Water quality: an introduction
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham [u.a.]
Springer
2015
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 357 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783319174457 9783319174464 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Water quality |b an introduction |c by Claude E. Boyd |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2015 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804174795477090304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Cor?»
1 Physical Properties of Water 1
Introduction 1
Structure of Water Molecule 2
Properties of Water 3
Atmospheric Pressure 4
Thermal Characteristics 5
Vapor Pressure 7
Density 7
Surface Phenomena 9
Viscosity 10
Elasticity and Compressibility 11
Water Pressure 11
Dielectric Constant 13
Conductivity 14
Transparency 14
Water Temperature 16
Thermal Stratification 17
Stratification and Water Quality 18
Ice Cover 19
References 19
2 An Overview of Hydrology and Water Supply 21
Introduction 21
The Earth’s Water 22
The Hydrologic Cycle 23
Evaporation 24
Measurement 25
Rainfall 26
Measurement 27
Soil Water 28
Groundwater 28
xv
xvi Contents
Runoff 30
Measurement of Runoff and Stream Flow 32
Lakes, Reservoirs, Ponds, and Marshes 34
Measurement of Volumes of Standing
Water Bodies 34
Oceans and Estuaries 35
Water Budgets 35
Chemical Mass Balance 37
Water Supply 38
References 40
3 Review of Basic Chemistry, Solubility, and Chemical
Equilibrium 41
Introduction 41
Review of Some Chemical Principles 42
Solutions and Solubility 48
Definition of a Solution 48
Methods of Expressing Solute Strength 48
Soluble Versus Insoluble 53
Types of Dissolutions 54
Factors Affecting Solubility 55
Some Notes 56
Equilibrium 57
Relationship of Equilibrium to Thermodynamics 58
Solubility Product 61
Examples of Dissolutions 64
Electrostatic Interactions 65
Ion Pairs 68
Significance 70
References 70
4 Dissolved Solids 71
Introduction 72
Dissolved Solids and Their Measurement 73
Total Dissolved Solids 73
Salinity 74
Specific Conductance 74
Cation-Anion Balance 79
Alkalinity and Hardness 81
Concentrations of Major Ions in Natural Waters 81
Rainwater 81
Inland Surface Waters 82
Coastal and Ocean Water 88
Relative Abundance of Elements 90
Contents xvii
Dissolved Organic Matter 91
Measuring Dissolved Organic Matter 92
Total Dissolved Solids and Colligative Properties 94
Vapor Pressure 94
Freezing and Boiling Points 94
Osmotic Pressure 95
Removal of Dissolved Solids 97
Ion Exchange 98
Desalination 98
Significance of Dissolved Solids 99
References 100
5 Particulate Matter, Color, Turbidity, and Light 101
Introduction 102
Suspended Particles 102
Sources 102
Settling Characteristics 102
Colloidal Particles 105
Color 105
Turbidity and Light Penetration 106
Assessment of Turbidity and Color 109
Direct Turbidity Measurement 109
Suspended Solids 110
Settleable Solids Ill
Secchi Disk Ill
Color Ill
Significance Ill
References 112
6 Dissolved Oxygen and Other Gases 113
Introduction 113
Gas Solubility 114
Partial Pressure 114
Henry’s Law Constant and Bunsen Coefficient 115
Weight of Air in Water 115
Use of Gas Solubility Tables 116
Percentage Saturation and Oxygen Tension 125
TheAP 126
Gas Transfer 128
Stream Re-aeration 132
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen 132
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Respiration 133
Significance 136
References 136
xviii Contents
7 Redox Potential 139
Introduction 140
Oxidation-Reduction 140
Standard Hydrogen Electrode 141
Cell Voltage and Free-Energy Change 144
Practical Measurement of Redox Potential 147
Corrosion 150
Significance 151
8 pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity 153
Introduction 154
pH 154
The Concept 154
Calculations 156
pH of Natural Waters 157
Carbon Dioxide 157
Total Alkalinity 160
Measurement of Alkalinity 161
Sources of Alkalinity 163
Comments on Alkalinity Equilibria 167
Buffering 170
Alkalinity and pH of Natural Waters 174
Acidity 175
Significance 176
pH 176
Carbon Dioxide 177
Alkalinity 177
Acidity 178
References 178
9 Total Hardness 179
Introduction 179
Sources 180
Measurement of Hardness 181
Calculation 181
Titration 182
Hardness of Natural Waters 182
Concentration 182
Types of Hardness 183
Water Softening 184
Calcium Carbonate Saturation 185
Significance 186
References 187
Contents
XIX
10 Microorganisms and Water Quality 189
Introduction 190
Bacteria 190
Nutrients 191
Growth 191
Aerobic Respiration 193
Oxygen Stoichiometry in Aerobic Respiration 195
Anaerobic Respiration 196
Environmental Effects on Bacterial Growth 198
Estimating Bacterial Abundance 200
Sediment Respiration 200
Phytoplankton 203
Biology 203
