Verfügbarkeit: Geologija Krasa

Geologija Krasa: = Geology of Kras

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Jurkovšek, Bogdan 1952- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Slovenian English
Veröffentlicht:	Ljubljana Geološki zavod Slovenije 2013
Schlagworte:	Geologie Karst > Landschaft
Online-Zugang:	Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	205 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9789616498425

Internformat

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245	1	0	\|a Geologija Krasa \|b = Geology of Kras \|c Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek
246	1	1	\|a Geology of Kras
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804174828895207424
adam_text	POVZETEK SUMMARY Kras, slikovita pokrajina na skrajnem sever- nem koncu Jadranskega morja, zaseda med kraškimi regijami v svetu prav posebno mesto, saj je po njegovem imenu nastal mednarodni izraz karst (kras). Drugo, v geoloških krogih pogosto uporabljano ime za Kras je Tržaško- komenska planota. Leži na severnem defor- miranem robu Jadranske mikroplošče, za ka- terega je značilno gubanje in narivanje proti osrednjemu delu plošče t. j. proti jugu in jugo- zahodu. Kras predstavlja skupaj z večjim delom jugozahodne Slovenije del Zunanjih Dinaridov, ki so v paleogeografskem smislu zgrajeni iz se- dimentov nekdanje Jadransko-dinarske karbo- natne platforme. Zgornjekarbonsko-spodnjetriasna pred- zgodovina Jadransko-dinarske karbonatne platforme je vezana na epikontinentalni šelf Gondvane, od srednjega triasa naprej pa je obstajala kot bolj ali manj izolirana intraoce- anska karbonatna platforma, ki so jo obkrožali globokomorski bazeni oceana Tetida. Jadran- sko-dinarska karbonatna platforma je bila ge- otektonsko razmeroma stabilna in je vse do razpada v zgornji kredi in paleogenu uspešno vzdrževala ravnotežje med globalnimi spre- membami morske gladine in vplivi sinsedimen- tarne tektonike znotraj dinamičnega območja med Lavrazijo in Gondvano. Primerjava karbo- natnih kamnin Krasa, ki so nastajale na notra- njem delu karbonatne platforme, z drugimi območji Zunanjih Dinaridov kaže, da je bila platforma v spodnji kredi in v spodnjem delu zgornje krede paleogeografsko homogena. O tem priča podobnost številnih litostratigrafskih enot na celotnem krednem ozemlju Zunanjih Dinaridov. Evidentna je zlasti ozka povezanost večine stratigrafskih nivojev, členov in formacij z globalnimi evstatičnimi dogodki. Šele v mlaj- šem delu zgornje krede je opazna večja dife- renciacija sedimentacijskega prostora. Kras, a picturesque landscape on the northern end of the Adriatic Sea, has a special place among the karst regions of the world, as its name became the basis of the internationally used term karst. Another name for Kras often used among geolo- gists is the Trieste-Komen plateau. It lies at the northern edge of the deformed Adria microplate, which is characterized by folding and thrusting to the central part of the plate, i.e., south and south- west. Kras represents, together with much of the southwestern part of Slovenia, part of the External Dinarides, which, in paleogeographic terms, built of sediments of the former Adriatic-Dinaric Car- bonate Platform. The Late Carboniferous to early Triassic prehis- tory of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform is linked to the Gondwana continental shelf, and from the Middle Triassic onwards, it existed as a more or less isolated intraoceanic carbonate plat- form, which was surrounded by the deep basin of the Tethys Ocean. The Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform was geotectonically relatively stable, and until its demise in the late Cretaceous and Paleo- gene, it successfully maintained a balance be- tween global sea-level changes and influence of synsedimentary tectonics within the dynamic area between the Laurasia and Gondwana continents. Comparison of the Kras carbonate rocks, which were formed in the inner part of the carbonate platform, with other areas of the External Dinar- ides, reveals that the platform in the early Creta- ceous and in the lower part of the late Cretaceous was paleogeographically homogeneous. This is indicated by the similarity of many of the lithos- tratigraphic units in the entire Cretaceous territory of the External Dinarides. Particularly evident is the close correlation of most stratigraphic levels, members and formations with the global eustatic events. Only in the upper part of the late Creta- ceous was there a more pronounced difference in the sedimentary environment. GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 87 V tem delu je predstavljenih deset glavnih formacij s členi, ki gradijo Kras in njegovo obrobje. Na tablah je za vsako enoto, poleg osnovnega terenskega in makroskopskega prikaza kamnin, velik del namenjen fosilom. Najobsežnejši je izbor fotografij mikroskop- skih preparatov - zbruskov, ki so bili izdelani v laboratoriju Geološkega zavoda Slovenije vzporedno z geološkim kartiranjem Krasa, saj je bilo marsikdaj mogoče le s pomočjo mikro- fosilnih združb natančno starostno definirati litostratigrafske enote (sl. 37, 38). Najstarejše karbonatne kamnine pripada- jo Brski formaciji, ki je nastajala pretežno v plitvem zatisnem šelfu z značajem lagune. V spodnjem dolomitnem delu Brske formacije ni ohranjenih fosilov, zato morda najnižje ležeče dolomitne plasti pripadajo še berriasijski sto- pnji. V apnencu nad dolomitom se ponekod množično pojavljajo favreine, ki pripadajo ne- okomskemu t. i. koprolitnemu horizontu. Nav- zgor sledi apnenec z bacinellami, ki predsta- vlja refleksijo na oceanski anoksični dogodek OAE-1a. Med mikrofosili zgornjega dela Brske formacije je pomembna spodnjeaptijska fora- minifera Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenba- ch), tik pod aptijsko-albijsko emerzijsko mejo pa se množično pojavijo alge Salpingoporella dinarica Radoičič. S splošno znanim padcem evstatičnega ni- voja morske gladine pod rob karbonatne platforme med aptijem in albijem in njenim ponovnim dvigom se je pričela sedimentaci- ja Povirske formacije in s tem nastanek nove megasekvence na karbonatni platformi. Za emerzijsko mejo med Brsko in Povirsko for- macijo je značilna plast breče, ki je opazna tudi na drugih delih Jadransko-dinarske kar- bonatne platforme. Albijski del Povirske formacije v splošnem kaže nekoliko višji energijski nivo sedimenta- cijskega okolja. Od foraminifer najnižjega dela je najpomembnejša Orbitolina (Mesorbitoli- na) texana Roemer, ki se množično pojavlja v klastih emerzijske breče in v plasteh nad njo. Za albijsko-cenomanijski del Povirske forma- cije sta značilna pretežno dolomitna postse- dimentacijsko tektogeno-diagenetska breča in plastovit bituminozni dolomit. V zgornjem, In this work, ten main formations are presented that constitute Kras and its peripheral area. On the plates, a basic field and macroscopic presentation of rocks is given for each unit, and a large portion is devoted to the fossil content. The most compre- hensive is the selection of photomicrographs of rock thin-sections that