foraminiferami, ki so naseljeva-
le različne niše znotraj nekoliko globljega dela
karbonatne rampe. Od fosilov so pomembne
foraminifere rodov Assilina, Lacazina in Pseudo-
lacazina. Te plasti so uvrščene v zgornji thanetij.
Nad Trsteljsko formacijo leži Alveolinsko-nu-
mulitni apnenec z velikimi bentoškimi foramini-
ferami kot so alveoline, numulitide, orbitoidi in
diskociklinide. Spodnjo mejo formacije marsikje
na Krasu označuje množični pojav alveolinid,
zgornja meja pa je postopna ali ostra; lokalno
je viden izrazit hardground. Debelina Alveolin-
sko-numulitnega apnenca ni stalna. Tam kjer te
plasti manjkajo, ležijo Prehodne plasti ali for-
macija Flisa neposredno na Trsteljskih plasteh.
V tej formaciji si praviloma od spodaj navzgor
sledijo alveolinski apnenci, numulitni apnenci in
apnenci, v katerih prevladujejo diskociklinide in
ploščaste oblike numulitid. Alveolinsko-numu-
litni apnenec je nastajal pretežno v srednjem
delu karbonatne rampe in je na osnovi bento-
ških foraminifer uvrščen v ilerdij.
Karbonatna platforma je bila v eocenu konč-
no pokopana z napredujočimi hemipelagičnimi
facies, which usually occurs in the upper Paleocene
parts of the formation, is characterized by darker,
slightly marly limestone with frequent thin-shelled
bivalves, tiny gastropods, ostracods, characeans
and miliolids. In between there are stromatolitic
laminae and Microcodium.
The Lower Trstelj Beds, which are dominated by
biodastic limestone with numerous miliolids, are
resting above the Liburnia Formation. The most
common benthic foraminifera belong to the gen-
era Periloculina, Miscellanea, Coskinon and Fal-
lotella, and among dasydadaceans, the genera
Clypeina and Cymopolia are present. The Lower
Trstelj Beds were deposited in a shallow marine en-
vironment of the innermost ramp with occasional
emersions and shoals. Based on the benthic com-
munity, these beds are placed in the Thanetian.
In the lowest part of the Upper Trstelj Beds,
there commonly lies the Coral-algal Limestone,
which appears in the form of lenticular bodies of
different thickness throughout the Kras region.
Most of the Upper Trstelj Beds are characterized
by biodastic limestone with larger foraminifera,
which inhabited different niches within the slight-
ly deeper part of the carbonate ramp. Among the
fossils, foraminifera of the genera Assilina, Lacazi-
na and Pseudolacazina are important. These layers
are placed at the top of the Thanetian.
Above the Trstelj Formation lies the Alveolinid-
nummulitid Limestone with larger benthic fo-
raminifera: alveolinids, nummulitids, orbitolitids
and discocyclinids. The lower boundary of this Kras
formation is, in many places, indicated by alveoli-
nid mass occurrence. The upper boundary is grad-
ual or sharp. Locally, a hardground can also be ob-
served. The thickness of the Alveolinid-nummulitid
Limestone is not constant. Where these layers are
missing, the Transitional Beds or Flysch Formation
lie directly on the Trstelj Beds. As a rule, in this for-
mation, from the bottom to top, there is alveoli-
nid limestone, followed by nummulitid limestone
and limestone dominated with discocyclinids and
flat nummulitids. The Alveolinid-nummulitid Lime-
stone was formed largely in the middle part of car-
bonate ramp and, based on benthic foraminifera,
placed in the llerdian.
The carbonate platform was finally buried in
the Eocene with the advancing hemipelagic marls,
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 93
laporji, laporastimi apnenci in resedimentirani-
mi karbonati (Prehodne plasti) ter z globokovo-
dnimi klastiti (Flis). Za Prehodne plasti je poleg
glavkonita značilen velik delež planktonskih
foraminifer. V višjih delih Prehodnih plasti je lo-
kalno razvit Bazalni lapor, ki z zmanjševanjem
karbonatne komponente končno preide v fliš.
V širši okvir Prehodnih plasti spada tudi Potoška
breča. Prehodne plasti so na osnovi foraminifer
in nanoplanktona uvrščene v srednji del ypresi-
ja oziroma spodnji del cuisija.
