Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania: perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Iaşi
Inst. European
2014
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| Series: | Colecţia Academica
213 : Seria Studii Culturale |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 581 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789736119200 |
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| adam_text | Abstract
The present collection addresses key issues in the development of
intercultural relations in two historical regions of Romania: Banat and
Transylvania. These regions have been characterized by extensive intercultural
contacts over several centuries, showing harmonious cohabitation as well as violent
conflicts between diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Romanians,
Hungarians, Germans and Serbs. The collection brings together twenty-six
studies on these topics, organized in four parts.
Part One focuses on the specific theoretical issues that arise from the
case studies of the most important moments in the history of the two regions, as
well as of other Romanian regions, which serve as third terms of comparison. In
the first essay, Victor Neumann underlines the role of multiculturalism and
interculturalism in contemporary Western history of ideas. The author
considers, however, that in the young democracies of Central and Eastern
Europe, these concepts are not yet well understood and, consequently, not well
practiced. Neumann then discusses the Banat region in terms of a “borderland,”
showing that in such frontier regions, the relationship between local, heterogeneous
ethno-confessional groups is not determined by the multiculturalist policies of
the Center, but by the need for interethnic cooperation in everyday life.
Next, Mihai I. Spariosu offers a critique of East-Central European
cultural studies in the post-communist period, showing that young local scholars
tend to employ simplistic research methods borrowed from American cultural
studies. These are mostly based on theories of intercultural conflict and identity
politics that are inadequate in accounting for the complex intercultural
phenomena in the region. In the second part of the essay, Spariosu analyzes the
case of Paul Iorgovici, a late 18th and early 19th century man of letters from
Banat, whose mode of thought and action, based on the “perennial philosophy,”
could be usefully adopted not only by present-day Romanian elites, but also by
their European and global counterparts.
In the third essay of Part One, Corina Mihaela Beleaua utilizes the
concept of liminality (also employed by Neumann and Spariosu) to analyze
intercultural contacts in the border regions of Transylvania. Her approach is
both historical and psychosocial, focusing especially on differences and com-
monalities of various local mentalities. The author concludes that interethnic
conflicts typically occur when a certain cultural reality has repeatedly been
571
ABSTRACT
violated through policies of annexation and re-annexation, emanating from a
political center extraneous to the region. The author also notes that interpreting
present reality solely through the prism of past history may lead to improper
nationalist policies, collective hysteria, and political extremism. She suggests
that intercultural education in pluriethnic communities can be a good way of
encouraging and developing reciprocal knowledge and understanding between
the members of those communities.
In the last essay of Part One, Daniela Cervinschi reviews the principal
theories and typologies of multiculturalism and post-multiculturalism. According
to the author, the post-multiculturalist theories consider that due to the new
reality of globalization, multiculturalism needs to be revised to take into account
transnationalism and super-diversity; they also prefer a common identity in
addition to acknowledging the differences between cultures. Cervinschi then
discusses interculturalism as an independent theory that emphasizes cohabitation,
extensive interaction, and dialogue. Finally, she analyzes the case of the
Republic of Moldova, which has created the Autonomous Territorial Region
Gägäuzia, based on the principles of multiculturalism. According to the author,
this was successful only in avoiding violent conflict with the Gägäuzan minority
in the southwestern region of the Republic, but it did not succeed in promoting
interaction and collaboration between the majority of the population and various
ethnic communities. Cervinschi considers Moldova to be the “nation of excessive,
badly understood multiculturalism,” estimating that interculturalist principles
would have been more appropriate in dealing with the local reality.
Part Two of the volume is dedicated to the history of intercultural
relations in Banat with an emphasis on the modem period and the relationships
between the main ethno-confessional communities in the region: Romanian,
Serbian and German. In the first study, loan Hategan offers a general historical
view of Banat as a “sui generis zone of the Danubian cultural corridor.” This
corridor, the author argues, has united rather than divided the regions of the
Danube basin. At the same time, Banat is located at the crossroads of several
countries and cultures (Serbia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria) that have fruitfully
interacted and influenced each other. Hategan finally points out that the Banat
province became particularly prosperous during the Habsburg monarchy, which
used it, in the 18th and the 1 ^centuries, as a site for various social and cultural
experiments that were largely successful.
