Ambasadorzy idei: wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2015
|
| Series: | Studia z Historii XX Wieku
17 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ambassadors of an idea. - Numer tomu w serii ustalony na podst. rozmowy z Wyd., w książce na s. red. błędnie t. 17 Bibliogr. s. 329-354. Indeksy |
| Physical Description: | 382 s., [12] s. tabl. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788365080028 |
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AMBASSADORS OF AN IDEA. INTELLECTUALS’
CONTRIBUTION TO PROMOTING A POSITIVE IMAGE
OF POLAND IN GREAT BRITAIN BETWEEN 1918 AND 1939
Summary
The nineteenth century saw crucial changes which allowed for transforming the
feudal world into a modem society where the majority of social phenomena oc-
curred on a mass scale. It was especially in the second part of the century that
public opinion began to discern intelligentsia as a separate group, whereas intel-
ligentsia started to recognize its significance in society. What was especially ap-
preciated in the process of transformation was the activity of secondary school
teachers and university lecturers as intellectual elite who would put forward ideas
justifying the ongoing changes. Similarly politics and diplomacy were to a large
extent controlled by outstanding intellectuals of that era.
The union of science and politics was not a new phenomenon in the interwar
reality. It had already been observed in the nineteenth century. A lot of eminent
scholars would occupy high-ranking positions in the state, especially in the An-
glosphere. Also many Polish politicians between 1918 and 1939 were university
lecturers. Employing intellectuals to serve the country resulted from increasing
professionalization of public life and the need to have professionals working on
different levels of civil service. Oftentimes experts temporarily appointed to solve
specific problems turned out to be very gifted politicians. What is more, a lot of
scholars held very clear political views and simultaneously acted in political par-
ties. For many of them involvement in politics and protests against the educational
reforms implemented by minister Janusz J^drzejewicz ended in the upsetting or
even breaking their political careers (as they were removed from their posts).
However, for most of them civil service and active participation in political life
became a pass to the world of politics, be it on a local, state or even European
level. A conscious decision to support a given party or ruling group resulted in
tangible benefits (prospects of promotion, travelling abroad made easier through
help in obtaining passports, completing the necessary formalities, fighting the op-
position of fellow professors, or obtaining money for research). Intellectuals were
then largely dependent on the state (especially financially) and the condition of
the state’s budget affected their financial situation.
Combining politics and science was therefore a conscious choice for many.
That stemmed not only from the trivial problem of lack of money for scientific
research or relatively low salaries, but also from the interference of the state, which
356
SUMMARY
encompassed many spheres of life. The governing bodies and self-government
institutions would actually control the manifestations of intellectual activity, like
creating works of art, organizing cultural associations or funding research neces-
sary from the point of view of politics and the needs of the state. Statism was by
no means a typically Polish phenomenon. Regardless of polemics concerning the
functioning of higher education institutions, and dilemmas to what extent scholars
should serve science and to what extent their activity should be utilitarian, that
issue remained largely an individual question of a person’s conscience. It is worth
emphasizing that the activity of Polish and British intellectuals in the interests of
Poland was important insofar as their ideological opponents had many eminent
scholars at their service as well — especially in Germany. With their knowledge,
skills and experience scientists supported not only German industry, economy and
medicine, but also, to a large extent, propaganda. The latter, both between the wars
and during the Second World War, was of a definitely anti-Polish nature.
The aim of this book is therefore examining the forms of Poland’s public rela-
tions policy in Great Britain, conducted largely by Polish and British intellectuals
of that era — the title ambassadors of an idea, to use Professor Władysław Tarnaw-
ski’s words about Gilbert Keith Chesterton. As experts in their fields the scholars
were of great assistance to Polish diplomats; through their academic and social
connections they often influenced the shaping of appropriate attitudes or indeed
lobbied for Poland. Their task was then to explain to the British public what was
happening in the society and politics of the state it supported.