Nad Prehodnimi plastmi, ponekod pa ero-
zijsko nad karbonatnimi kamninami Kraške
grupe, leži več sto metrov debela skladovnica
flišnega peščenjaka, meljevca, glinovca in lapo-
rovca, ki tvori formacijo Flisa. V najnižjem delu
te formacije sta pogosto razvita konglomerat
in breča. V flišu širšega prostora Vipavsko-go-
riškega sinklinorija opazujemo vse značilne se-
kvence kalnih tokov. Pri Ustju v Vipavski dolini,
ki je najbližje flišnemu obrobju Krasa, je bila s
planktonom, nanoplanktonom in numulitida-
mi ugotovljena flišna sedimentacija iz spodnje-
ga v srednji cuisij.
V razmislek ...
V dveh desetletjih izdelave geološke karte
Krasa in številnih drugih geoloških raziskav smo
bili v razmeroma kratkem času pogosto priče ra-
dikalnim, prav nič prijaznim posegom v ta pro-
stor. Zavrteti kolo časa nazaj ni več mogoče, ko-
nec koncev si tudi Kraševci želijo v korak s časom.
Pravzaprav imajo do tega vso pravico, enako
kot prebivalci drugih pokrajin, ki so obdarjene
z izjemnimi naravnimi in kulturnimi vrednota-
mi. Vendar je ob tem potrebno upoštevati, da
je ranljivost Krasa bistveno večja in mnogostran-
ska. Niso ogroženi le kraški pojavi, podzemne
vode, avtohtona kraška arhitektura, živalstvo in
rastlinstvo, temveč tudi kamen, ki ga na Krasu
sicer nikoli ne bo zmanjkalo. In prav kamen je
prvi v verigi ogroženosti, zaradi katere se Kras iz-
gublja v povprečnosti povsem običajnih pokrajin
na kraških ozemljih dinarskega sveta.
Geološka kontaminacija postaja vzpore-
den pojav skoraj vseh velikih gradbenih po-
segov na Krasu in v njegovi okolici. Sodobna
tehnologija in dobro razvita infrastruktura
marly limestones and resedimented carbonates
(Transitional Beds) and with deepwater elastics
(Flysch). The Transitional Beds are characterized by
a high proportion of glauconite and planktonic fo-
raminifera. In the higher parts of the Transitional
Beds, Basal Marl is locally developed, that, with re-
ducing carbonate content, finally pass into flysch.
In a wider context, the Potok Breccia also belongs
to the Transitional Beds. On the basis of foraminif-
era and nanoplankton, the Transitional Beds are
placed in the middle Ypresian and lower Cuisian.
Above the Transitional Beds, or in some cases
erosionally above the carbonate rocks of the Kras
Group, lies a several hundred meters-thick succes-
sion of flysch sandstone, siltstone, daystone and
marlstone, which forms the Flysch Formation. In
the lowest part of this formation, conglomerate
and breccia are often developed. In the flysch of
the wider area of the Vipava-Gorizia syndinorium,
all characteristic sequences of turbidity currents
can be observed. Near the Ustje in the Vipava Val-
ley, which is closest to the flysch edge of the Kras
area, flysch sedimentation of the lower to middle
Cuisian age was documented with plankton, nano-
plankton and nummulitids.
For consideration...
In the two decades of geological mapping of Kras
and many other geological projects, we were often,
in a relatively short period of time, witnesses to rad-
ical and unfriendly interventions in the landscape.
It is no longer possible to reverse these interven-
tions because, after all, the Kras inhabitants want
to be in step with the times. These inhabitants, of
course, have every right to development, just as
are people of other provinces that are blessed with
outstanding natural and cultural value. However, it
should be noted that the vulnerability of Kras is sig-
nificantly higher and multilateral. Not only are the
karst features, groundwater, indigenous Kras archi-
tecture, flora and fauna endangered, but also the
stone, even though it will never run out in the Kras
area. This stone is the first in the chain of risk of Kras
becoming lost to the mediocrity of other, entirely
ordinary lands, of the Dinaric karst region.
Geological contamination is becoming a paral-
lel phenomenon in almost all major construction
projects in the Kras region and its surrounding areas.