Photosynthesis 204
Biochemical Assimilation 206
Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth 206
Estimating Phytoplankton Abundance 209
Effects of Phytoplankton on Water Quality 210
Measuring Photosynthesis and Respiration 212
The Compensation Depth 215
Harmful Algae 216
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle 216
Human Pathogens 218
Chlorination 219
Significance 220
References 222
11 Nitrogen 223
Introduction 224
The Nitrogen Cycle 225
Transformations of Nitrogen 226
Atmospheric Fixation by Lightning 226
Biological Fixation 227
Industrial Fixation 227
Plant Uptake of Nitrate and Ammonium 228
Fate of Nitrogen in Plants 229
Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen 229
Nitrification 231
Denitrification 233
Ammonia-Ammonium Equilibrium 234
Ammonia Diffusion 237
Nitrogen Inputs and Outputs 238
Concentrations of Nitrogen in Water and Sediment 238
xx Contents
Significance 238
As a Nutrient 238
As a Toxin 239
As Cause of Gas Bubble Trauma 240
As Atmospheric Pollutant 241
References 241
12 Phosphorus 243
Introduction 244
Phosphorus in Aquatic Ecosystems 245
Phosphorus Chemistry 246
Dissociation of Orthophosphoric Acid 246
Phosphorus-Sediment Reactions 248
Organic Phosphorus 253
Analytical Considerations 254
Phosphorus Dynamics 254
Concentrations in Water 254
Plant Uptake 255
Exchange Between Water and Sediment 256
Eutrophication 259
Interaction with Nitrogen 260
Significance 260
References 261
13 Sulfur 263
Introduction 263
The Sulfur Cycle 264
Sulfur Transformations 266
Plant Uptake and Mineralization 266
Oxidations 267
Acid-Sulfate Soils and Acid-Mine Drainage 269
Reductions 271
Sulfide 272
Sulfur Concentrations 274
Significance 274
References 275
14 Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements 277
Introduction 278
Factors Controlling Trace Element Concentrations 278
Ion Pairs 279
Complexions 281
Role of Hydrolysis Products, Ion Pairs,
and Chelates in Solubility 286
Contents xxi
The Micronutrients 288
Metallic Micronutrients 290
Non-metallic Micronutrients 298
Non-nutrient Trace Elements 301
Aluminum 301
Barium 304
Beryllium 304
Chromium 304
Cyanide 305
Lead 305
Mercury 305
Nickel 306
Silver 306
Strontium 306
Tin 307
Vanadium 307
Significance 307
References 309
15 Water Pollution 313
Introduction 313
Overview of Water Pollution 315
Major Types of Pollution 317
Inorganic Solids and Turbidity 317
Organic Pollution 319
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 319
Nutrient Pollution 324
Toxins 326
Biological Pollution 331
Groundwater Pollution 331
Acidification by Atmospheric Inputs 334
Wetland Destruction 336
Pollution Control 336
References 337
16 Water Quality Regulations 339
Introduction 339
Water Quality Regulations 340
Effluent Discharge Permits 341
Effluent Limitations 341
Use Classification for Water Bodies 342
Water Quality Standards 343
Standards on Concentrations 345
Standards on Loads 345
Delta Based Standards 345
xxii Contents
Volume Limits in Standards 346
Total Maximum Daily Loads 346
Toxic Chemical Standards 346
Biological Standards 347
Qualitative Standards and Best Management Practices 347
Monitoring and Enforcement of Discharge Permits 347
Drinking Water Standards 348
Water Quality Guidelines 348
Significance 350
References 352
|
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| discipline | Biologie Bauingenieurwesen |
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| isbn | 9783319174457 9783319174464 |
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| spelling | Boyd, Claude E. 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)1075658489 aut Water quality an introduction by Claude E. Boyd 2. ed. Cham [u.a.] Springer 2015 XXII, 357 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Water quality Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 gnd rswk-swf Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 10.1007/978-3-319-17446-4 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028053297&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064728-6 |
| title | Water quality an introduction |
| title_auth | Water quality an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Water quality an introduction |
| title_full | Water quality an introduction by Claude E. Boyd |
| title_fullStr | Water quality an introduction by Claude E. Boyd |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water quality an introduction by Claude E. Boyd |
| title_short | Water quality |
| title_sort | water quality an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Water quality Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Water quality Wassergüte |
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