Prepared for eternity: a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Archaeopress
2015
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| Series: | Archaeopress Egyptology
9 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 249 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781784911102 9781784911119 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Prepared for eternity
Autor: Loynes, Robert
Jahr: 2015
Contents
List of Figures v
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Terminology xix
Chronology xix
ChapterOne: Introduction 1
1.1 Mummification - The afterlife 1
1.1.1 Religious beliefs and the afterlife 1
1.1.2 Historical References to Mummification in Ancient Egypt 1
1.2 Mummification - Types and Pathology 2
1.2.1 Classification of mummies 2
1.2.2 Experimental mummification 3
1.2.3 Ancient Egyptian Knowledge of Anatomy 3
1.3 The journey - From death to museum 4
1.3.1 In Egypt 4
1.3.2 In Continental Europe 4
1.3.3 In Museums 4
1.4 Research Disciplines in Mummy Studies 5
1.4.1 Nineteenth and twentieth centuries 5
1.4.2 Twenty first Century 5
1.5 Medical Imaging 5
1.5.1 History and development 5
1.5.2 Other Imaging Methods 6
1.5.3 Current use of radiography in mummy studies 7
1.6 Aims and Objectives 8
1.6.1 Current Literature 8
Chapter Two: Methods 9
2.1 Source of Materials 9
2.1.1 Location of material 9
2.1.2 Formats of Material 11
2.1.3 Dicomreaders 11
2.2 Constraints 11
2.2.1 Intellectual Property Considerations 11
2.2.2 Technical Constraints 11
2.2.3 Provenance 12
2.3 Age at death 13
2.4 Estimation of sex 13
2.5 Palaeopathology 13
2.6 Individual Reports 13
2.6.1 Principle of Reports 13
Chapter Three: Results - General 25
3.1 Comparison of Xrays, Older CT scans and Modem CT scans (digital format) 25
3.1.1 X-ray of Exeter Mummy (Shepenmut - Cat. No. 11/3) 25
3.1.2 Older Generation CT scans of Nesitanebetasheru and Djedma atiuesankh in Sheffield Museum: 25
3.2 Distribution of the mummies 30
3.3 Analyses of various factors 32
3.3.1 Topics to be considered 32
Chapter Four: Results - The Head 33
4.1 Excerebration 33
4.1.1 Trans-nasal route 34
4.1.1.2 Ethmoid and sphenoid Perforation 49
4.1.1.3 Sphenoid only Perforation 53
4.1.1.4 Trans-nasal/orbital Perforation 57
4.1.2 Trans-foraminal route 58
4.1.3 Trans-basal route 62
4.1.4 Trans-orbital route 63
4.1.5 No excerebration 64
4.2 Treatment of the eyes 66
4.2.1 Removal 66
4.2.2 Desiccation 67
4.2.3 Packing 69
4.2.4 Eye Plates - False Eyes 73
4.3 Treatment of the mouth 77
4.3.1 Empty mouth 77
4.3.2 Linen packing 77
4.3.3 Linen plus resin 79
4.3.4 Linen plus granulär material - possibly clay 80
4.3.5 Granulär material alone (possibly clay) 81
4.3.6 Resin alone 81
4.3.7 A metal plate over the tongue (possibly gold) 82
4.4 Treatment of the ears 83
Chapter Five: Results - The Trunk 84
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Grouping 84
5.2.1 Abdominal incision 84
5.2.2 Perineal Approach 150
5.2.3 No evidence of incision or evisceration 156
5.2.4 Evisceration. The extent of visceral clearance 172
5.2.4.1 Thorax 172
5.2.4.2 Abdomen 172
5.2.4.3 Pelvic cavity 172
5.2.4.4 Evisceration of the thorax 172
5.2.4.5 Evisceration of the abdomen 174
5.2.4.6 Evisceration of the pelvic cavity 176
5.2.5 The use of canopic packages 179
5.2.6 Materials inserted into the body cavity after evisceration 180
Chapter Six: Results - Treatment of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and position of the arms 184
6.1 The use of resin externally 184
6.2 Subcutaneous packing 184
6.3 Amulets 185
6.4 Position of the arms 185
Chapter Seven: Results related to Demographics and Palaeopathology 18®
7.1 Age at Death 189
7.1.1 Results 189
7.2 Sex 191
7.2.1 Results 191
7.3 Palaeopathology 192
7.3.1 Results - Causes of death 195
7.3.2 Results-Non-Fatal Pathologies 196
Chapter Eight: Discussion of mummification techniques related to era, geographic location and age at death 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Pattems of mummification related to era 197
8.2.1 Middle Kingdom 199
8.2.2 Dynasty 18 199
8.2.3 Dynasty 19 200
8.2.4 Dynasty 20 200
8.2.5 Dynasty 21 200
8.2.6 Dynasty 22 200
8.2.6.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 201
8.2.6.2 Treatment of the Trunk 201
8.2.7 Dynasty 25 201
8.2.7.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 202
8.2.7.2 Treatment of the Trunk 203
8.2.8 Mummies assigned to the Third Intermediate Period (Dynasty 21-25) 203