In the next essay, Doru Radosav argues that Banat was a privileged
cultural region even earlier, during the 16th and the 17th centuries. According to
him, the cultural humanism that flourished in the Banat province was of a
religious nature, stimulated by the Reformation and the Counter Reformation.
Radosav discusses a number of humanists, such as the Jesuit Gheorghe Buitul,
Stephan and Franciscus Fogarasi, and the two Mihail Halici - father and son ֊
572
Abstract
who played a prominent cultural role not only in the region, but also throughout
Central Europe. Radosav concludes that under the rule of the local nobility,
ethnicity played an insignificant role in the sociocultural differentiation among
the Banat elites.
In the third essay of Part Two, Duşiţa Ristin studies the evolution of
Serbian-Romanian intercultural relations from the Middle Age to the 19th
Century, through the prism of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The author shows
that although these relations were generally harmonious, based on the unity of
faith, they also knew moments of serious misunderstandings and even conflict
among the Church elites, particularly in the 19th century. Nevertheless, the
author notes, the good relations between the Serbian and the Romanian
populations at large remained mostly unaffected by the disputes among the
Church elites. In turn, Mircea Măran focuses on the political relations between
Serbian and Romanian intellectual elites in the Serbian Banat from the second
half of the 19th century up to 1918. (“Serbian Banat” was a part of the historical
Banat province which, as a result of the peace treaties signed after the Great
War, was given to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, and which
today forms the Autonomous Province of Voivodina within the Republic of
Serbia). Măran confirms Ristin’s overall estimate that despite the fact that some
political disputes between Serbian and Romanian politicians did take place,
culminating during the 1848-49 Revolution, good individual relations and
beneficial reciprocal influences in language, customs, tradition, and mentality
consistently remained important elements of everyday life in Banat, especially
in mixed communities.
In the fifth essay of Part Two, loan Munteanu studies the evolution of
literacy in the historical Banat at the end of the 19th Century and the beginning
of the 20th Century. Based on a wealth of data and statistical records, the author
shows that the level of literacy steadily increased in Banat during that period
and was associated with the strong economic development and the population
growth in the region. However, Munteanu also shows that the Budapest policies
of magyarization in Banat during the dual monarchy had an adverse effect on
the literacy of the Romanian and Serbian population, leading to strong resistance
to these policies, a fierce defense of their native tongues, and an increase in
nationalist movements.
Next, Mălina Duţă applies the theoretical framework presented in Part
One of the volume, analyzing the elements that formed the cultural identity of
Banat and the city of Timişoara in particular through such notions as ethnic
group, minority, multiculturalism, interculturalism, acculturation, deculturation,
hybridity, and crossbreeding. The author then offers some observations related
to the specifics of urban anthropology, concluding that Timişoara and the entire
region had all the features of an intercultural, plurilingual society with a well-
573
ABSTRACT
developed, common civic spirit. In turn, Cornel Ungureanu shows that
between 1920 and 1950, after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire when a
part of the historical region of Banat was given to Romania, Timişoara
continued to be a city of extensive intercultural dialogue with a special opening
towards Western European cultures. The author concludes that Banat writers
and artists of diverse ethnic backgrounds and political orientations cultivated
not just a local patriotism, but also a “creative localism” within the larger
context of Central Europe.
In the next study, Andrei Milin and Miodrag Milin tackle a less
discussed, vexed issue in the history of Banat: the Serbian-German-Romanian
relations during the Second World War. The authors first sketch a general
history of the German community in the historical province of Banat—a
community that at its height, in the 1920s and 1930s, numbered around one
million members. Generally, the Germans lived in peace with other
communities until the Second World War when Hitlerism infected the minds of
some individuals in the region. The authors note that over 30,000 Serbs were
massacred and, once the war turned against Hitler, the entire German population
was held responsible for the Nazi horrors and was also decimated. As a
consequence, today, the German community in Serbia numbers no more than
3,900 members. Furthermore, the authors show that due to external influences,
that of the Red Army in principal, the relations between the Serbian and the
Romanian communities in Banat also deteriorated immediately after the war.
The Serbs lent strong support to the Romanian Communist Party and played a
significant role in the Communist efforts, backed by Russian tanks, to acquire
and hold political power.