94 ļ GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
omogočata premeščanje ogromnih mas iz-
kopanega kamninskega materiala na velikih
razdaljah. Pripeljane flišne kamnine, iz bli-
žnjega in manj bližnjega obrobja globoko na
ozemlje karbonatnih kamnin Krasa, predsta-
vljajo tipičen primer geološke kontaminacije,
ki lahko hitro preide v kontaminacijo avtoh-
tone kraške arhitekture in drugih delov kul-
turne krajine. Enako problematična so tudi
vsa premeščanja karbonatnih kamnin zno-
traj Krasa, najpogosteje zaradi melioracij za
potrebe vinogradništva. S tem je povezano
izkopavanje terra rosse in zasipavanje vrtač
s tujim kamninskim materialom in odpadki,
kar predstavlja geološko kontaminacijo lo-
kalnega značaja.
Kras je glede na arhitektonsko-gradbeni ka-
men že v preteklosti zavzemal med slovenskimi
pokrajinami vodilno mesto. Le bolje poučeni
vedo, da znameniti naravni kamni, kot so Re-
pen, Kopriva in Lipica, že več kot sto let krasijo
nekatere najimenitnejše stavbe v Evropi. Dana-
šnje kamnarstvo na Krasu je po pestrosti različ-
kov naravnega kamna, ki jih lahko ponudi, le še
senca nekoč cvetoče obrti. Ob tem se soočimo
s potrebami sodobne arhitekture, ki zahteva
poleg visoke kvalitete gradbenih materialov
tudi različne strukturne in barvne variante na-
ravnega kamna, predvsem temnejših različkov
za kombinacijo v vzorcu s svetlimi variantami.
Žal, so na Krasu vsi kamnolomi temnejših različ-
kov že davno opuščeni. Arhitekti zato vse bolj
posegajo po magmatskih in metamorfnih ka-
mninah ter jih vnašajo v prostor, v katerem, vsaj
pri obnovi stare arhitekture, nimajo kaj iskati.
Avtentična kraška arhitektura pa ob tem bledi
in izginja prav zaradi pomanjkanja avtentičnih
gradbenih materialov za obnovo. Zato mora
postati varovanje vseh ležišč naravnega kamna
pred uničenjem in pozidavo, ena od priorite-
tnih nalog bodočih rodov. Vso pozornost si za-
služijo tudi veliki dinarsko usmerjeni prelomi z
vsemi spremljajočimi pojavi, nahajališča fosilov,
ležišča premoga in še marsikaj, s čimer nas Kras
preseneča skoraj na vsakem koraku.
Posebej je potrebno opozoriti na že ome-
njene ploščaste in laminirane apnence, kot
so Komenski in Tomajski apnenci, ki nedvo-
mno spadajo med najstarejše gradbene ma-
teriale na Krasu. Še ob koncu 19. in v prvi po-
Modern technology and well-developed infrastruc-
ture enables transport of huge masses of excavated
rock material over long distances. The transporta-
tion of flysch rocks from a nearby neighboring pe-
ripheral area deep into the carbonate territory of
Kras represents a typical example of geological con-
tamination, which can quickly become contamina-
tion of indigenous Kras architecture and other parts
of the cultural landscape. Equally problematic are
all transfers of carbonate rocks within Kras, mostly
because of the amelioration needs for viticulture.
This transfer is associated with the excavation of
terra rossa and filling sinkholes with foreign rock
material and waste materials, which is geological
contamination of local character.
In regards to the architectural-building stone
in the past, Kras held a leading position and was
favored among the Slovenian regions. Only bet-
ter informed people know, that famous natural
stones, such as Repen, Kopriva and Lipica, for over
a hundred years have adorned some of the finest
buildings in Europe. Given the current quarrying
situation in Kras, which is, in terms of the varieties
of natural stone that it can offer, only a shadow of
an once flourishing craft, we are confronted with
the needs of modern architecture. It requires not
only a high-quality building materials but also vari-
ous structural and color variants of natural stones,
especially the darker varieties for combination in
a pattern with light variations. Unfortunately, all
quarries of darker varieties in Kras were aban-
doned long ago. Therefore, architects increasingly
seek igneous and metamorphic rocks, and bring
them into rooms, in which, at least in the renova-
tion of old and autochthonous architecture, they
have no place. Authentic Kras architecture is dis-
appearing because of the lack of authentic build-
ing materials for reconstruction. Therefore, as one
of the priorities for future generations, all natural
stone deposits should be protected from destruc-
tion and building. Full attention deserves also to
be paid to the large faults with Dinaric orientation,
with all the attendant phenomena, such as fossilif-
erous beds, coal deposits, and many more features
with what Kras surprises us at almost every step.