were prepared in the labo- ratory of the Geological Survey Slovenia parallel to the geological mapping of the Kras area, as it was often only with the help of microfossil associations possible to define the lithostratigraphic units ac- curately (Fig. 37, 38). The oldest carbonate rocks belong to the Brje Formation, which was built mainly in a shallow calm shelf with the lagoonal character. In the lower, dolomitic part of the Brje Formation, there are no preserved fossils, so perhaps the lowermost dolomite beds belong to the Berriasian stage. In the limestone above the dolomite, favreinas abun- dantly appear in places and belong to the Neo- comian coprolite horizon. Further upward, there is limestone with bacinellas, which represents a reflection of the oceanic anoxic event OAE-1a. Among the microfossils of the upper part of the Brje Formation, there is the important lower Ap- tian species Palorbitollna lenticularis (Blumen- bach), whereas just below the Aptian-Albian emer- sion boundary, the alga Salpingoporella dinarica Radoicic occurs in massive amounts. The generally known eustatic sea level drop be- low the edge of the carbonate platform during Ap- tian and Albian and its re-raising started sedimen- tation of the Povir Formation and the beginning of a new megasequence of the carbonate platform. The emersion boundary between the Brje and Po- vir Formations is characterized by a breccia layer, which is also evident in other parts of the Adriatic- Dinaric Carbonate Platform. The Albian part of the Povir Formation gener- ally displays a slightly higher energy level of the sedimentary environment. In the lowest part, the most important foraminifera is Orbitolina (Mes- orbitolina) texana Roemer, which is widely found in the clasts of emersion breccia and in the layers above it. The Albian-Cenomanian part of the Po- vir Formation is characterized mainly by dolomit- ic, postsedimentary tectogeno-diagenetic breccia and bedded bituminous dolomite. In the upper Cenomanian part of the Povir Formation, next to 88 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS BERRIASIAN VALANGINIAN HAUTERIVIAN BARREMIAN APTIAN m _l CENOMANIAN TURONIAN CONIACIAN SANTONIAN CAMPANIAN MAASTRICHTIAN Maycina bulgaríca Praechrysalidina sp. Haplophramoides joukowskyi Vercorsella tenuis Vercosella camposauri Vercosella scarsellai Novalesia sp. Rumanoloculina robusta Sabaudia minuta Novalesia distorta Pseudonummoloculina sp. Campanellula capuensis Debarina hahounerensis Novalesia producta Glomospira watersi Vercorsella wintered Spiriloculina cretacea Belorussiella textilarioides Istriloculina cf. elliptica Novalesia cornucopia Praechrysalidina infracretacea Rumanoloculina minima Nezzazatinella sp. Vercorsella arenata Palorbitolina lenticularis Pseudolituonella conica Voloshinoides murgensis Pseudonummoloculina aurigerica Glomospira urgoniana Istriloculina cf. granumtrici Nezzazata isabellae Novalesia anguiosa Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) texana Cuneolina pavonia Cuneolina parva Scandonea aff. phoenissa Nezzazatinella picardi Protochrysafidina elongata Pseudonummoloculina heimi Valdanchelia decourti Nezzazata simplex Trochospira avnimelechi 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1.. J. 1 ļ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ľ ļ i ļ I 1 1 ļ 1 ■ 1 1 1 ļ Í ™T“ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! J. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i J i 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! · ļ Ì 1 1 Í ļ ։ ļ i Į 1 1 j i 1 Í ! 1 i ! j 1 i i 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ļ I j ! 1 1 Ì ! į 1 ļ ! 1 1 i ! ! ļ 1 1 ! i J 1 1 ļ 1 ļ ] 1 1 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 ļ I [ 1 1 ...I_ 1 ■ 1 1 1 ļ 1 1 1 [ i ļ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i ( ! 1 1 ! [ 1 ļ 1 r 1 1 1 1 f Ì 1 1 ( J 1 1 1 1 f t I 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 -f 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 ] —[ 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ļ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Í i 1 1 ļ I i 1 1 i 1 1 j j ļ ļ i 1 i 1 j 1 i 1 ļ ļ i i 1 ļ 1 1 1 Í 1 ļ 1 i 1 1 ; J ! ļ I ļ ! i 1 ļ i ! ļ ļ ļ ļ ! 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 f 1 1 1 ļ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ļ Chrysalidina gradata ļ 1 -ļ- T 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 .1.. 1 1 4 j Broeckina (Pastrikella) balcanica Vidalina radoicicae Peneroplis cf. parvus Pseudocyclammina sphaeroidea I 1 J I ֊ 1 1 1 1 1 1 f ļ ļ 1 1 • r 1 [ 1 1 ! ļ 1 1 1 f Í j 1 [ 1 ! 1 ՛ 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ļ Scandonea samnitica Dicyclina schlumbergeri Accordiella conica 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i Scandonea mediterranea i 1 ļ 1 1 1 1 Ì 1 i i 1 1 Murgella lata Keramosphaerina tergestina 1 ! i ! i 1 I ! į i 1 i 1 ļ 1 ļ 1 1 t 1 ! 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ļ 1 ՝ Rhapydionina liburnica Fleuryana adriatica I 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 ՝ 1 1 - 1 ļ 1 1 [ L_ 1 1 Į ■\| Sl. 37. Stratigrafska razširjenost krednih benoških foraminifer na Krasu. Fig. 37. Stratigraphic distribution of the Cretaceous benthic foraminifera from Kras. GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 89 BERRIASIAN VALANGINIAN HAUTERIVIAN BARREMIAN APTIAN ALBIAN Salpingoporella annulata Clypeina? solkani Salpingoporella muehlbergii Salpingoporella melitae Salpingoporella genevensis Salpingoporella dinarica Salpingoporella turgida j j ! 1 1 I 1 Sl. 38. Stratigrafska razširjenost spodnjekrednih dazikladacejskih apnenčevih alg na Krasu. Fig. 38. Stratigraphic distribution of the Early Cretaceous dasyclad calcareous algae from Kras. cenomanijskem delu Povirske formacije ima poleg hondrodont velik stratigrafski pomen foraminifera Broeckina (Pastrikella) balcanica Cherchi, Radoičić Schroeder, ki je poznana iz številnih srednje in zgornjecenomanijskih na- hajališč v mediteranskem prostoru. Ploščasti in laminirani apnenci se na Krasu pojavljajo znotraj različnih formacij od albija do campanija. Največ teh plasti je v širši okolici Komna. Velik del Komenskega apnenca, ki se pojavlja v sklopu Povirske formacije, je nastajal v intraplatformnem bazenu v neposredni bliži- ni eksponiranih območij (plimske ravnice, nad- plimska okolja). Pridnena voda v bazenu je bila občasno disoksična do anoksična, menjavanje različnih faciesov pa je bilo rezultat manjših sprememb morske gladine in lokalnega pose- danja področja. Med pomembnimi dogodki, ki so zaznamo- vali nadaljnji razvoj Jadransko-dinarske karbo- natne platforme in življenje na njej, je bil evsta- tični dvig morske gladine med cenomanijem in turonijem. Ta globalni dogodek je karbonatno platformo skoraj v celoti potopil. Nastala je Re- penska formacija, za katero je značilen pojav številnih pelagičnih fosilov. Repenska formacija združuje tri glavne tipe apnenca, ki lateralno in vertikalno prehajajo drug v drugega. Osnovno telo formacije sestoji iz plastovitega apnenca, ki lokalno vsebuje množične