Lica nigdine: društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Croatian |
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Zagreb
Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar
2014
|
| Series: | Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije
4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | PST: Faces of neverland. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 203 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789537964085 |
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SADRŽAJ
Predgovor.,.7
L SELO KAO PROSTOR MODERNIZACIJE.9
Selo i modernizacija: kratka povijest nesporazuma.11
Selo u europskom iskustvu.27
Osvrt na probleme razvitka hrvatskih sela i seoskih prostora.51
Stigmatična personalizacija seljaka.67
II. REVITALIZACIJA HRVATSKOGA RURALNOG PROSTORA.75
Neki elementi ruralne obnove u Hrvatskoj.77
Neki elementi socijalne i tehničke infrastrukture hrvatskog sela.89
Trebaju li nam posebna znanja za ruralni razvitak?.111
Zumberak ֊ skica o stanju. 119
Lika - studija slučaja.135
Socijalna uporišta revitalizacije Lonjskog polja. 157
Energetska sigurnost i kritična infrastruktura: kvalitativni empirijski
uvid u stavove lokalnih zajednica Plomina.171
Prema obnovi periferija.183
Bilješke o izvorima. 191
Summary. 195
O autorici. 205
FACES OF NEVERLAND
The Social and Territorial Framework of Croatian Rural
Development
Slowness is the fundamental characteristic of rural change. The life of rural envi-
ronments, which is at times closer and at other times more removed from global
processes, and therefore more or less under their direct influence, has contributed
to the creation of mutually diverse social communities. These differences and
relative autonomies in the organization of social life have persevered to the pre-
sent. Therefore even the more recent approaches to rural development, and we
primarily have in mind rural Croatia which has not reached its objectively feasible
level, have to consider our rural development from the neo-rural perspective of
the social, economic and cultural community by way of accommodated concepts
geared at reaching development goals. This implies above all working toward
changes that are necessarily taking place under the influence of modernization
processes but at the same time preserve rural specificities generated within the
framework of local and national traditions. Within this concept an important
role is also played by thoughtful consideration in respect to all development pro-
jects and procedures. The fragility of its essential characteristics makes the rural
world particularly vulnerable, especially to »forceful« and inappropriate actions.
It should, in the first place, be supported, promoted, counselled, strengthened,
and above all, provided with such a social framework that will enable its active
and certainly more equitable participation in rural-urban exchanges. The process
of the transposing the traditional rural world into a modern rural world evolves
gradually and in phases which are, according to their dominant characteristics,
relatively easily depicted. B. Bayser5 Scheme B is used in the identification of
rural changes, according to which the development of rural societies is analysed
through three phases: composition, decomposition and re-composition. In that
process the predominantly »communal« features of traditional rural settlements
will gradually be substituted by societal characteristics.
A positive shift in the social and economic transformation of rural regions in
Croatia is not possible without systematic support. If truth be told, some periphe-
ral environments have begun discovering their own possibilities and are becoming
aware of developmental needs and possibilities. But these are isolated cases. It is
important to become aware of the fact that high quality, appropriate long-term
development incentives should come from the state level, among other, through
the more appropriate distribution of institutional and financial power among va-
]C)g LiCA NIGDINE
rious levels of authority that would enhance the position of local self-government
and thus increase their influence and responsibility for the direction and intensity
of developmental processes. The path to progress of the rural areas leads through
the promotion of social and economic heterogeneity which will above all be based
on research, assessment and use of indigenous sources, including the know-how
and experiences of the local population, and of course, their adequate education
for development.