Particular attention should be paid to the afore-
mentioned platy and laminated limestones, such
as Komen and Tomaj Limestones, which undoubt-
edly belong to one of the oldest building mate-
rials in Kras. Even at the end of the 19th and the
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 95
lovici 20. stoletja so obratovali številni manjši
kamnolomi, običajno tam, kjer so na površini
izdanjali nekoliko debelejši sloji teh plošča-
stih in laminiranih kamnin. Uporabljali so jih
za tlakovanje, tanke in skrbno oblikovane
plošče pa za pokrivanje streh. Izkopavanje
teh plasti, predvsem na Komenskem Krasu,
je dalo pomemben prispevek geološki zna-
nosti. Domačini so v ploščasti kamnini med
izkopavanjem »škrl« pogosto našli fosile rib
in plazilcev, ki so največkrat končali v zbir-
kah večjih evropskih muzejev. Danes na Kra-
su skorajda ni več mogoče dobiti kvalitetnih
apnenčevih plošč Komenskega ali Tomajske-
ga apnenca niti za obnovo redkih starih ka-
mnitih streh, kaj šele za obogatitev sodobne
kraške arhitekture.
Komenski in Tomajski apnenci imajo posebno
mesto med poljedelci, predvsem vinogradniki,
saj so od kamninske podlage svojih polj in vino-
gradov še najbolj odvisni. Vsak vinogradnik do-
bro ve, da je mogoče dober teran pridelati le na
zemlji, ki je bogata s kremenom. Ta pa je tam,
kjer so v podlagi (ali bližini) kamnine, ki kremen
vsebujejo v obliki roženčevih pol in roženčevih
gomoljev. Največ roženca je v Tomajskih in Ko-
menskih apnencih, ki hitreje preperevajo od
drugih tipov kraških karbonatnih kamnin, in
dajejo poleg kremena debelo preperinsko ode-
jo rdeče rjave prsti - terra rossa.
Nedvomno so znali stari Kraševci naravi
mnogo bolje prisluhniti kot ji znajo sedanji
prebivalci tega prostora. Imeli so dovolj časa
za opazovanje, pogovor in za razmislek. Večno
pomanjkanje jih je sililo, da so tudi pri gradnji
svojih domov segali po skoraj edinem materi-
alu, ki je bil zastonj in na dosegu roke ֊ po
kraškem kamnu. Prav zato se stara kraška arhi-
tektura tako tesno zliva s pokrajino. V
V primeru tako vsestransko občutljivega sis-
tema kot je matični kras, si lahko le želimo, da
bi o nekaterih geoloških spoznanjih, ki jih po-
nuja ta knjiga, razmislili tudi domačini in na-
črtovalci nadaljnjega razvoja Krasa, saj bo le
tako Kras v naslednjih desetletjih ostal čim bolj
podoben današnjemu. To pa je mogoče le ob
višji stopnji zavedanja o neponovljivosti Krasa
in poznavanju njegovih naravnih danosti, med
katere spada tudi geološka naravna dediščina.
first half of the 20th century, a number of smaller
quarries were in operation, usually where slightly
thicker beds of the platy and laminated rocks were
exposed. They were used for paving, whereas thin,
carefully shaped slabs were used to cover the roofs.
Excavation of these beds, especially in the Komen
Kras, provided an important contribution to geo-
logical science. During excavation of the slabs, lo-
cals often found fossils of fish and reptiles, which
mostly ended in the collections of major European
museums. Today in Kras, there it is no longer re-
ally possible to obtain high-quality limestone slabs
of the Komen and Tomaj Limestones, not even for
renovation of a rare old stone roof, let alone for
the enrichment of modern karst architecture.