kalcisfere, znotraj njega pa se pojavlja Komenski apnenec s pela- gičnimi fosili. Slednjega povezujemo z ocean- skim anoksičnim dogodkom OAE-2. V vrhnjem delu Repenske formacije leži člen Repen/Kopri- va s premeščenimi in lokalno zdrobljenimi rudi- chondrodonts, the foraminifera Broeckina (Pas- trikella) balcanica Cherchi, Radoicic Schroeder is of great stratigraphic importance, being later known from a number of middle and late Ceno- manian sites in the Mediterranean. Platy and laminated limestones of the Kras area occur within various formations ranging from the Albian to the Campanian. Most of these strata are exposed in the surrounding areas of Komen. A large portion of the Komen limestone, which occurs within the Povir Formation, was deposited in an intraplatform basin in the vicinity of the ex- posed areas (tidal flats, supratidal environment). The bottom water in the basin was occasionally dysoxic to anoxic; the changing of different facies was the result of slight changes in sea level rise and local subsidence of the area. The eustatic sea level rise between the Ceno- manian and Turonian was among the major events that marked the further development of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform and life on it. This global event almost entirely sub- merged the carbonate platform. The result was the Repen Formation, which is characterized by the appearance of many pelagic fossils. The Re- pen Formation is a combination of three main types of limestones that pass laterally and verti- cally to each other. The basic core of the forma- tion consists of stratified limestone that locally contains abundant calcispheres and Komen Lime- stone with pelagic fossils. The latter is associated with the oceanic anoxic event OAE-2. The upper part of the formation includes the Repen/Kopriva member with displaced and locally fractured rud- ist shells. This part of the formation belongs to 90 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS stnimi lupinami, ki spada med ekonomsko zelo perspektivne tipe naravnega kamna na Krasu. Padec evstatičnega nivoja morske gladine je v turoniju prekinil nastajanje Repenske forma- cije. Odložili so se plitvovodni apnenci Sežan- ske formacije. V najnižjem delu formacije je razvit Onkoidni apnenec, ki lokalno vključuje bioklastične rudistne leče. Nad njim sledi pre- težno srednje do debelo plastovit biomikrit z nizkim do zelo nizkim energijskim indeksom. Od fosilov so zastopane številne bentoške fo- raminifere, ki imajo velik stratigrafski razpon in jih najdemo tudi v Lipiški formaciji. V sklopu Sežanske formacije se pojavlja Ko- menski apnenec z rožencem, ki je po osnovnih Iitoloških značilnostih podoben Komenskemu apnencu v Povirski formaciji. Maloštevilna in neznačilna bentoška favna, piritni pigment in organska snov kažejo na lagunski model sedi- mentacije z občasnimi anoksičnimi in disoksič- nimi pogoji na morskem dnu. V osrednjem santonijskem delu Sežanske formacije se je sedimentiral Pliskoviški apne- nec s pelagičnimi fosili. Poleg številnih kalcisfer so v tem apnencu prisotne nekatere oportuni- stične planktonske foraminifere, ki se pojavlja- jo tudiv matriksu bioklastičnih apnencev tega člena. V splošnem lahko za ta apnenec zaklju- čimo, da je nastal v eni od tektonsko pogoje- nih depresij na platformi, ki je imela dobro po- vezavo z odprtim morjem. V V Lipiški formaciji se pojavlja več tipov apnenca, med katerimi prevladujejo predvsem bioklastični različki. Precej je debelo plasto- vitih in masivnih biomikritov in biosparitov z deloma ali povsem izprano mikritno osnovo in z razmeroma velikimi rudistnimi fragmenti, celimi rudistnimi lupinami, redkeje rudistnimi šopki, grozdi in deli rudistnih trat. Ta apne- nec zaradi debelih plasti in strukture kamna predstavlja ekonomsko najzanimivejši del kar- bonatnih kamnin Krasa. Foraminifere v Lipiški formaciji so podobne kot v Sežanski formaciji. V najvišjem delu Lipiške formacije kažeta vr- sti Calveziconus lecalvezae Claus Cornella in Pseudocyclamina massiliensis Maync, da se je sedimentacija Lipiške formacijena nekaterih delih platforme nadaljevala še v campanij. V the economically very promising types of natural stone in Kras. The eustatic sea level drop in the Turonian ter- minated sedimentation of the Repen Formation. Shallow water limestones of the Sežana Formation were deposited. In the lowest part of the forma- tion, the Oncoidal Limestone is developed, which locally includes biodastic rudist lenticular bodies. Above it, a mostly medium-to thick-bedded biom- icrite follows, with a low to very low energy index. The fossils are represented by a number of benthic foraminifera, which have wide stratigraphic ranges and can also be found in the Lipica Formation. Within the Sežana Formation, there is Komen Limestone with chert, which is, in terms of basic lithological characteristics, similar to the Komen Limestone of the Povir Formation. The small and insignificant benthic fauna, pyrite pigment and organic matter indicate a lagoonal model of sedi- mentation with occasional anoxic and dysoxic con- ditions on the seabed. In the central Santonian portion of the Sežana Formation, the Pliskovica Limestone with pelagic fossils was sedimented. In addition to numerous calcispheres in this limestone, some opportunistic planktonic foraminifera are present and also oc- cur in the matrix of biodastic limestone of this member. In general, it can be concluded that this limestone was formed in one of the tectonically induced depressions on the platform that had a good connection with the open sea. In the Lipica Formation, several types of lime- stone with prevailing biodastic varieties are present. There are quite numerous bedded and massive biomicrites and biosparites with a par- tially or completely washed micritic matrix and relatively large rudist fragments, complete rudist shells, rarely rudist bouquets, clusters and parts of rudist thickets. Due to thick layering and homoge- neous texture, this limestone represents the most economically interesting part of the Kras carbon- ate rocks. Foraminifera in the Lipica Formation are similar to those in the Sežana Formation. In the highest part of the Lipica Formation, the species Calveziconus lecalvezae Claus Cornelia and Pseu- docyclamina massiliensis Maync indicate that the sedimentation of the Lipica Formation in certain parts of the platform continued into the Campa- GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 91 splošnem velja, da se je apnenec Lipiške for- macije odlagal v različnih okoljih karbonatne platforme, večidel na odprtem delu šelfą, lo- kalno pa tudi v njegovem zatisnem delu in celo v okolju z litoralnimi razmerami. Znotraj Lipiške formacije se v osrednjem delu Tržaško-komenske planote pojavlja tan- koplastovit, ploščast in laminiran Tomajski apnenec z rožencem. Bioklastični vložki s po- stopno zrnavostjo, teksture podvodnega pol- zenja, odsotnost primarnega bentosa ter pe- lagični mikro- in makrofosili pričajo o globjem okolju, dobri povezanosti z odprtim morjem in o življenju nektonskih in planktonskih or- ganizmov