In the last essay of Part Two, Sìnziana Preda studies a small,
disappearing Czech community in Banat. Spread over six mountain villages,
isolated and difficult of access, this community is an ethno-confessional enclave
that has lasted more than a century and a half by preserving and developing a
cultural model originating from the other side of the Habsburg Empire. After
the Second World War, however, the community began to decline, mostly
because of worsening economic conditions. Some of its members went back to
Czechoslovakia and then, after 1989, back to the Czech Republic, in search of
work and a better future. This steady wave of migration, above all by young
people, will undoubtedly soon lead to the complete disappearance of a
traditional ethnic culture that contributed to historical Banať s rich and fertile
human diversity.
Part Three of the volume focuses on the history of intercultural
relations in Transylvania with a special interest in Romanian-Hungarian
relations, but also in the various interactions among Romanian, German and
Hungarian communities. As in the case of Banat, these communities have not
574
Abstract
always cohabited in peace, especially during and after the Revolution of 1848.
In the first essay of Part Three, loan Aurel Pop analyzes the historical elements
that determined the acceptance or the exclusion, based on ethnic and confessional
criteria, of various communities in Transylvania in the late medieval period.
The author shows that because the Kingdom of Hungary assumed an apostolic
mission of converting the population to Catholicism and because in Transylvania a
great part of this population was Eastern Orthodox, conflicts arose when
Catholicism was imposed as the official confession in the principality and those
of other confessions lost their privileges if they refused to convert. On the other
hand, Alexandru Simon argues, in the next study, that in the late medieval
period the Romanian-Hungarian “ethnic question” (as debated in the Romantic
period and later on) was practically inexistent: while there were some tensions
between the nobility of the two people, these tensions were not of an ethnic
nature but had to do with the political rivalries and struggle for power within the
medieval Hungarian kingdom. Walachian nobles took part in these struggles,
often supporting Hungarian allies against their own “people”. In turn, Simon
shows that the harsh economic policies of Stephen III (“the Great”) of Moldavia
toward non-Walachian “minorities” such as Jews, Greeks, and Armenians were
motivated by political and financial considerations, not by ethnic ones. In the
third study of Part Three, Susana Andea and Avram Andea, concentrate on the
institutional structures and cultural development in 16th Century Transylvania,
stressing their links to Slavonic culture, Romanian language and the Eastern
Orthodox Church from the Romanian principalities on the other side of the
Carpathians. The authors conclude that these close, persistent links contributed,
over the next three centuries, to the awakening of a Romanian national
consciousness in Transylvania as well.
In the next study, Greta-Monica Miron discusses the confessional
specificities of the Transylvanian Unitarian or Greek Catholic Church and
proposes a réévaluation of the conflict between the Unitarian and the Eastern
Orthodox church goers in the 18th century. The author concludes that although
conflicts arose between the two cults, their representatives learned to live
together at a local level: whenever and wherever needed, local Unitarian or non-
Unitarian priests would preach, baptize or perform the last rites, regardless of
the individual’s confession. Then Ion Cârja takes up this confessional theme,
focusing on the dilemmas of cohabitation between the Orthodox and the
Unitarian Church in Transylvania from the second half of the 19th century to the
First World War. Proposing the term biconfessionalism, the author confirms
Greta Miron’s conclusion that Romanians of different confessions continued to
cohabitate in relative harmony at the local level during this period as well,
despite some open conflicts at the level of the dignitaries of the two Churches.
575
ABSTRACT
In the fifth study of Part Three, Lorand Madly analyzes a key period
for the understanding of the fall of the Habsburg monarchy: the two attempts at
political reforms after the 1848 Revolution, the first being neoabsolutism (1849-
1860) and the second, liberalism (1860-1867). The author refers to unpublished
documents to comment on the national movements and the “image of the other”
as reflected at the level of the Transylvanian governors and other leaders of that
time, including Ludwig von Wohlgemuth, Alexander and Eduard Bach, and
Karl von Schwarzenberg. In turn, Flavius Ghender analyzes the final period of
the Habsburg rule in Transylvania up to 1918 from the nationalist perspective of
the Romanian elites in Transylvania and Crişana, as voiced in the The
Romanian, the official newspaper of the National Romanian Party, published in
Arad. Based on data collected from articles that appeared in this paper in 1911,
1912 and 1918, the author concludes that pluralism and tolerance are mostly
situational and that the Romanian idea of nationhood seemed to suggest an
ethnically and culturally homogeneous state.