In order to gain insight into some of the buildings blocks of the European
Unions rural policy, its developmental component which is primarily directed at
improving the social and economic status in rural regions is analyzed. Awareness
of the importance of rural regions as factors of overall development has initiated
numerous analyses of the status of European rural areas and on the basis of which
actions have to be put into motion with a view to integrating rural regions into
national territories and through it into the EU. In the EU Member States agrarian
policy, as the most important element of rural policy, is based on the adoption
of joint measures and their concurrent harmonization with specific, national
economies. In spite of the longstanding practice of the »old« EU Member States
to strictly regulate and direct the agricultural products market, depending on the
interests of specific states or regional groups of states, aspirations are nevertheless
constantly present to create a common policy geared at achieving the three most
important goals: 1. enable greater market influence in order to lower production
and consumption rates; 2. »facilitate« the lowering of production by measures of
social policy and assist in the accommodation of economic structures; 3. enhance
agriculture in »particularly sensitive areas« where other solutions are inappro-
priate. A special contribution to rural development is the LEADER programme
which integrates developmental actions in the entire rural area of the EU and is
permanently supplemented and streamlined. Research in the European countries
shows that in order to revive rural regions it is necessary to socially and econo-
mically diversify them, meaning that development should not be dependent only
on agriculture (particularly in countries with high agricultural population ratios,
high share of agriculture in the economy, fragmented farms, an insufficiently
modernized agriculture and low gross product).
The text is based on the research on the population and settlements in Lonjsko
polje conducted for the purpose of drawing up a development plan for the na-
ture park. It presents the developmental problems linked to social and economic
changes that are common to the entire rural environment in Croatia as well as the
predominantly negative trends in the transformation of the Croatian village. The
example of Lonjsko polje perhaps is not typical but is, in any case, an appropriate
indicator of the situation in Croatia. Endogenous developmental cornerstones
in this rural environment, before all, the preserved natural heritage, has emerged
as a sound basis for progress. Lonjsko polje is attempting to live and revive its
traditional world and find in it the framework for its future. Being impregna-
ted with tradition, it can become, in terms of development, the foundation for
shaping a mobilizing socio-cultural and economic identity, an excellent reason
for enhancing awareness on the values the domestic populations has succeeded
in preserving to the present day and upon which they can plan their future. At
SUMMARY j^C)
one time Lonjsko polje lived an intensive economic and social life. The popula-
tion was much more numerous a hundred or so years ago. The socialist type of
industrial and urban development, which did not take into account the specific
traits of the rural social environment or agricultural family estates or the family
as such without which successful family farms cannot exist, resulted in degrading
processes that were not stopped and which are manifesting themselves today in
the demographic and economic regression of settlements in Lonjsko polje. In
respect to this region some other reasons contributed to this process as well. On
the other hand, the possibilities of development provided by this area are undispu-
table and are of interest and feasible not only locally but on a much wider plane,
including the manifested international interest in the implementation of the pro-
ject. This area with its low population density, long-standing exodus trends and
all the consequences created by this process (at the individual, family group and
rural community levels) including traffic and social isolation as well as decreasing
agricultural activity has preserved a top grade and recognizable landscape that is
healthy and mostly unpolluted; some of the economic activities and experiences
have been preserved, particularly some agricultural techniques and cultures spe-
cific for wetland regions. Due to natural conditions in the region — meaning a
marshy area — uncertainty which always accompanies agricultural production is
much more prominent here.
One of the reasons for the existing adverse state of agriculture and rural areas
generally in Croatia is among other things the result of historical circumstances
in the last few decades. It is therefore necessary to call to mind that Croatia, alt-
hough it had the most developed industry in former Yugoslavia, entered World
War II as a purely agricultural country, lagging behind developed Western co-
untries. The industry was not so strong and developed as to enable even »the
normal transition of the population from the agricultural into other sectors« so
agrarian overpopulation existed in almost all regions. The country came of the
war with a predominantly agricultural population. In line with socialist ideology,
state plans envisaged industrial development, especially the development of heavy
industry and collectivization (or, somewhat later, the socialization) of absolutely
everything. In agriculture it meant the implementation of set ideological goal
through the nationalization of the private sector, and that meant the - »abolition
of differences between village and city«, which also implied the transformation
of the farmer into an agricultural worker in the social sector. How did they plan
to achieve this? In two basic ways: 1. by pooling all benefits to one side, the wor-
kers’ side, and by opening opportunities for the employing the unqualified, until
recently, rural population to work places in non-agricultural sectors (particularly
in the paleo-industry) and 2. by persistently placing various barriers before fa-
mily farming and their protagonists — farmers. In addition to the stigma of being
»enemies of society« for resisting the politically imposed economic and social fra-
mework farmers also earned the stigma of being backward, narrow-minded social
actors which would never be capable of taking care of themselves. They need, in
order to survival, a tutor. And there is no more »efficient« tutor than a disinclined
state! Decreasing the agricultural population was extremely radical. Nevertheless,
in spite of such set goals both the farmers and the village succeeded in surviving.