The Komen and Tomaj Limestones have a spe-
cial place among the farmers and wine growers, as
they are most dependent on the bedrock in their
fields and vineyards. Every grower knows that it
is possible to produce good Teran wine only on
land rich in silica. This is why they base their vine-
yards in (or near) rocks, which contain silica in the
form of chert sheets and nodules. Most chert is in
the Tomaj and the Komen Limestones, and they
weather faster than other types of karstic carbon-
ate rocks and in addition to quartz, they provide
a thick weathered blanket of reddish-brown soil
called terra rossa.
Clearly, older Kras people understood nature
much better than the current residents of this area
do. The older residents had abundant time for
observation, discussion and reflection. Constant
shortages also drove these residents to construct
their homes using almost the only material that
was free and at their fingertips - the karst stone.
This necessity is why the old Kras architecture is
so closely and seamlessly blended with the land-
scape.
If dealing with such a versatile and sensitive sys-
tem as Kras, we can only wish that some of the
geological knowledge offered by this book will fa-
cilitate locals and policy-makers to deeply consider
the further development of Kras, as only in that
way will Kras in the next few decades remain as
close as possible to the state it exists today. This
is only possible with a higher level of awareness
of the uniqueness of Kras and with sustainable ex-
ploitation of its natural resources, which include a
geological natural heritage.
96 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
ZAHVALA
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Geološke raziskave Krasa so potekale v okvi-
ru različnih raziskovalnih programov in projek-
tov, ki jih je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih izvajal
Geološki zavod Slovenije ob sofinanciranju
Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Re-
publike Slovenije.
Velik del raziskav, ki jih je vodil dr. Bogdan
Jurkovšek (Geološki zavod Slovenije), je bil
med leti 1987 in 2008 namenjen izdelavi nove
geološke karte, vzporedno pa so potekale in
še potekajo številne druge geološke raziska-
ve z namenom boljšega poznavanja Krasa kot
edinstvenega naravnega in kulturnega pro-
stora. V tem času so se raziskovalni skupini
kot sodelavci ali kot svetovalci pridružili šte-
vilni strokovnjaki - specialisti za posamezna
ožja področja geologije, ki so bistveno vpli-
vali na vsebino in potek, kakor tudi na višjo
kakovost raziskav. Raziskovalci so opravili po-
membno delo, brez katerega ne bi bilo mogo-
če izdelati sodobne geološke karte in napisati
te knjige. Poleg avtorjev, ki smo bili prisotni
skupaj ali posamično v vseh fazah raziskav, so
pri terenskih raziskavah občasno sodelovali
Martin Toman, mag. Luka Šribar, mag. Mari-
jan Poljak, dr. Igor Rižnar (vsi Geološki zavod
Slovenije), akademik prof. dr. Ivan Gušič, prof.
dr. Vladimir Jelaska (oba Prirodoslovno-mate-
matički fakultet Zagreb, Hrvatska). Pri tekton-
sko-strukturnem delu raziskav je sodeloval dr.
Ladislav Placer (Geološki zavod Slovenije). Del
mikropaleontoloških raziskav za karto južne-
ga Krasa sta opravili Ljudmila Šribar (Geolo-
ški zavod Slovenije) in dr. Katica Drobne (ZRC
SAZU - Paleontološki inštitut Ivana Rakovca),
pri sedimentoloških raziskavah je sodeloval
prof. dr. Bojan Ogorelec (Geološki zavod Slo-
venije), korale je določila akademikinja dr.
Dragica Turnšek (ZRC SAZU - Paleontološki in-
štitut Ivana Rakovca), rudiste akademik prof.
dr. Mario Pleničar (Naravoslovnotehniška fa-
kulteta, Ljubljana), amonite prof. dr. Herbert
Bayerlsche
Staatsbibiiothek
München
The geological study of the Kras region was part
of various research programs and projects over the
last two decades and was performed with finan-
cial support from the Geological Survey of Slovenia
and the Slovenian Research Agency.
The research was led by Dr. Bogdan Jurkovšek
(Geological Survey of Slovenia) during the pe-
riod 1987-2008, and most of it consisted of the
preparation of a new geological map. Parallel to
this, a number of other geological projects were
performed to develop a better geological under-
standing of Kras as a unique natural and cultural
phenomenon. In the meantime, a number of ex-
perts joined the research team as collaborators
or consultants. These individuals were specialists
in certain fields of geology and significantly in-
fluenced the content and course and raised the
quality of the research. These researchers did im-
portant parts of the work, which significantly im-
proved the preparation of the modern geological
map and helped in the preparation of this book.