In the seventh study of Part Three, Artur Lakatos presents some
interethnic aspects of the agrarian reforms of 1945 with an emphasis on the
Transylvanian population of Hungarian origin. Lakatos explains the differences
between various researchers with regard to the analysis of the historical period
specific to the agrarian reforms, stating that the Romanians have viewed the
case at a national level while the Hungarians concentrated only on Transylvania.
Consequently, interethnic conflicts, due to land, cannot be generalized for the
entire country because there have been places of harmonious collaboration
between ethnic groups. The author concludes that the Romanian Communist
Party and the National Democratic Front have been the principal winners of this
process by attracting many followers from villagers. Thus, the agrarian reform
led to tightening of collaboration between communists and their allies, who,
after 1948, would be employed in the process of the consolidation of the
monolithic communist system. In the last study of Part Three, Claudiu Petru
Rusu presents the Communist (in fact Stalinist) ideas about nationalism and
“minority” identity as promoted in a series of articles by Communist leader
Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu in the newspaper Scânteia, immediately after the Second
World War. According to Pătrăşcanu (and Stalin), the identity of ethnic
minorities is subsumed to the socialist national community, which involves the
political and moral unity of the national majority and the cohabitant minorities,
the socialist culture of the “new man,” and the principle of proletarian
internationalism.
Part Four of the volume includes comparative studies of intercultural
relations in the two historical regions, mostly based on quantitative research
methods and, in one case, on computer-assisted methods as well. In the first
study, Cornel Pădureanu analyzes the social and religious phenomenon of
576
Abstract
exogamous marriages in the regions of Banat, Transylvania and Crişana during
the second half of the 19th century. He concludes that despite the differences
between the three regions, exogamous ethno-confessional unions have everywhere
constituted an important contribution to tolerance and harmony among the
various confessional and ethnic groups, even if they could not always eliminate
conflict between them. Next, Ionut Apahideanu offers an extensive comparative
analysis of intercultural relations in Banat and Transylvania between 1867 and
1939, using a subset of concepts, methods and tools from the field of ethno-
confessional conflict management. By marshaling a large amount of data,
Apahideanu offers a measurable explanation, even if partial, of the historical
reality, or at least the common perception that Banat has been a province less
affected by ethno-confessional conflicts than Transylvania.
In the third study of Part Four, Vlad Jecan and Radu Meza generate a
co-citation map based on a large number of scientific publications from
Timişoara and Arad during the last quarter of the 19th and the first quarter of the
20th century (until the Great War), published in the three main local languages:
Hungarian, German and Romanian. Jecan and Meza identify the most cited and
influential authors who have published in the two cities, concluding that
German authors were the most cited by their Hungarian and Romanian colleagues.
They thus confirm the conclusions of the qualitative studies according to which
German remained the lingua franca of the intellectual elite in the region during
the dual monarchy as well. In the last study of Part Four, Lia Pop approaches
the issue of Rroma discrimination in the two historical regions (as well as on the
entire Romanian territory) through student folklore between 1945 and 1955.
After a complex and nuanced analysis of a rich register of student folklore, the
author concludes that it was this folklore that taught a “lesson” in discrimination
of the Rroma population through defamation and stigmatization.
The volume as a whole highlights the differences and the similarities
between the two regions in terms of the attitudes of various ethno-confessional
groups toward each other and suggests that intercultural conflicts were much
less frequent in Banat than in Transylvania. One of the reasons was that Banat
was under the direct administration of the House of Habsburg during a historical
period that was crucial for the economic and cultural development of the region.
In turn, the interethnic and confessional conflicts in Transylvania were largely
due to policies imposed from the Center, first, Budapest, then Vienna, then
Budapest again and, finally, after 1918, Bucharest. Once the dual monarchy was
installed in the last quarter of the 19th century, the socio-political differences
between Banat and Transylvania became less significant.
The volume proposes the following general principles as a guide in
studying intercultural conflicts and developing efficient methods of defusing
them:
577
ABSTRACT
• Perception often creates reality and, consequently, cultivating a
certain perception is very important in the case of intercultural relations as well.
The most helpful would be to cultivate perceptions associated with an irenic
mentality and not witha power-oriented one.
• Elites (political, cultural and spiritual) can play a crucial role in
creating certain perceptions and in the management of intercultural relations.