Among the research aims I set for myself in this book is first of all uncover-
ing the network of interconnections between the Polish diplomatic mission (later
embassy) in Great Britain and the world of science and journalism, as well as
examining the motives behind the actions of selected leaders and the stage of their
recruitment. I aimed at reconstructing the mechanisms of Polish lobbying: organi-
zation of propaganda work, selection of leaders, information flow, decision-taking
processes, shaping political awareness. One of my goals was also an attempt to
look into how selected Polish intellectuals functioned in British science. I tried
to answer such questions as: what determined their successes and failures, what
features of personality, what knowledge and experience were desirable between
1918 and 1939 and whether the marriage of science and politics was the right com-
bination to gain international recognition. Finally, I was interested in the motives
behind the actions taken by certain people and how far-reaching they were: to what
extent they were able to reach their audiences and what method they used to win
them. Adopting the methodological assumptions of Emile Durkheim — that by
examining collective consciousness we examine social determinants which shape
the memory of groups and societies — I tried to take a closer look at the image of
Poland and the Poles in selected publications, as well as at mechanisms influencing
certain images of the Poles among the British (some of them were a consequence
of previous eras and others took shape contemporarily).
357
Considering the conditions in which Polish diplomacy in the British Isles
worked, without much financial support and often in an unfavourable, if not
hostile, atmosphere, fuelled mainly by German propaganda, the support for the
Polish officials gathered around the Polish mission was extremely important. What
should be emphasized from the point of view of my research, Polish diplomats in
Great Britain not only used the professional assistance of intellectuals, but usu-
ally solicited it themselves. They saw in Great Britain a great scope for activity,
where the help of scholars, writers or generally men of letters, was needed or even
indispensable. That was mostly due to the lack of Polish experts in British matters,
who would be able to find their place in the new postwar reality and adjust their
methods to the changing realities.
Attempts to counteract the tendencies to write about Poland as a country of nev-
erending scandals, problems and changes were important inasmuch as information
from British press was used by many countries without permanent correspondents
in Warsaw. Therefore British opinions of Poland influenced the perception of our
country not only in the British Isles; they reached much farther. Cooperation with
local intellectuals well-disposed towards Poland was also used in France, which, in
the world of diplomatic relations at that time was also an opinion-forming country.
The methods employed in Britain, aiming to stop Poland’s losing streak in the
media, were therefore not too original. They were perhaps harder to implement
due to lack of specialists; few Polish scholars spoke English and few members of
the British elite showed interest in Polish matters. Among the people who consti-
tuted a sort of bridge between the two worlds were most of all the Polish envoy
in London, later Polish ambassador Konstanty Skirmunt and professor of English
philology at the Jagiellonian University Roman Dyboski. It was mostly their long-
-time, even if not always harmonious cooperation that bore fruit in the 1930s —
sometimes beyond their direct influence. Those results include an increase in the
number of publications on Poland and the activity of institutions and associations
promoting Polish culture in Great Britain. Skirmunt and Dyboski managed to win
over a quite large group of intellectuals to the idea: writers, scholars, journalists
and some diplomats. While that kind of activity was among Skirmunt’s profes-
sional duties, Dyboski treated it largely ideologically. The fact that he benefited
professionally and socially from promoting Poland was not deemed negative, at
least not by most of those observing his work.
I would like to emphasize that the attempt to describe Polish-British relations
from the point of view of the cooperation of intellectuals with Polish diplomats
in London shows us a different picture than in the case of political or economic
relations. That picture does not contradict the previous findings in historiography,
however it adds some unknown elements. Polish-British relations appear then
to be much more complex than they seemed before, thus setting new challenges
before researchers.
Translated by Agnieszka Andrzejewska
SPIS TRESCI
Wstęp .9
Rozdział 1.
Obraz Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918-1939 . 33
1.1. Medialny wizerunek Polski jako pochodna oficjalnej polityki Wielkiej
Brytanii .33
1.2. Wizerunek Polski w brytyjskich mediach.40
1.3. Obraz Polski i Polaków w pisarstwie podróżników z Wysp Brytyjskich.53
1.3.1. Wrażenia z polskich miast .58
1.3.2. Wieś i jej folklor.62
1.3.3. Postać Józefa Piłsudskiego.64
1.3.4. Polska walcząca.67
1.3.5. „Palące” kwestie Polski.70
Rozdział 2.