In addition to the authors, who were present to-
gether or individually in all stages of research,
those who occasionally participated in the field
studies were Martin Toman, MS Luka Šribar, MS
Marijan Poljak, and Dr. Igor Rižnar (all Geological
Survey of Slovenia) and Acad. Prof. Dr. Ivan Gušic
and Prof. Dr. Vladimir Jelaska (both Faculty of Sci-
ence, University of Zagreb, Croatia). Dr Ladislav
Placer (Geological Survey of Slovenia) participat-
ed in the tectonic-structural part of the research
work. Part of micropaleontologic research for the
map of the southern Kras was performed by Ljud-
mila Šribar (Geological Survey of Slovenia) and Dr.
Katica Drobne (Research Centre of the Slovenian
Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ivan Rakovec In-
stitute of Palaeontology). Prof. Dr. Bojan Ogore-
lec (Geological Survey of Slovenia) participated
in the sedimentological studies. The corals were
identified by Acad. Dr. Dragica Turnšek (Research
Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and
Arts, Ivan Rakovec Institute of Palaeontology), the
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 97
Summesberger (Naturhistorisches museum,
Wien, Austria), fosilne ribe prof. dr. Lionel
Cavin (Natural History Museum of Geneva,
Switzerland), druge vretenčarje prof. dr. Eric
Buffetaut (CNRS, Paris, France), fosilne rastli-
ne pa prof. dr. Inna Dobruskina (The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel).
Pomembno tehnično delo pri pripravi vzor-
cev kamnin in urejanju grafičnih prilog te pu-
blikacije so opravili Robert Koščal (Prirodoslov-
no-matematički fakultet Zagreb, Hrvatska),
Jana Otrin, doc. dr. Luka Gale, Mladen Štumer-
gar, Stane Zakrajšek in Marija Petrovič (Geolo-
ški zavod Slovenije).
Geološke raziskave Krasa so temeljile na
lastnih geoloških spoznanjih in na rezultatih
dolgoletnih raziskav širokega kroga sloven-
skih, hrvaških in italijanskih geologov. Avtorji
se poleg že omenjenim sodelavcem posebej
zahvaljujemo recenzentom prof. dr. Ivanu Gu-
šiču (Hrvaška), prof. dr. Bojanu Ogorelcu (Slo-
venija) in prof. dr. Giorgiu Tunisu (Italija), ki so
kot dobri poznavalci geologije Zunanjih Dina-
ridov delo kritično pregledali.
Geološke raziskave Krasa so bile sprejete z
velikim razumevanjem domačinov-gostoljub-
nih prebivalcev Krasa, ki so nam dolga leta
omogočali delo na svojih zasebnih zemljiščih.
Mnogokrat so nas opozarjali na zanimive geo-
loške pojave, ki smo jih vselej obravnavali z vso
resnostjo in upoštevali pri geoloških raziska-
vah, katerih končni cilj je geološka karta Krasa.
rudists by Acad. Prof. Dr. Mario Pleničar (Faculty of
Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana), the
ammonoids by Prof. Dr. Herbert Summesberger
(Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria), the fos-
sil fish by Dr. Lionel Cavin (Natural History Museum
of Geneva, Switzerland), the other vertebrates by
Prof. Dr. Eric Buffetaut (CNRS, Paris, France), and
the fossil plants by Prof. Dr. Inna A. Dobruskina
(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel).
Important technical work in the preparation of
rock samples and preparing the graphic works for
this publication were done by Robert Koščal (Fac-
ulty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia) and
Jana Otrin, Prof. Dr. Luka Gale, Mladen Štumergar,
Stane Zakrajšek and Marija Petrovič (all Geological
Survey of Slovenia).
The geological study of Kras is based on our
own geological knowledge and the results of
lengthy research by a broad range of the Sloveni-
an, Croatian and Italian geologists. The authors, in
addition to the above-mentioned colleagues, are
especially indebted to the critical review of Prof.
Dr. Ivan Gušič (Croatia), Prof. Dr. Bojan Ogorelec
(Slovenia) and Prof. Dr. Giorgio Tunis (Italy).