8.2.8.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 203
8.2.8.2 Treatment of the Trunk 203
8.2.9 Dynasty 26 203
8.2.9.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 204
8.2.9.2 Treatment of the Trunk 204
8.2.10 Ptolemaic Period 204
8.2.10.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 204
8.2.10.2 Treatment of the Trunk 205
8.2.11 Roman Period 206
8.2.11.1 Treatment of the Head and Neck 206
8.2.11.2 Treatment of the Trunk 207
8.3 Analysis of Specific Mummies 208
8.3.1 Mummy XXV - TjesMoutPert 208
8.3.2 Mummy LI - Khary 208
8.4 Patterns of mummification related to location 209
8.4.1 The Fayum and Hawara 211
8.4.2 Gurob 211
8.4.3 El-Hibe 211
8.4.4 Assiut 212
8.4.5 Akhmim 212
8.4.6 Thebes 213
8.4.6.1 Thebes in Dynasties 21-24 - the delta capitals 213
8.4.6.2 Thebes in Dynasty 25 - Kushite rule 214
8.4.6.3 Thebes in Dynasty 26 215
8.4.6.4 Thebes in the Roman Period 216
8.4.7 Deir El Bahari 216
8.5 Techniques related to age at death 217
Chapter Nine: Discussion of specific mummification techniques 225
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 Variations in the trans-nasal route of excerebration 225
9.3 No excerebration 227
9.4 More unusual routes used for excerebration 227
9.4.1 Trans-basal route 227
9.4.2 Trans-orbital route 228
9.5 Treament of the eyes 228
9.6 Use of the perineal route for evisceration 230
9.7 Techniques used in the Roman Period 231
9.7.1 Thoracic disruption 231
9.7.2 Lack of an evisceration route 233
9.7.3 Pelvic disruption 233
9.8 Stififeners within the wrappings and mummies 234
9.8.1 Stiffeners within the wrappings 234
9.8.2 Stiffeners within the body 236
9.9 The effect of foreign rule in various eras 237
9.9.1 Introduction 237
9.9.2 New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period 237
9.9.3 Dynasty 25 237
9.9.4 The Late Period 238
9.9.5 The Ptolemaic Period 238
9.9.6 The Roman Period 238
9.10 Practicalities from a surgeon s aspect 238
Chapter Ten: Conclusions 239
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 The head 239
10.3 The body 242
10.4 Caveats 243
10.5 The Future 244
Bibiiography 245
Appendix I: Museums and other institutions contacted 248
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:05:20Z |
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| language | English |
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| series | Archaeopress Egyptology |
| series2 | Archaeopress Egyptology |
| spelling | Loynes, Robert Verfasser aut Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies Robert Loynes Oxford Archaeopress 2015 XX, 249 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeopress Egyptology 9 Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 gnd rswk-swf Einbalsamieren (DE-588)4278884-5 gnd rswk-swf Ägypten Altertum (DE-588)4068430-1 gnd rswk-swf Ägypten Altertum (DE-588)4068430-1 g Einbalsamieren (DE-588)4278884-5 s Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 s DE-604 Archaeopress Egyptology 9 (DE-604)BV042045921 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028021542&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Loynes, Robert Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies Archaeopress Egyptology Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 gnd Einbalsamieren (DE-588)4278884-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113240-3 (DE-588)4278884-5 (DE-588)4068430-1 |
| title | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies |
| title_auth | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies |
| title_exact_search | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies |
| title_full | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies Robert Loynes |
| title_fullStr | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies Robert Loynes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies Robert Loynes |
| title_short | Prepared for eternity |
| title_sort | prepared for eternity a study of human embalming techniques in ancient egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies |
| title_sub | a study of human embalming techniques in ancient Egypt using computerised tomography scans of mummies |
| topic | Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 gnd Einbalsamieren (DE-588)4278884-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computertomografie Einbalsamieren Ägypten Altertum |
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