Starania polskich służb dyplomatycznych na rzecz budowania pozytywnego
wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii .79
2.1. Polscy dyplomaci w Wielkiej Brytanii .79
2.2. Próby poprawy polskiego wizerunku w krajach anglosaskich — plany
i założenia.89
2.3. Działalność w popularyzowaniu wiedzy o Polsce. Poselstwo we współpracy
z polskimi uczonymi.97
2.4. Współpraca z brytyjskimi i polskimi instytucjami . 117
2.5. Działalność publicystyczna i wydawnicza .137
2.6. Założenie lektoratów języka polskiego w mniejszych uczelniach brytyjskich . 148
Rozdział 3.
Działalność brytyjskich polonofili na rzecz Polski.157
3.1. Don Kichot zdrowego rozumu — Gilbert Keith Chesterton i jego
współpracownicy w służbie Polski i Polaków .160
3.2. „Szczera i wypróbowana przyjaciółka Polski na terenie Anglii” — Monica
Mary Gardner .178
3.3. Prorok zza Oceanu — William John Rosę .188
3.4. Brytyjczyk w Polsce — Bernard Wilfrid Arburthnot Massey.194
3.5. Przyjaciele Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii .200
3.6. Symbole kultury brytyjskiej pochodzenia polskiego — Polacy
w Wielkiej Brytanii i ich praca na rzecz Polski .210
8
SPIS TREŚCI
Rozdział 4.
Znaczenie Schooł of Slavonie Studles Uniwersytetu Londyńskiego na rzecz
budowania pozytywnego wizerunku Polski.219
4.1. Założenie School of Slavonie Studies w Londynie.220
4.2. Początki polonistyki londyńskiej.222
4.3 Roman Dyboski po powrocie z niewoli w Rosji .229
4.4. Przed wyjazdem Dyboskiego na wykłady do Londynu .231
4.5. Roman Dyboski jako profesor School of Slavonie Studies w Londynie
(1922/1923). 234
4.6. Roman Dyboski między Krakowem a Londynem (1924-1927). 241
4.7. Czasy Krzyżanowskiego, Borowego i Rose’a.245
Rozdział 5.
Roman Dyboski jako polski ambasador bez teki w Wielkiej Brytanii
w latach 1922-1939 . 263
5.1. Dyboski poza Instytutem Słowiańskim (1922/1923) — odbudowa kapitału
kulturowego w świecie intelektualistów brytyjskich .265
5.2. Recepcja pism Dyboskiego w Wielkiej Brytanii.279
5.3. Reprezentant polskiego świata nauki na Wyspach .293
5.4. Strategia sukcesu Dyboskiego.306
Zakończenie.319
Wykaz ilustracji . 327
Bibliografìa .329
Su mm ary.355
Indeks osobowy.359
Indeks nazw geograficznych.377 |
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| series | Studia z Historii XX Wieku |
| series2 | Studia z Historii XX Wieku |
| spelling | Pudłocki, Tomasz 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1071079263 aut Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 Tomasz Pudłocki Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2015 382 s., [12] s. tabl. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia z Historii XX Wieku 17 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ambassadors of an idea. - Numer tomu w serii ustalony na podst. rozmowy z Wyd., w książce na s. red. błędnie t. 17 Bibliogr. s. 329-354. Indeksy Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 s Geschichte 1918-1939 z DE-604 Studia z Historii XX Wieku 17 (DE-604)BV023054929 17 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027997760&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027997760&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pudłocki, Tomasz 1981- Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 Studia z Historii XX Wieku Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043152-6 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_auth | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_full | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 Tomasz Pudłocki |
| title_fullStr | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 Tomasz Pudłocki |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ambasadorzy idei wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 Tomasz Pudłocki |
| title_short | Ambasadorzy idei |
| title_sort | ambasadorzy idei wklad intelektualistow w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku polski w wielkiej brytanii w latach 1918 1939 |
| title_sub | wkład intelektualistów w promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| topic | Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Öffentliche Meinung Großbritannien Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027997760&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027997760&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023054929 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pudłockitomasz ambasadorzyideiwkładintelektualistowwpromowaniepozytywnegowizerunkupolskiwwielkiejbrytaniiwlatach19181939 |