It was only natural to believe that precisely because of the fragility of the rural and
200 UCANIGDINE
farmers’ world, inherited from disinclined times, the new Croatian state would
embark on the road of their development. Unfortunately that did no happen.
Part two of the books contains works which attempt to answer the question:
how to revitalize Croatian rural regions? The aim of the question is to raise awa-
reness of the strategic necessity of reviving the periphery, since it makes up the
bulk of the national territory, which differs in many characteristics but is quite
similar in its deficiencies: demographic, infrastructural, communicational. .All
the local examples which make up, among other things, the content of this part
of the book, warn of the mostly dramatic situation in the greater part of that most
valuable Croatian development resource.
It is also a consequence of the indisputable fact that the rural world is viewed,
in economic terms, solely as the world of agriculture, although agriculture as a
source of revenue and as a profession has stopped being dominant in the village a
long time ago. The purpose of the area is of course dominantly agricultural, altho-
ugh its cultivable surfaces are decreasing. However, apart from the function of ha-
bitation, the rural environment has numerous other purposes which will continue
to expand. It is therefore necessary to approach such a complex issue in a complex
manner, respecting different interests at different levels, from national to private;
various activities, from traditional to technologically sophisticated ones; from
the landscape in which large technical infrastructural systems are located to the
protected areas. Rural environments contain and preserve history, the present and
future. From there arise the efforts to use and develop it thoughtfully, to respect
basic developmental principles which are always the result of interdisciplinary
insights and attempts to prevent the development of one region to the detriment
of the other. In the process, specialized knowledge is required for planning rural
development, particularly when underdeveloped parts of the area are at stake
and especially when decades of the inadequate treatment of this space have to
be overcome. The specific traits of rural development require specialized experts.
A modernizing approach to the village excludes the exclusivity of any one
segment within a development project. Social, political and environmental pro-
blems which are unstoppably flooding Croatian villages and agriculture as a tra-
ditional activity that is the foundation of rural sociability are being neglected in
relation to economic problems as well as problems for which its is believed that
can be solved only with the aid of plentiful and as cheap as possible funds. This
approach brings to the forefront agricultural, veterinary and technical disciplines
whilst excluding all others. The resulting consequence is that rural issues are to
the main part spoken and written of as well as decided upon precisely by experts
from the above mentioned fields. It is generally considered that social and other
problems will be resolved by solving economic ones. Agricultural policy is actually
isolated by such an approach from the very rural environment it is intended for.
The disconcerting trend of reducing the number of schools, outpatient clinics,
dental offices and doctors in rural Croatia cannot be denied. Generally speaking
the level and quality of social and technical infrastructural equipment in rural
areas are far from adequate. And precisely equitably distributed and well organized
infrastructure should be the precondition of rural development and thereby of
the enhanced regional and social integration of the whole of Croatian territory.
SUMMARY 20 j
While neighbouring Europe is moving forward in long strides and reaping the
fruits of the rural renaissance project, we are still struggling with the absence of
development principles and concepts, unclear developmental objectives, impati-
ent politicians. Rural development is based on the specificities of the rural world.
Above all, it is based on the fact that the countryside is closely and indivisibly
connected to nature and regional factors. Therefore it cannot be approached in
the same way as general or urban development. The relationship between rural
and urban environments is still viewed in our midst in a classical pattern as a
relationship between the modern and traditional. In this model the countryside
is everything the city is not, it is assessed by urban criteria and its development
is modelled (if modelled at all) according to city requirements and needs. In that
concept the countryside is a complement, a supplement to the city and deprived
of the opportunity to survive as an authentic »diverse« unit of settlement.