They need to show social responsibility and generous ethical principles by
acting not just in their own interest but, above all, in the interest of all the
communities involved. It would be essential to educate new elites in this
generous spirit.
• Despite contemporary agonistic theories, the zones of intercultural
contact are often places of peaceful cohabitation, not of conflict. More often
than not, intercultural and interfaith conflicts emanate from the Center, with its
ideologically motivated policies, or from the struggle for power between elites
and who do not care about the well being of the entire population. At the same
time, initiatives for change should start not from the Center (be it Brussels,
Budapest or Bucharest), but from the Margin, i.e., from the local communities
themselves.
• We need a much more complex understanding, both historically
and conceptually, of the ideas that circulate today concerning intercultural
relations, which are mostly driven by counterproductive, identity politics. In this
sense, the political decision-making in Romania and the European Union could
benefit from a well-informed historical perspective by learning from the errors
of the past. For example, we must rethink the idea of ethnic or national “minorities”
inherited from the communist regimes: even the concepts of “majority” and
“minority” concerning democratic processes (at the intercultural level as well)
are quite recent, having their roots in the “bourgeois” ideology of the French
Revolution, and need to be rethought in the near future in a global geopolitical
context where the nation-state of Romantic origin will gradually lose its
relevance.
• In the new context of globalization, if we are to avoid major
conflicts or the so-called “clashes of civilizations,” we would be well advised to
adopt and act according to an irenic mentality in all intercultural relations. But the
irenic mentality is not linked to “cultural identity,” or to the system of values and
beliefs of a specific group, or to a certain economic or social organization. This
mentality is “transcultural” and is shared by all human beings, independent of
their ethnicity, race or confession. It can be summarized in a single word:
“humaneness.”
Keywords: intercultural studies, multiculturalism, post-multiculturalism, intercultural
contact, ethno-confessional relations, liminality, borderlands
578
Cuprins
Cuvânt-înainte (Mihai SPĂRIOSU şi Vasile BOARI) / 9
Introducere (Mihai SPĂRIOSU) / 15
*
Partea întâi
TEORII ŞI MODELE INTERCULTURALE CONTEMPORANE ŞI RELEVANŢA
LOR PENTRU BANAT ŞI TRANSILVANIA
Mulţi- şi interculturalitatea: Concepte-cheie în definirea istoriei Europei
Est-Centrale. Cazul Banatului (Victor NEUMANN) / 53
Studiile interetnice contemporane în Europa Centrală: observaţii teoretice
preliminare (Mihai SPĂRIOSU) / 61
Relaţiile interculturale în zonele de contact. Cazul Transilvaniei
(Corina-Mihaela BELEAUA) / 81
Teorii şi concepte în analiza fenomenelor diversităţii etnoculturale. Cazul
Republicii Moldova (Daniela CERVTNSCHI) /107
Partea a Il-a
BANAT: MOMENTE DE CONFLICT ŞI ARMONIE INTERETNICĂ
Banatul - o zonă sui generis a „culoarului cultural” dunărean (Ioan
HAŢEGAN) /147
Solidarităţi şi itinerarii intelectuale extraetnice în Banatul secolului XVII.