le v vodnem stolpcu nad anoksič- nim oziroma eoksičnim dnom lagune. Fosilna makroflora, v kateri prevladujejo konifere, izvira z bližnjega kopna, ki je že v zgornjem santoniju pričelo nastajati južno od »tomajske lagune«. Obenem se pri Tomajskem apnencu ponuja primerjava s santonijsko-campanijsko transgresijo in morda z oceanskim anoksičnim dogodkom OAE-3, kar pa bo predmet bodočih raziskav. Počasna paleogeografska diferenciacija, ki je v santoniju in kasneje v campaniju že moč- no zaznamovala sedimentacijska okolja na Ja- dransko-dinarski karbonatni platformi, se je nadaljevala še v maastrichtiju in paleogenu. Po prekinitvi sedimentacije so se nad apnencem Lipiške formacije odložile plasti Kraške grupe, ki predstavljajo začetek nove megasekvence. Plitvomorski in paralični karbonati Kraške gru- pe (Liburnijska formacija, Trsteljska formacija in Alveolinsko-numulitni apnenec), so spodaj jasno omejeni z regionalno diskordanco, zgo- raj pa z bazenskimi klastiti. Za Liburnijsko formacijo, ki se je odložila nad izrazitim paleokraškim reliefom v maa- strichtiju in paleocenu, so značilni sedimenti plitvomorskega, brakičnega in sladkovodnega okolja, ki se med seboj menjavajo. V »vrem- skem« faciesu so značilni rodovi Gyropleura, Apricardia, Bournonia in Biradiolites, od fora- minifer pa Rhapydionina liburnica (Stache). V sladkovodnih in brakičnih fazah sedimentaci- je je prišlo do nastanka premogovih plasti, ob katerih se pogosto pojavljajo številne haraceje in polži rodu Stomatopsis. Na meji med kredo nian. In general, the limestone of the Lipica For- mation was deposited in different environments of the carbonate platform, mostly in the open part of the shelf, locally in its restricted part, as well as in an environment with littoral conditions. Within the Lipica Formation, in the central part of theTrieste-Komen plateau, thin, platy and laminated Tomaj Limestone is present. Biodastic intercalations with gradually decreasing grain size, slumping struc- ture, absence of primary benthos and the presence of pelagic micro-and macrofossils testify to a deeper environment, good connection with the open sea, and nektonic and planktonic organisms in the water column just above the anoxic or dysoxic bottom of the lagoon. Fossil macroflora with dominant conifers came from the nearby land that already in the late Santonian began to form the Tomaj lagoon in the south. At the same time, the Tomaj Limestone pro- vides a comparison with the Santonian-Campanian transgression and perhaps the oceanic anoxic event OAE-3, which will be the subject of future research. Gradual paleogeographic differentiation, which in the Santonian and later in the Campanian al- ready heavily influenced the sedimentary environ- ments of the Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform, continued into the Maastrichtian and Paleogene. After the break in limestone sedimentation of the Lipica Formation, the beds of the Kras Group were sedimented and represent the beginning of the new megasequence. Shallow marine and paralic carbonates of the Kras Group (Liburnia and Trstelj Formations, Alveolinid-nummulitid Limestone) are, at their lower boundary, clearly limited by the regional discordance and at the upper boundary by the basinal dastites. The Liburnia Formation was deposited on the distinct paleokarstic relief during the Maastrich- tian and Paleocene. The sediments are character- ized by interchanging shallow marine, brackish and freshwater environments. The Vreme facies is characterized by rudist genera Gyropleura, Apri- cardia, Bournonia, Biradiolites, and the foraminif- era Rhapydionina liburnica (Stache). In freshwater and brackish phases of sedimentation, coal beds were formed, and associated with the common oc- currence of numerous characeans and gastropods of the genus Stomatopsis. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is characterized by breccia with micritic matrix and Microcodium structures. The Kozina 92 Į GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS in terciarjem leži breča z mikritno osnovo in strukturami mikrokodijev. Za »kozinski« faci- es, ki se običajno pojavlja v višjih paleocenskih delih formacije, so značilni temnejši, rahlo la- porasti apnenci s pogostimi tankolupinastimi školjkami, drobnimi polži, ostrakodi, haraceja- mi in miliolidami. Vmes se pojavljajo stromato- litne lamine in strukture mikrokodijev. Na karbonatih Liburnijske formacije ležijo Spodnje trsteljske plasti, v katerih prevladuje bioklastični apnenec s številnimi miliolidami. Najpogostejše bentoške foraminifere pripada- jo rodovom Periloculina, Miscellanea, Coskinon in Fallotella, od dazikladacej pa sta zastopana rodova Clypeina in Cymopolia. Spodnje trstelj- ske plasti so se odlagale v plitvem priobrežnem okolju z občasnimi okopnitvami in plitvinami. Na osnovi bentoške združbe so te plasti uvršče- ne v spodnji thanetij. V najnižjem delu Zgornjih trsteljskih plasti lahko leži Koralno-algni apnenec, ki se poja- vlja v obliki različno debelih lečastih teles na celotnem prostoru Krasa. Za večji del Zgornjih trsteljskih plasti je značilen bioklastični apne- nec z velikimi foraminiferami, ki so naseljeva- le različne niše znotraj nekoliko globljega dela karbonatne rampe. Od fosilov so pomembne foraminifere rodov Assilina, Lacazina in Pseudo- lacazina. Te plasti so uvrščene v zgornji thanetij. Nad Trsteljsko formacijo leži Alveolinsko-nu- mulitni apnenec z velikimi bentoškimi foramini- ferami kot so alveoline, numulitide, orbitoidi in diskociklinide. Spodnjo mejo formacije marsikje na Krasu označuje množični pojav alveolinid, zgornja meja pa je postopna ali ostra; lokalno je viden izrazit hardground. Debelina Alveolin- sko-numulitnega apnenca ni stalna. Tam kjer te plasti manjkajo, ležijo Prehodne plasti ali for- macija Flisa neposredno na Trsteljskih plasteh. V tej formaciji si praviloma od spodaj navzgor sledijo alveolinski apnenci, numulitni apnenci in apnenci, v katerih prevladujejo diskociklinide in ploščaste oblike numulitid. Alveolinsko-numu- litni apnenec je nastajal pretežno v srednjem delu karbonatne rampe in je na osnovi bento- ških foraminifer uvrščen v ilerdij. Karbonatna platforma je bila v eocenu konč- no pokopana z napredujočimi hemipelagičnimi facies, which usually occurs in the upper Paleocene parts of the formation, is characterized by darker, slightly marly limestone with frequent thin-shelled bivalves, tiny gastropods, ostracods, characeans and miliolids. In between there are stromatolitic laminae and Microcodium. The Lower Trstelj Beds, which are dominated by biodastic limestone with numerous miliolids, are resting above the Liburnia Formation. The most common benthic foraminifera belong to the gen- era Periloculina, Miscellanea, Coskinon and Fal- lotella, and among dasydadaceans, the genera Clypeina and Cymopolia are present. The Lower Trstelj Beds were deposited in a shallow marine en- vironment of the innermost ramp with occasional emersions and shoals. Based on the benthic com- munity, these beds are placed in the Thanetian. In the lowest part of the Upper Trstelj