The following few examples of the research on rural regions will illustrate the
problems these areas are faced with.
Zumberak is an example of an underdeveloped rural area in the immediate
vicinity of the capital. This area did not developed by diversifying its economic
structure: it remained connected to agriculture and to the concept of immigration
as the socio-economic model of survival. The model worked for a period of time
until the Zumberak demographic potential exhausted itself. In other words, small
towns did not develop in Zumberak but rather the villages kept their exceptio-
nally traditional, homogenous social structure. Due to the continual decrease in
the number of inhabitants and increase in their average age the uncultivated areas
frew; forests and abandoned land areas spread. Accordingly the already small
Zumberak holdings grew even smaller and the economic impact of agricultural
grew ever more insignificant. The revitalization of Zumberak agricultural family
holdings is an indispensable prerequisite of village and rural tourism which is
frequently mentioned and uncritically spoken of as a solution for development
problems. In any case, the continued neglect of agricultural production directly
threatens the possibilities of developing tourist activities, not only due to smaller
quantities of healthy local food products but also because of the increasingly run-
down state of the landscape, fields and forests paths, etc. which are in themselves a
developmental resource. The revalorization of the ^Zumberak area, for that matter
just like other depressed and underdeveloped rural regions, is possible only with
the support of the state and on the basis of expert development plans.
Lika is a unique example of Croatia’s hinterland: it is a rather homogenous
region, consisting to the most part of highlands with dispersed small rural settle-
ments, the legacy of a once predominantly herd breeding economy. The research
covered and analyzed structural determinants (demographic, social and economic
conditions) and dynamic determinants of development (interests of the state, co-
unty, large urban centres, local population, local actors, local development assets
and ideas and social integration of all the components in social revitalization
actions).
The Lika region in terms of settlements is characterized by two relatively
underdeveloped cities and numerous small rural settlements dispersed in a large
underused area that has not been adequately assessed. Such a social environment
202 LICA NIGDINE
requires a thoughtful and interdisciplinary approach to problems and development
strategy. The hitherto longstanding negative demographic and economic tendenci-
es have completely diminished the developmental potential of most of the region.
The long lasting degradation processes have additionally been aggravated by the
consequences of the Homeland War, when most of Lika was destroyed and looted
and the population exiled.
Likas developmental possibilities belong to the type of resources that require
systematic efforts in terms of expertise and finances. Lika is well positioned as
far as transport facilities are concerned with exceptional natural resources that
have barely begun to be exploited. The existing county organizational setup and
municipality network are favourable territorial-administrative starting points for
the organization of activities that will result in the more uniform development of
the entire territory, better and more successful valuation of natural resources. The
development of the rural segment in Lika is perhaps more than anywhere else in
Croatia the precondition of sustainability. According to research findings, the local
community is quite weak and therefore insufficiently included in the development
plans and projects. The question is to what degree has it generally been taken into
account as a protagonist of development. The approach to the development of any
developmentally neglected periphery should by necessity be based on developmen-
tal principles that are sensitive in sociological, anthropological and environmental
terms. This, first of all, means that development projects should have the support
of the population, namely, that their interests have to be taken into account, their
knowledge and experience respected and they themselves included in institutions
in the local environments. This way the rural area and rural local community
would become a respected factor in the process of putting into effect and imple-
menting the development strategy. We consider that local interests should not
be bypassed in favour of general ones. Such an approach necessarily changes the
existing relationship city - countryside, centre and periphery.