Câteva exemple (Doru RADOSAV) /155
Momente ale evoluţiei relaţiilor româno-sârbe din Evul Mediu până în
secolul XIX (Duşiţa RISTIN) / 167
5
Elite intelectuale şi relaţii interculturale sârbo-române în localităţile
Banatului sârbesc în secolul al XlX-lea şi la începutul secolului al
XX-lea (Mircea MĂRAN) / 185
Evoluţia ştiinţei de carte în Banatul istoric la sfârşitul secolului al XlX-lea
şi începutul secolului al XX-lea (Ioan MUNTEANU) /197
O perspectivă sintetică asupra elementelor care au format identitatea
culturală a Banatului şi Timişoarei de început de secol XX (Mălina Iulia
DUŢĂ) /219
Interferenţe: Scriitori trilingvi în Banat (Cornel UNGUREANU) / 229
Conflict şi pătimire în Banat: însemnări incomode, de război, despre
germani şi sârbi (Andrei MILIN, Miodrag MILIN) / 253
Insularitate etnică şi relaţii comunitare. Un exemplu de bune practici
(Sînziana PREDA) / 263՛
Partea a IU-a
TRANSILVANIA: MOMENTE DE CONFLICT ŞI ARMONIE INTERETNICĂ
Naţiuni şi confesiuni în Principatul Transilvaniei - între acceptare şi
excludere (Ioan-Aurel POP) / 273
Valahii, vlahii şi Sfânta Coroană: Transilvania, Moldova şi Ţara Românească
Ia sfârşitul secolului XV şi începutul secolului XVI (Alexandru SIMON / 285
Structuri instituţionale şi dezvoltare culturală în Transilvania primei
jumătăţi a secolului al XVI-lea (Susana ANDEA, Avram ANDEA) / 337
Uniţi şi neuniţi într-un timp al conflictului confesional: mişcarea lui
Sofronie în comitatul Dăbâca (1759-1762) (Greta-Monica MIRON) / 345
Dilemele convieţuirii. Ortodocşi şi greco-catolici în Transilvania (a doua
jumătate a secolului al XlX-lea şi începutul secolului XX) (Ion CARJA) / 361
Politică şi naţiune în neoabsolutism şi liberalism: o perspectivă
interculturaiă (Lorand L. MADLY) / 373
Idei despre naţiune şi grupări etnice în ziarul „Românul” (Flavius
GHENDER) / 385
Aspecte interetnice ale Reformei Agrare din 1945 (Artur LAKATOS) / 399
6
Păstrând Iluzia armoniei: formatul conceptual şi originea ideologică a
teoriei identităţii naţionale promovată de Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu (raportarea
la „chestiunea Transilvaniei”, 1945-1946) (Claudiu Petru RUSU) / 421
Partea a IV-a
RELAŢII INTERCULTURALE ÎN BANAT ŞI TRANSILVANIA: STUDII
COMPARATIVE
Căsătoriile mixte - formă de convieţuire etnică şi confesională în Transilvania
şi Banat, în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlX-lea (Comeliu
PĂDUREAN) / 435
Banat versus Transilvania: Principalele diferenţe în dimensiunea structurală a
conflictului etno-confesional, 1867-1939 (Ionuţ APAHIDEANU) / 457
Harta co-cităiilor ca analiză a dialogului intercultural la nivelul comunităţilor
intelectuale din Arad şi Timişoara (secolul XIX - începutul secolului
XX) (Vlad JECAN, Radu MEZA) / 513
Discriminarea Rromilor: un comportament învăţat? (Lia POP) / 527
Abstract /571
Date despre autori ! 579
1
|
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| id | DE-604.BV042632307 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:06:21Z |
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| isbn | 9789736119200 |
| language | Romanian |
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| physical | 581 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
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| publisher | Inst. European |
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| series | Colecţia Academica |
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| spelling | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 coordinatori Mihai Spariosu ; Vasile Boari Iaşi Inst. European 2014 581 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Academica 213 : Seria Studii Culturale Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1650-1950 gnd rswk-swf Interkulturalität (DE-588)4519498-1 gnd rswk-swf Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd rswk-swf Banat (DE-588)4004408-7 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Banat (DE-588)4004408-7 g Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 g Interkulturalität (DE-588)4519498-1 s Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 s Geschichte 1650-1950 z DE-604 Spariosu, Mihai 1944- Sonstige (DE-588)143735284 oth Boari, Vasile 1949- Sonstige (DE-588)102459842X oth Colecţia Academica 213 : Seria Studii Culturale (DE-604)BV035808626 213 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028064848&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028064848&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 Colecţia Academica Interkulturalität (DE-588)4519498-1 gnd Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4519498-1 (DE-588)4214151-5 (DE-588)4004408-7 (DE-588)4054835-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 |
| title_auth | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 |
| title_exact_search | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 |
| title_full | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 coordinatori Mihai Spariosu ; Vasile Boari |
| title_fullStr | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 coordinatori Mihai Spariosu ; Vasile Boari |
| title_full_unstemmed | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 coordinatori Mihai Spariosu ; Vasile Boari |
| title_short | Armonie şi conflict intercultural în Banat şi Transilvania |
| title_sort | armonie si conflict intercultural in banat si transilvania perspective cultural istorice 1650 1950 |
| title_sub | perspective cultural-istorice 1650 - 1950 |
| topic | Interkulturalität (DE-588)4519498-1 gnd Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Interkulturalität Multikulturelle Gesellschaft Banat Siebenbürgen Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028064848&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028064848&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035808626 |
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