This work was done with great understanding
of the local hospitable people of Kras, who facili-
tated our research for many years on their private
land and who informed us frequently of interest-
ing geological phenomena. Their observations and
comments were always treated seriously and were
considered in our geological research with the ul-
timate goal of producing the geological map of
Kras. Therefore, this work is dedicated to all of the
people of Kras.
98 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
KAZALO
UVOD .................................................................... 7
GEOGRAFSKI PREGLED ..................................................... 13
DOSEDANJE RAZISKAVE .................................................... 19
GEOLOŠKI IN BIOLOŠKI DOGODKI V MEZOZOIKU ............................... 25
KREDA IN PALEOGEN ...................................................... 30
GEOLOŠKA UMESTITEV IN PREDZGODOVINA KRASA .............................. 39
LITOSTRATIGRAFSKE ENOTE KRASA .......................................... 50
BRSKA FORMACIJA ........................................................ 53
POVIRSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 56
Komenski apnenec v Povirski formaciji .................................. 60
REPENSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 62
Repen/Kopriva .......................................................... 63
Komenski apnenec s pelagičnimi fosili .................................. 64
SEŽANSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 65
Komenski apnenec v Sežanski formaciji .................................. 68
Pliskoviški apnenec .................................................... 68
LIPIŠKA FORMACIJA ...................................................... 69
Tomajski apnenec ....................................................... 71
KRAŠKA GRUPA ........................................................... 75
LIBURNIJSKA FORMACIJA .................................................. 76
TRSTELJSKA FORMACIJA ................................................... 78
Spodnje trsteljske plasti .............................................. 78
Zgornje trsteljske plasti .............................................. 79
ALVEOLINSKO-NUMULITNI APNENEC .......................................... 82
PREHODNE PLASTI ...................................................... 83
FLIS ................................................................... 84
POVZETEK ............................................................... 87
ZAHVALA ................................................................ 97
LITERATURA ............................................................. 99
TABLE ..................................................................109
4 Į GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS
ist« 8 w m te« is %! H
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 7
GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW .................................................. 13
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ............................................. 19
GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVENTS IN THE MESOZOIC ................... 25
CRETACEOUS AND PALEOGENE ............................................. 30
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND PREHISTORY OF KRAS .......................... 39
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF KRAS ..................................... 50
THE BRJE FORMATION ................................................... 53
THE POVIR FORMATION .................................................. 56
The Komen Limestone in the Povir Formation ........................... 60
THE REPEN FORMATION .................................................. 62
The Repen/Kopriva .................................................... 63
The Komen Limestone with Pelagic Fossils ............................. 64
THE SEŽANA FORMATION ................................................. 65
The Komen Limestone in the Sežana Formation .......................... 68
The Pliskovica Limestone ............................................. 68
THE LIPICA FORMATION ................................................. 69
The Tomaj Limestone ................................................ 71
THE KRAS GROUP ....................................................... 75
THE LIBURNIA FORMATION ............................................. 76
THE TRSTELJ FORMATION ................................................ 78
The Lower Trstelj Beds ............................................... 78
The Upper Trstelj Beds ............................................... 79
THE ALVEOLINID-NUMMULITID LIMESTONE .................................. 82
THE TRANSITIONAL BEDS ................................................ 83
THE FLYSCH ........................................................... 84
SUMMARY .............................................................. 87
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................... 97
REFERENCES ........................................................... 99
PLATES .............................................................. 109
GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA | 5
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| id | DE-604.BV042643720 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:06:36Z |
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| spelling | Jurkovšek, Bogdan 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1071861034 aut Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek Geology of Kras Ljubljana Geološki zavod Slovenije 2013 205 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd rswk-swf Karst Landschaft (DE-588)4097690-7 gnd rswk-swf Karst Landschaft (DE-588)4097690-7 g Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028076041&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028076041&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jurkovšek, Bogdan 1952- Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4097690-7 |
| title | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras |
| title_alt | Geology of Kras |
| title_auth | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras |
| title_exact_search | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras |
| title_full | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek |
| title_fullStr | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek |
| title_short | Geologija Krasa |
| title_sort | geologija krasa geology of kras |
| title_sub | = Geology of Kras |
| topic | Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geologie Karst Landschaft |
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