The Lonjsko polje villages with their fragile demographic and thereby eco-
nomic potentials need by necessity assistance in the revitalization of their foun-
damental social strongholds. These are in the first place, according to the results
of research and to the established protected natural heritage, the inhabitants, the
family and the rural community. In short: to begin with, the number of inhabi-
tants has to be stabilized. In other words, young people have to be encouraged to
remain in the area and possibly those that have left simulated to return; the family
is indispensable when basic activities in the area of Lonjsko polje are at stake:
agriculture which, partly due to the protected marshes, has to apply traditional
methods and procedures as well as specific cultures. The other planned activity is
rural tourism which is also work intensive in nature and cannot be successful wit-
hout the engagement of family work force. The third development foothold, the
village, the only known social living and working framework for the population,
is in a phase of decomposition: the number of inhabitants is dropping, young
people are leaving in increasing numbers and there are fewer and fewer farmers
cultivating the land. Fields, forests, pastures are falling into neglect and houses
and gardens into ruin. Old crafts are forgotten and valuable knowledge and expe-
rience of the domestic population are lost. Such villages are less and less attractive
I
SUMMARY
203
to their hosts, guests or occasional inhabitants. A low level of social dynamics in
such communities impedes any development project.
The thermo-electric power plant Plomin is a good example for examining
the consequences of implanting a large system into a small rural environment
which has its developmental needs and aspirations, more or less common to all
the inhabitants since they stem from identical cultural, economic and social roots
and reality. A powerful development participant coming from elsewhere is the
bearer of national interests (and international ones in the case of Plomin II) with
enormous capital which imposes its own rules. Two systems meet that differ in
every possible respect, of which one is embedded in cooperativeness while con-
flict is immanent to the other. Is it possible to reconcile them and if it is, how?
As a rule such a quick transition or abrupt local modernization does not always
correspond to expected social, economic and environmental effects. This is what
happened in the case of Plomin. By analyzing the interviews we had with the
representatives of local and county self-government units, the public sector and
representatives of the electric-power distribution system we gained a good insight
into this very complex and inadequately balanced relationship. It goes without
saying that space exists on both sides for the improvement of this relationship.
The conducted research shed light on the positions of: local self-government units,
public health services and professional public within the energy supply system on
the developmental and safety aspects of the operation of the critical infrastructure
in local communities.
Croatia has to decide on and opt for a contemporary and appropriate deve-
lopment strategy, to present it in a transparent way and to decisively act on it.
Most of Croatia's territory is underdeveloped (which in addition to negative has
some positive effects as well) so when choosing the development model it should
take this factor into consideration. This is particularly true in regard to rural and
peripheral areas which are the strongholds of the economic and social integration
of the state. The decisions on the choice of models and development projects
are strategically decisive and for that very reason require expert and scientifically
grounded preparation and implementation.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
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| bvnumber | BV042638885 |
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| geographic | Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kroatien |
| id | DE-604.BV042638885 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:26:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537964085 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028071309 |
| oclc_num | 912326387 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 203 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije |
| series2 | Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije |
| spelling | Štambuk, Maja Verfasser aut Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela Maja Štambuk Faces of Neverland Zagreb Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar 2014 203 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije 4 PST: Faces of neverland. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 gnd rswk-swf Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf Dorfentwicklung (DE-588)4070548-1 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 s Dorfentwicklung (DE-588)4070548-1 s DE-604 Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije 4 (DE-604)BV042638825 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028071309&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028071309&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Štambuk, Maja Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela Biblioteka Centra za urbane i ruralne studije Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd Dorfentwicklung (DE-588)4070548-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034229-3 (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4070548-1 (DE-588)4073841-3 |
| title | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela |
| title_alt | Faces of Neverland |
| title_auth | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela |
| title_exact_search | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela |
| title_full | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela Maja Štambuk |
| title_fullStr | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela Maja Štambuk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lica nigdine društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela Maja Štambuk |
| title_short | Lica nigdine |
| title_sort | lica nigdine drustveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela |
| title_sub | društveni i prostorni okvir razvitka hrvatskog sela |
| topic | Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd Dorfentwicklung (DE-588)4070548-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landbevölkerung Ländlicher Raum Dorfentwicklung Kroatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028071309&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028071309&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042638825 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stambukmaja licanigdinedrustveniiprostorniokvirrazvitkahrvatskogsela AT stambukmaja facesofneverland |