Beds, there commonly lies the Coral-algal Limestone, which appears in the form of lenticular bodies of different thickness throughout the Kras region. Most of the Upper Trstelj Beds are characterized by biodastic limestone with larger foraminifera, which inhabited different niches within the slight- ly deeper part of the carbonate ramp. Among the fossils, foraminifera of the genera Assilina, Lacazi- na and Pseudolacazina are important. These layers are placed at the top of the Thanetian. Above the Trstelj Formation lies the Alveolinid- nummulitid Limestone with larger benthic fo- raminifera: alveolinids, nummulitids, orbitolitids and discocyclinids. The lower boundary of this Kras formation is, in many places, indicated by alveoli- nid mass occurrence. The upper boundary is grad- ual or sharp. Locally, a hardground can also be ob- served. The thickness of the Alveolinid-nummulitid Limestone is not constant. Where these layers are missing, the Transitional Beds or Flysch Formation lie directly on the Trstelj Beds. As a rule, in this for- mation, from the bottom to top, there is alveoli- nid limestone, followed by nummulitid limestone and limestone dominated with discocyclinids and flat nummulitids. The Alveolinid-nummulitid Lime- stone was formed largely in the middle part of car- bonate ramp and, based on benthic foraminifera, placed in the llerdian. The carbonate platform was finally buried in the Eocene with the advancing hemipelagic marls, GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 93 laporji, laporastimi apnenci in resedimentirani- mi karbonati (Prehodne plasti) ter z globokovo- dnimi klastiti (Flis). Za Prehodne plasti je poleg glavkonita značilen velik delež planktonskih foraminifer. V višjih delih Prehodnih plasti je lo- kalno razvit Bazalni lapor, ki z zmanjševanjem karbonatne komponente končno preide v fliš. V širši okvir Prehodnih plasti spada tudi Potoška breča. Prehodne plasti so na osnovi foraminifer in nanoplanktona uvrščene v srednji del ypresi- ja oziroma spodnji del cuisija. Nad Prehodnimi plastmi, ponekod pa ero- zijsko nad karbonatnimi kamninami Kraške grupe, leži več sto metrov debela skladovnica flišnega peščenjaka, meljevca, glinovca in lapo- rovca, ki tvori formacijo Flisa. V najnižjem delu te formacije sta pogosto razvita konglomerat in breča. V flišu širšega prostora Vipavsko-go- riškega sinklinorija opazujemo vse značilne se- kvence kalnih tokov. Pri Ustju v Vipavski dolini, ki je najbližje flišnemu obrobju Krasa, je bila s planktonom, nanoplanktonom in numulitida- mi ugotovljena flišna sedimentacija iz spodnje- ga v srednji cuisij. V razmislek ... V dveh desetletjih izdelave geološke karte Krasa in številnih drugih geoloških raziskav smo bili v razmeroma kratkem času pogosto priče ra- dikalnim, prav nič prijaznim posegom v ta pro- stor. Zavrteti kolo časa nazaj ni več mogoče, ko- nec koncev si tudi Kraševci želijo v korak s časom. Pravzaprav imajo do tega vso pravico, enako kot prebivalci drugih pokrajin, ki so obdarjene z izjemnimi naravnimi in kulturnimi vrednota- mi. Vendar je ob tem potrebno upoštevati, da je ranljivost Krasa bistveno večja in mnogostran- ska. Niso ogroženi le kraški pojavi, podzemne vode, avtohtona kraška arhitektura, živalstvo in rastlinstvo, temveč tudi kamen, ki ga na Krasu sicer nikoli ne bo zmanjkalo. In prav kamen je prvi v verigi ogroženosti, zaradi katere se Kras iz- gublja v povprečnosti povsem običajnih pokrajin na kraških ozemljih dinarskega sveta. Geološka kontaminacija postaja vzpore- den pojav skoraj vseh velikih gradbenih po- segov na Krasu in v njegovi okolici. Sodobna tehnologija in dobro razvita infrastruktura marly limestones and resedimented carbonates (Transitional Beds) and with deepwater elastics (Flysch). The Transitional Beds are characterized by a high proportion of glauconite and planktonic fo- raminifera. In the higher parts of the Transitional Beds, Basal Marl is locally developed, that, with re- ducing carbonate content, finally pass into flysch. In a wider context, the Potok Breccia also belongs to the Transitional Beds. On the basis of foraminif- era and nanoplankton, the Transitional Beds are placed in the middle Ypresian and lower Cuisian. Above the Transitional Beds, or in some cases erosionally above the carbonate rocks of the Kras Group, lies a several hundred meters-thick succes- sion of flysch sandstone, siltstone, daystone and marlstone, which forms the Flysch Formation. In the lowest part of this formation, conglomerate and breccia are often developed. In the flysch of the wider area of the Vipava-Gorizia syndinorium, all characteristic sequences of turbidity currents can be observed. Near the Ustje in the Vipava Val- ley, which is closest to the flysch edge of the Kras area, flysch sedimentation of the lower to middle Cuisian age was documented with plankton, nano- plankton and nummulitids. For consideration... In the two decades of geological mapping of Kras and many other geological projects, we were often, in a relatively short period of time, witnesses to rad- ical and unfriendly interventions in the landscape. It is no longer possible to reverse these interven- tions because, after all, the Kras inhabitants want to be in step with the times. These inhabitants, of course, have every right to development, just as are people of other provinces that are blessed with outstanding natural and cultural value. However, it should be noted that the vulnerability of Kras is sig- nificantly higher and multilateral. Not only are the karst features, groundwater, indigenous Kras archi- tecture, flora and fauna endangered, but also the stone, even though it will never run out in the Kras area. This stone is the first in the chain of risk of Kras becoming lost to the mediocrity of other, entirely ordinary lands, of the Dinaric karst region. Geological contamination is becoming a paral- lel phenomenon in almost all major construction projects in the Kras region and its surrounding areas. 94 ļ GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS omogočata premeščanje ogromnih mas iz- kopanega kamninskega materiala na velikih razdaljah. Pripeljane flišne kamnine, iz bli- žnjega in manj bližnjega obrobja globoko na ozemlje karbonatnih kamnin Krasa, predsta- vljajo tipičen primer geološke kontaminacije, ki lahko hitro preide v kontaminacijo avtoh- tone kraške arhitekture in drugih delov kul- turne krajine. Enako problematična so tudi vsa premeščanja karbonatnih kamnin zno- traj Krasa, najpogosteje zaradi melioracij za potrebe vinogradništva. S tem je povezano izkopavanje terra rosse in zasipavanje vrtač s tujim kamninskim materialom in odpadki, kar predstavlja geološko kontaminacijo lo- kalnega značaja. Kras je glede na arhitektonsko-gradbeni ka- men že v preteklosti zavzemal med slovenskimi pokrajinami vodilno mesto. Le bolje poučeni vedo, da znameniti naravni kamni, kot so Re- pen, Kopriva in Lipica, že več kot sto let krasijo nekatere najimenitnejše stavbe v Evropi. Dana- šnje kamnarstvo na Krasu je po pestrosti različ- kov naravnega kamna, ki jih lahko ponudi, le še senca nekoč