An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]
CRC Press
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | A Chapman & Hall book
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 351 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439885901 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Astronomy is the field of science devoted to
the study of astronomical objects, such as
stars, galaxies, and nebulae. Astronomers
have gathered a wealth of knowledge about
the universe through hundreds of years of
painstaking observations. These observa-
tions are interpreted by the use of physical
and chemical laws familiar to mankind. These
interpretations supply information about th^jj
nature of these astronomical objects, allow-
ing for the deduction of their surface and in-
terior conditions. The science associated with these interpretations is called astro-
physics.
An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics offers a comprehensive intro-
duction to astronomy and astrophysics, complete with illustrative examples and
illuminating homework problems. Requiring a familiarity with basic physics and
mathematics, this undergraduate-level textbook:
• Addresses key physics concepts relevant to stellar observations, including
radiation, electromagnetic spectrum, photometry, continuous and discrete
spectrum, and spectral lines
• Describes instruments used for astronomical observations as well as how the
radiation received is characterized and interpreted to determine the properties
of stars
• Examines the structure of stars, the basic equations that explain stars in
equilibrium, and the fusion reactions occurring in stellar cores
• Discusses the evolution of stars, the solar system, the dynamics of galaxies,
and the fundamentals of modern cosmology
• Explores the universe at high redshifts, where it is dominated by objects such
as active galaxies
Solutions manual and figure slides available with qualifying course adoption
An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics teaches students how to in-
terpret the night sky, providing them with a critical understanding of the stars and
other heavenly bodies.
֊im
Cover images: Copyright NASA and STSci.
Contents
8
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview.................................................... 1
1.2 Scales and Dimensions ...................................... 2
1.3 Night Sky................................................... 5
1.4 Constellations ............................................. 8
1.5 Earth, Sun, and the Solar System .......................... 11
1.5.1 Retrograde Motion of Planets......................... 12
1.6 Sidereal Time ............................................. 13
1.7 Astronomical Catalogs and Software......................... 15
2 Observations 17
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves ..................................... 18
2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum .................................. 20
2.3 Telescopes ................................................ 23
2.3.1 Refractor Telescope ................................. 24
2.3.2 Reflecting Telescope................................. 27
2.4 Observations at Visible Frequencies ....................... 29
2.4.1 Theoretical Limit on Resolution ..................... 31
2.4.2 Seeing............................................... 32
2.5 Mounting of Telescope ..................................... 33
2.5.1 Equatorial Mount .................................... 33
2.5.2 Azimuthal Mount ................................... 33
2.6 Interferometry ............................................ 33
2.7 Observations at Other Wavelengths ......................... 34
3 Astrometry 37
3.1 Coordinate Systems ........................................ 41
3.1.1 The Horizontal System................................ 42
3.1.2 Equatorial Coordinate System ........................ 43
3.1.3 Ecliptic System...................................... 44
3.1.4 Galactic Coordinate System........................... 44
3.1.5 Supergalactic Coordinate System...................... 44
3.2 Space Velocity and Proper Motion of Stars ................. 44
3.2.1 Doppler Effect....................................... 46
Vll
viii Contents
3.3 Parallax.................................................... 47
3.4 Aberration .............................................. 50
3.5 Coordinate Transformations .............................. 51
3.5.1 Transformation between Equatorial and Ecliptic Coor-
dinate Systems............................................. 54
3.5.2 Precession of Equinoxes............................. 55
3.5.3 Equatorial Mounting of a Telescope................... 56
4 Photometry 59
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 59
4.2 Flux Density and Intensity .............................. 61
4.3 Blackbody Radiation ........................................ 66
4.4 Energy Density in an Isotropic Radiation Field.............. 70
4.5 Magnitude Scale............................................. 71
4.5.1 Apparent Magnitude................................... 72
4.5.2 Absolute Magnitude................................... 73
4.5.3 The Color Index...................................... 74
4.5.4 Bolometric Magnitude................................. 74
4.6 Stellar Temperatures ....................................... 75
4.6.1 Effective Temperature................................ 75
4.6.2 Color Temperature.................................... 75
4.7 Appendix: Solid Angle ...................................... 77
5 Gravitation and Kepler’s Laws 81
5.1 Two-Body Problem ........................................... 82
5.2 Application to Solar System ................................ 85
5.3 Virial Theorem.............................................. 86
5.4 Tidal Forces and Roche Limit .............................. 88
6 Stars, Stellar Spectra, and Classification 93
6.1 Introduction ............................................... 93
6.2 Stellar Spectra............................................. 96
6.3 Harvard Classification of Stellar Spectra................... 99
6.4 Saha Equation ............................................. 101
6.5 Derivation of the Saha Equation........................... 105
6.5.1 Number of States of a Free Particle in a Box........ 108
6.6 HR Diagram ................................................ 109
6.7 Star Clusters and Associations ............................ 112
6.8 Distance and Age Determination of Clusters Using Color-
Magnitude Diagram.......................................... 113
7 Radiation from Astronomical Sources 117
7.1 Continuous Spectra ........................................ 118
7.1.1 Synchrotron Radiation............................... 118
7.1.2 Bremsstrahlung.................................... 121
7.1.3 Compton Scattering.................................. 122
Contents ix
7.1.4 Bound-Free Transitions............................. 123
7.2 Absorption and Emission Line Spectrum .................... 124
7.2.1 Radial Velocity Due to Doppler Effect.............. 128
7.2.2 Causes of Finite Width of Spectral Lines ........ . 129
7.3 Molecular Band Spectra.................................. 129
7.4 Extinction ............................................... 131
7.4.1 Extinction Coefficient............................. 135
7.4.2 Color Excess....................................... 136
8 Stellar Structure 139