cvetoče obrti. Ob tem se soočimo s potrebami sodobne arhitekture, ki zahteva poleg visoke kvalitete gradbenih materialov tudi različne strukturne in barvne variante na- ravnega kamna, predvsem temnejših različkov za kombinacijo v vzorcu s svetlimi variantami. Žal, so na Krasu vsi kamnolomi temnejših različ- kov že davno opuščeni. Arhitekti zato vse bolj posegajo po magmatskih in metamorfnih ka- mninah ter jih vnašajo v prostor, v katerem, vsaj pri obnovi stare arhitekture, nimajo kaj iskati. Avtentična kraška arhitektura pa ob tem bledi in izginja prav zaradi pomanjkanja avtentičnih gradbenih materialov za obnovo. Zato mora postati varovanje vseh ležišč naravnega kamna pred uničenjem in pozidavo, ena od priorite- tnih nalog bodočih rodov. Vso pozornost si za- služijo tudi veliki dinarsko usmerjeni prelomi z vsemi spremljajočimi pojavi, nahajališča fosilov, ležišča premoga in še marsikaj, s čimer nas Kras preseneča skoraj na vsakem koraku. Posebej je potrebno opozoriti na že ome- njene ploščaste in laminirane apnence, kot so Komenski in Tomajski apnenci, ki nedvo- mno spadajo med najstarejše gradbene ma- teriale na Krasu. Še ob koncu 19. in v prvi po- Modern technology and well-developed infrastruc- ture enables transport of huge masses of excavated rock material over long distances. The transporta- tion of flysch rocks from a nearby neighboring pe- ripheral area deep into the carbonate territory of Kras represents a typical example of geological con- tamination, which can quickly become contamina- tion of indigenous Kras architecture and other parts of the cultural landscape. Equally problematic are all transfers of carbonate rocks within Kras, mostly because of the amelioration needs for viticulture. This transfer is associated with the excavation of terra rossa and filling sinkholes with foreign rock material and waste materials, which is geological contamination of local character. In regards to the architectural-building stone in the past, Kras held a leading position and was favored among the Slovenian regions. Only bet- ter informed people know, that famous natural stones, such as Repen, Kopriva and Lipica, for over a hundred years have adorned some of the finest buildings in Europe. Given the current quarrying situation in Kras, which is, in terms of the varieties of natural stone that it can offer, only a shadow of an once flourishing craft, we are confronted with the needs of modern architecture. It requires not only a high-quality building materials but also vari- ous structural and color variants of natural stones, especially the darker varieties for combination in a pattern with light variations. Unfortunately, all quarries of darker varieties in Kras were aban- doned long ago. Therefore, architects increasingly seek igneous and metamorphic rocks, and bring them into rooms, in which, at least in the renova- tion of old and autochthonous architecture, they have no place. Authentic Kras architecture is dis- appearing because of the lack of authentic build- ing materials for reconstruction. Therefore, as one of the priorities for future generations, all natural stone deposits should be protected from destruc- tion and building. Full attention deserves also to be paid to the large faults with Dinaric orientation, with all the attendant phenomena, such as fossilif- erous beds, coal deposits, and many more features with what Kras surprises us at almost every step. Particular attention should be paid to the afore- mentioned platy and laminated limestones, such as Komen and Tomaj Limestones, which undoubt- edly belong to one of the oldest building mate- rials in Kras. Even at the end of the 19th and the GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 95 lovici 20. stoletja so obratovali številni manjši kamnolomi, običajno tam, kjer so na površini izdanjali nekoliko debelejši sloji teh plošča- stih in laminiranih kamnin. Uporabljali so jih za tlakovanje, tanke in skrbno oblikovane plošče pa za pokrivanje streh. Izkopavanje teh plasti, predvsem na Komenskem Krasu, je dalo pomemben prispevek geološki zna- nosti. Domačini so v ploščasti kamnini med izkopavanjem »škrl« pogosto našli fosile rib in plazilcev, ki so največkrat končali v zbir- kah večjih evropskih muzejev. Danes na Kra- su skorajda ni več mogoče dobiti kvalitetnih apnenčevih plošč Komenskega ali Tomajske- ga apnenca niti za obnovo redkih starih ka- mnitih streh, kaj šele za obogatitev sodobne kraške arhitekture. Komenski in Tomajski apnenci imajo posebno mesto med poljedelci, predvsem vinogradniki, saj so od kamninske podlage svojih polj in vino- gradov še najbolj odvisni. Vsak vinogradnik do- bro ve, da je mogoče dober teran pridelati le na zemlji, ki je bogata s kremenom. Ta pa je tam, kjer so v podlagi (ali bližini) kamnine, ki kremen vsebujejo v obliki roženčevih pol in roženčevih gomoljev. Največ roženca je v Tomajskih in Ko- menskih apnencih, ki hitreje preperevajo od drugih tipov kraških karbonatnih kamnin, in dajejo poleg kremena debelo preperinsko ode- jo rdeče rjave prsti - terra rossa. Nedvomno so znali stari Kraševci naravi mnogo bolje prisluhniti kot ji znajo sedanji prebivalci tega prostora. Imeli so dovolj časa za opazovanje, pogovor in za razmislek. Večno pomanjkanje jih je sililo, da so tudi pri gradnji svojih domov segali po skoraj edinem materi- alu, ki je bil zastonj in na dosegu roke ֊ po kraškem kamnu. Prav zato se stara kraška arhi- tektura tako tesno zliva s pokrajino. V V primeru tako vsestransko občutljivega sis- tema kot je matični kras, si lahko le želimo, da bi o nekaterih geoloških spoznanjih, ki jih po- nuja ta knjiga, razmislili tudi domačini in na- črtovalci nadaljnjega razvoja Krasa, saj bo le tako Kras v naslednjih desetletjih ostal čim bolj podoben današnjemu. To pa je mogoče le ob višji stopnji zavedanja o neponovljivosti Krasa in poznavanju njegovih naravnih danosti, med katere spada tudi geološka naravna dediščina. first half of the 20th century, a number of smaller quarries were in operation, usually where slightly thicker beds of the platy and laminated rocks were exposed. They were used for paving, whereas thin, carefully shaped slabs were used to cover the roofs. Excavation of these beds, especially in the Komen Kras, provided an important contribution to geo- logical science. During excavation of the slabs, lo- cals often found fossils of fish and reptiles, which mostly ended in the collections of major European museums. Today in Kras, there it is no longer re- ally possible to obtain high-quality limestone slabs of the Komen and Tomaj Limestones, not even for renovation of a rare old stone roof, let alone for the enrichment of modern karst architecture. The Komen and Tomaj Limestones have a spe- cial place among the farmers and wine growers, as they are most dependent on the bedrock in their fields and vineyards. Every grower knows that it is possible to produce good Teran wine only on land rich in silica. This is why they base their vine- yards in (or near) rocks, which contain silica in the form of chert sheets and nodules. Most chert is in the Tomaj and the Komen Limestones, and they weather faster than other types of karstic carbon- ate rocks and in addition to quartz, they provide a thick weathered blanket of reddish-brown soil called terra rossa. Clearly, older Kras people understood nature much better than the current residents of this area do. The older residents had abundant time for observation, discussion and reflection. Constant shortages also drove these residents to construct their homes using almost the only material that was free and at their fingertips - the karst stone. This necessity is why the old Kras architecture is so closely and seamlessly blended with the land- scape. If dealing with such a versatile and sensitive sys- tem as Kras, we can only wish that some of the geological knowledge offered by this book will fa- cilitate locals and policy-makers to deeply consider the further development of Kras, as only in that way will Kras in the next few decades remain as close as possible to the state it exists today. This is only possible with a higher level of awareness of the uniqueness of Kras and with sustainable ex- ploitation of its natural resources, which include a geological natural heritage. 96 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS ZAHVALA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Geološke raziskave Krasa so potekale v okvi- ru različnih raziskovalnih programov in projek- tov, ki jih je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih izvajal Geološki zavod Slovenije ob sofinanciranju Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Re- publike Slovenije. Velik del raziskav, ki jih je vodil dr. Bogdan Jurkovšek (Geološki zavod Slovenije), je bil med leti 1987 in 2008 namenjen izdelavi nove geološke karte, vzporedno pa so potekale in še potekajo številne druge geološke raziska- ve z namenom boljšega poznavanja Krasa kot edinstvenega naravnega in kulturnega pro- stora. V tem času so se raziskovalni skupini kot sodelavci ali kot svetovalci pridružili šte- vilni strokovnjaki - specialisti za posamezna ožja področja geologije, ki so bistveno vpli- vali na vsebino in potek, kakor tudi na višjo kakovost raziskav. Raziskovalci so opravili po- membno delo, brez katerega ne bi bilo mogo- če izdelati sodobne geološke karte in napisati te knjige. Poleg avtorjev, ki smo bili prisotni skupaj ali posamično v vseh fazah raziskav, so pri terenskih raziskavah občasno sodelovali Martin Toman, mag. Luka Šribar, mag. Mari- jan Poljak, dr. Igor Rižnar (vsi Geološki zavod Slovenije), akademik prof. dr. Ivan Gušič, prof. dr. Vladimir Jelaska (oba Prirodoslovno-mate- matički fakultet Zagreb, Hrvatska). Pri tekton- sko-strukturnem delu raziskav je sodeloval dr. Ladislav Placer (Geološki zavod Slovenije). Del mikropaleontoloških raziskav za karto južne- ga Krasa sta opravili Ljudmila Šribar (Geolo- ški zavod Slovenije) in dr. Katica Drobne (ZRC SAZU - Paleontološki inštitut Ivana Rakovca), pri sedimentoloških raziskavah je sodeloval prof. dr. Bojan Ogorelec (Geološki zavod Slo- venije), korale je določila akademikinja dr. Dragica Turnšek (ZRC SAZU - Paleontološki in- štitut Ivana Rakovca), rudiste akademik prof. dr. Mario Pleničar (Naravoslovnotehniška fa- kulteta, Ljubljana), amonite prof. dr. Herbert Bayerlsche Staatsbibiiothek München The geological study of the Kras region was part of various research programs and projects over the last two decades and was performed with finan- cial support from the Geological Survey of Slovenia and the Slovenian Research Agency. The research was led by Dr. Bogdan Jurkovšek (Geological Survey of Slovenia) during the pe- riod 1987-2008, and most of it consisted of the preparation of a new geological map. Parallel to this, a number of other geological projects were performed to develop a better geological under- standing of Kras as a unique natural and cultural phenomenon. In the meantime, a number of ex- perts joined the research team as collaborators or consultants. These individuals were specialists in certain fields of geology and significantly in- fluenced the content and course and raised the quality of the research. These researchers did im- portant parts of the work, which significantly im- proved the preparation of the modern geological map and helped in the preparation of this book. In addition to the authors, who were present to- gether or individually in all stages of research, those who occasionally participated in the field studies were Martin Toman, MS Luka Šribar, MS Marijan Poljak, and Dr. Igor Rižnar (all Geological Survey of Slovenia) and Acad. Prof. Dr. Ivan Gušic and Prof. Dr. Vladimir Jelaska (both Faculty of Sci- ence, University of Zagreb, Croatia). Dr Ladislav Placer (Geological Survey of Slovenia) participat- ed in the tectonic-structural part of the research work. Part of micropaleontologic research for the map of the southern Kras was performed by Ljud- mila Šribar (Geological Survey of Slovenia) and Dr. Katica Drobne (Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ivan Rakovec In- stitute of Palaeontology). Prof. Dr. Bojan Ogore- lec (Geological Survey of Slovenia) participated in the sedimentological studies. The corals were identified by Acad. Dr. Dragica Turnšek (Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ivan Rakovec Institute of Palaeontology), the GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 97 Summesberger (Naturhistorisches museum, Wien, Austria), fosilne ribe prof. dr. Lionel Cavin (Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland), druge vretenčarje prof. dr. Eric Buffetaut (CNRS, Paris, France), fosilne rastli- ne pa prof. dr. Inna Dobruskina (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel). Pomembno tehnično delo pri pripravi vzor- cev kamnin in urejanju grafičnih prilog te pu- blikacije so opravili Robert Koščal (Prirodoslov- no-matematički fakultet Zagreb, Hrvatska), Jana Otrin, doc. dr. Luka Gale, Mladen Štumer- gar, Stane Zakrajšek in Marija Petrovič (Geolo- ški zavod Slovenije). Geološke raziskave Krasa so temeljile na lastnih geoloških spoznanjih in na rezultatih dolgoletnih raziskav širokega kroga sloven- skih, hrvaških in italijanskih geologov. Avtorji se poleg že omenjenim sodelavcem posebej zahvaljujemo recenzentom prof. dr. Ivanu Gu- šiču (Hrvaška), prof. dr. Bojanu Ogorelcu (Slo- venija) in prof. dr. Giorgiu Tunisu (Italija), ki so kot dobri poznavalci geologije Zunanjih Dina- ridov delo kritično pregledali. Geološke raziskave Krasa so bile sprejete z velikim razumevanjem domačinov-gostoljub- nih prebivalcev Krasa, ki so nam dolga leta omogočali delo na svojih zasebnih zemljiščih. Mnogokrat so nas opozarjali na zanimive geo- loške pojave, ki smo jih vselej obravnavali z vso resnostjo in upoštevali pri geoloških raziska- vah, katerih končni cilj je geološka karta Krasa. rudists by Acad. Prof. Dr. Mario Pleničar (Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana), the ammonoids by Prof. Dr. Herbert Summesberger (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria), the fos- sil fish by Dr. Lionel Cavin (Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland), the other vertebrates by Prof. Dr. Eric Buffetaut (CNRS, Paris, France), and the fossil plants by Prof. Dr. Inna A. Dobruskina (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel). Important technical work in the preparation of rock samples and preparing the graphic works for this publication were done by Robert Koščal (Fac- ulty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia) and Jana Otrin, Prof. Dr. Luka Gale, Mladen Štumergar, Stane Zakrajšek and Marija Petrovič (all Geological Survey of Slovenia). The geological study of Kras is based on our own geological knowledge and the results of lengthy research by a broad range of the Sloveni- an, Croatian and Italian geologists. The authors, in addition to the above-mentioned colleagues, are especially indebted to the critical review of Prof. Dr. Ivan Gušič (Croatia), Prof. Dr. Bojan Ogorelec (Slovenia) and Prof. Dr. Giorgio Tunis (Italy). This work was done with great understanding of the local hospitable people of Kras, who facili- tated our research for many years on their private land and who informed us frequently of interest- ing geological phenomena. Their observations and comments were always treated seriously and were considered in our geological research with the ul- timate goal of producing the geological map of Kras. Therefore, this work is dedicated to all of the people of Kras. 98 j GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS KAZALO UVOD .................................................................... 7 GEOGRAFSKI PREGLED ..................................................... 13 DOSEDANJE RAZISKAVE .................................................... 19 GEOLOŠKI IN BIOLOŠKI DOGODKI V MEZOZOIKU ............................... 25 KREDA IN PALEOGEN ...................................................... 30 GEOLOŠKA UMESTITEV IN PREDZGODOVINA KRASA .............................. 39 LITOSTRATIGRAFSKE ENOTE KRASA .......................................... 50 BRSKA FORMACIJA ........................................................ 53 POVIRSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 56 Komenski apnenec v Povirski formaciji .................................. 60 REPENSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 62 Repen/Kopriva .......................................................... 63 Komenski apnenec s pelagičnimi fosili .................................. 64 SEŽANSKA FORMACIJA ..................................................... 65 Komenski apnenec v Sežanski formaciji .................................. 68 Pliskoviški apnenec .................................................... 68 LIPIŠKA FORMACIJA ...................................................... 69 Tomajski apnenec ....................................................... 71 KRAŠKA GRUPA ........................................................... 75 LIBURNIJSKA FORMACIJA .................................................. 76 TRSTELJSKA FORMACIJA ................................................... 78 Spodnje trsteljske plasti .............................................. 78 Zgornje trsteljske plasti .............................................. 79 ALVEOLINSKO-NUMULITNI APNENEC .......................................... 82 PREHODNE PLASTI ...................................................... 83 FLIS ................................................................... 84 POVZETEK ............................................................... 87 ZAHVALA ................................................................ 97 LITERATURA ............................................................. 99 TABLE ..................................................................109 4 Į GEOLOGIJA KRASA GEOLOGY OF KRAS ist« 8 w m te« is %! H INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 7 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW .................................................. 13 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ............................................. 19 GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVENTS IN THE MESOZOIC ................... 25 CRETACEOUS AND PALEOGENE ............................................. 30 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND PREHISTORY OF KRAS .......................... 39 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF KRAS ..................................... 50 THE BRJE FORMATION ................................................... 53 THE POVIR FORMATION .................................................. 56 The Komen Limestone in the Povir Formation ........................... 60 THE REPEN FORMATION .................................................. 62 The Repen/Kopriva .................................................... 63 The Komen Limestone with Pelagic Fossils ............................. 64 THE SEŽANA FORMATION ................................................. 65 The Komen Limestone in the Sežana Formation .......................... 68 The Pliskovica Limestone ............................................. 68 THE LIPICA FORMATION ................................................. 69 The Tomaj Limestone ................................................ 71 THE KRAS GROUP ....................................................... 75 THE LIBURNIA FORMATION ............................................. 76 THE TRSTELJ FORMATION ................................................ 78 The Lower Trstelj Beds ............................................... 78 The Upper Trstelj Beds ............................................... 79 THE ALVEOLINID-NUMMULITID LIMESTONE .................................. 82 THE TRANSITIONAL BEDS ................................................ 83 THE FLYSCH ........................................................... 84 SUMMARY .............................................................. 87 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................... 97 REFERENCES ........................................................... 99 PLATES .............................................................. 109 GEOLOGY OF KRAS GEOLOGIJA KRASA \| 5
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spellingShingle	Jurkovšek, Bogdan 1952- Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4097690-7
title	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras
title_alt	Geology of Kras
title_auth	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras
title_exact_search	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras
title_full	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek
title_fullStr	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek
title_full_unstemmed	Geologija Krasa = Geology of Kras Bogdan Jurkovšek ; Blanka Cvetko Tešović ; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek
title_short	Geologija Krasa
title_sort	geologija krasa geology of kras
title_sub	= Geology of Kras
topic	Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd
topic_facet	Geologie Karst Landschaft
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