8.1 Pressure Gradient ...................................... 140
8.2 Mass Distribution ........................................ 143
8.3 Energy Production ........................................ 143
8.4 Temperature Gradient...................................... 144
8.4.1 Radiative Transport................................ 144
8.4.2 Convective Transport ...................... 146
8.5 Boundary Conditions ...................................... 148
8.6 Rosseland Mean Opacity ................................. 149
8.7 Equation of State ........................................ 152
8.7.1 Ideal Gas Law ..................................... 153
8.7.1.1 Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law.......... 154
8.7.1.2 Radiation Pressure......................... 158
8.8 Energy Production in Stars................................ 159
8.9 Appendix: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution ................. 161
9 Stellar Nuclear Reactions 165
9.1 Fundamental Interactions.................................. 166
9.2 Fundamental Particles..................................... 167
9.3 A Brief Introduction to Neutrinos ...................... 168
9.4 PP Chain.................................................. 169
9.5 Nuclear Reaction Rate .................................... 170
9.5.1 Nuclear Reaction Rate: Derivation.................. 175
9.5.2 Nuclear Cross Section............................ 177
9.5.3 Estimating the Nuclear Reaction Rate.............. 177
9.6 Energy Released in Nuclear Reactions...................... 181
9.7 Standard Solar Model...................................... 186
10 Star Formation and Stellar Evolution 189
10.1 Early Stage of Star Formation ............................ 190
10.1.1 Fragmentation...................................... 192
10.2 Evolution on the Main Sequence............................ 193
10.3 Degenerate Free Electron Gas ............................. 194
10.4 Evolution beyond the Main Sequence ....................... 196
10.5 Population I and II Stars ................................ 198
10.6 White Dwarfs ............................................. 199
x Contents
10.7 Neutron Star............................................ 200
10.8 Black Holes .............................................. 202
10.9 Supernova ................................................ 204
11 The Sun 207
11.1 Solar Atmosphere ......................................... 208
11.1.1 Photosphere......................................... 208
11.1.2 Chromosphere ....................................... 210
11.1.3 Corona ............................................. 211
11.2 Dynamo Mechanism for Magnetic Field Enhancement .... 214
11.3 Sunspots and the Solar Cycle.............................. 216
11.4 Some Transient Phenomena.................................. 220
12 The Solar System 223
12.1 Orbital Properties of Planets............................. 224
12.2 Retrograde Motion of Planets ........................... 226
12.3 Albedo and Temperature of Planets ........................ 230
12.4 Terrestrial Planets: Interior Structure .................. 232
12.5 Jovian Planets............................................ 236
12.6 The Moon ................................................. 238
12.6.1 Eclipses and Occultations........................... 240
12.7 Why Did Pluto Lose Its Planetship?........................ 241
12.8 Formation of the Solar System ............................ 242
13 Binary Stars 247
13.1 Kinematics of a Binary Star System........................ 247
13.2 Classification of Binary Stars............................ 250
13.3 Mass Determination........................................ 254
13.4 Mass Transfer in Binary Systems........................... 257
14 The Milky Way 265
14.1 The Distance Ladder ...................................... 266
14.2 Distribution of Matter in the Milky Way .................. 270
14.3 Differential Rotation of the Milky Way ................... 273
14.4 Mapping the Galactic Disk with Radio Waves ............... 276
14.5 Formation of the Spiral Arms............................ 279
15 Galaxies 283
15.1 Elliptical Galaxies....................................... 286
15.2 Spiral Galaxies........................................... 289
15.3 Evidence for Dark Matter.................................. 292
15.4 Galaxy Clusters .......................................... 293
Contents xi
16 Cosmology 295
16.1 Euclidean Space ......................................... 296
16.2 Curved Space ............................................ 296
16.3 Minkowski Space-Time .................................... 298
16.4 Big Bang Cosmology ...................................... 299
16.4.1 Cosmological Redshift and Hubble’s Law ........... 299
16.4.2 FRW Line Element.................................. 301
16.4.3 Matter and Radiation.............................. 303
16.4.4 Cosmological Evolution Equations.................. 305
16.4.5 Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy............. 306
16.5 The Early Universe ...................................... 311
16.5.1 Primordial Nucleosynthesis........................ 315
16.5.2 Recombination..................................... 320
16.5.3 Structure Formation............................... 321
16.5.4 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) . . 322
17 Active Galaxies 325
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 325
17.2 Active Galactic Nuclei: Some Basic Properties ........... 326
17.2.1 Size of AGNs.................................... 328
17.2.2 Luminosity........................................ 329
17.2.3 Superluminal Motion............................... 330
17.3 Classification of Active Galaxies ....................... 331
17.3.1 Seyfert Galaxies ................................. 331
17.3.2 Radio Galaxies.................................... 332
17.3.3 Quasars........................................... 334
17.3.4 Blazars .......................................... 336
17.4 Unified Model of AGNs ................................... 336
Appendix Fundamental Constants and Conversion of Units 339
References 341
Index
343
|
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| spelling | Jain, Pankaj Verfasser (DE-588)1073674037 aut An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Pankaj Jain Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] CRC Press 2015 XIV, 351 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Chapman & Hall book Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd rswk-swf Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 s DE-188 Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028024488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028024488&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jain, Pankaj An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003311-9 (DE-588)4003326-0 |
| title | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_auth | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_full | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Pankaj Jain |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Pankaj Jain |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Pankaj Jain |
| title_short | An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
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| topic | Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Astronomie Astrophysik |
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