Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford Univ. Press
2015
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 329 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780198724339 |
Staff View
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While investor-State arbitration is one of the
most effective mechanisms for the protection
of non-State actors in international law, it is
increasingly criticized for failing to strike a fair
balance between the sometimes colliding interests
of foreign investors and States. Proportionality
is a tool to resolve conflicts between competing
rights and interests. This book assesses the
current role of proportionality, its potential,
and its limits in investor-State arbitration.
Resorting to general principles of law and
the concept of systemic integration as legal
foundation for applying proportionality in
investor-State arbitration, the book identifies
three factors arbitrators should consider before
engaging in a proportionality analysis: the
rule of law, the risk of unwarranted judicial
lawmaking, and the availability of a value system
that guides the proportionality analysis.
Through this analytical prism, the book
makes suggestions when arbitrators should apply
proportionality and when not to in the context of
treaty provisions on expropriation, the standard
of fair and equitable treatment, Article XI of the
US֊Argentina BIT, and the customary international
law defense of necessity The book also outlines
what States can do to recalibrate the balance
between the protection of foreign investment
and other interests where proportionality
meets its limits-without dismantling the
current system of investor-State arbitration.
Contents
Table of Cases xv
List of Abbreviations xxiii
L Introduction
2. Investor—State Arbitration and the Argentine Cases: an Overview
I. The protection of foreign investment in the past
II. Diplomatic protection and the traditional role of the individual
in international dispute resolution
III. The modern system of the protection of foreign investment
IV. The 2001—3 Argentine financial crisis
1. The privatization of public utilities in the late 1980s
2. The 2001—3 crisis and its precursors
3. Argentina’s measures in response to the crisis
V. The jurisprudence arising from the Argentine financial crisis
1
6
7
11
14
18
18
20
21
22
3. Proportionality as a General Principle of Law
L The principle of proportionality in domestic legal systems
1. 'The principle of proportionality in German law
a) Proportionality in German administrative law before
World War I
b) Proportionality in German constitutional law
c) Robert Alexy on principles and proportionality
2. The establishment of the principle of proportionality in various
constitutional orders
a) The jurisprudence of the Canadian Supreme Court
b) The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
c) The jurisprudence of the Israeli Supreme Court
3. The principle of proportionality, balancing, and similar concepts
in US constitutional law
a) The relevance of the debate on proportionality balancing in the US
b) The dormant commerce clause
c) The equal protection clause and its different levels of scrutiny
d) Balancing and the First Amendment to the US Constitution
e) The struggle of Justice Breyer for an explicit endorsement of
the principle of proportionality by the US Supreme Court
4. Summary of the comparative analysis
II. The 'dark sides of proportionality
L Judicial lawmaking
2. Threat to the rule of law
3. Arbitrariness and the lack of a unitary value system
28
34
35
35
37
40
42
43
45
46
51
52
53
54
61
62
63
65
66
xii Contents
III. Transposability of proportionality to the international level 67
1. Proportionality in several subsystems of international law 68
a) Proportionality and the law of the European Union 68
b) Proportionality in the jurisprudence of the WTO adjudicatory bodies 70
c) Proportionality in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR 74
d) Use principle of proportionality in other areas of international law 78
2. Proportionality as a 'principle’ 79
3. Why general principles if there is a treaty? 80
IV. Conclusion 82
4. Proportionality and the Concept of Systemic Integration 84
I. Article 31 VCLT and systemic integration: a short overview 86
II. The relationship between Article 31(3)(c) VCLT and other means
of treaty interpretation 91
III. The content and scope of Article 31(3)(c) VCLT 92
1. The notion of ‘self-contained regimes' and its (ir)relevance
for investor—State arbitration 93
a) International investment agreements as self-contained regimes? 93
b) The ICSID Convention as a self-contained regime? 98
2. The different elements of Article 31(3)(c) VCLT 99
a) ‘Rules of international law’ 99
(1) All sources of international law matter 99
(2) Proportionality as a‘rule’ 100
(3) The value glue of the international community 101
(i) The value system of the Charter of the United Nations 102
(ii) Human rights in treaties, custom, and general principles 103
(iii) Hierarchical structures in international law 106
b) Which‘parties’? Ill
c) Which rules are ‘applicable’? 113
(1) Temporal issues 113
(2) Normative issues 114
d) Which rules are ‘relevant’? 118
IV Conclusion 120
5. Proportionality and Expropriation 122
I. Direct versus indirect expropriations 123
II. The different approaches towards the identification of
an indirect expropriation 125
1. Sole effects doctrine 126
2. Police powers doctrine 127
3. Mitigated police powers doctrine 129
III. Policy rationales for proportionality balancing in
the context of indirect expropriations 132
1. The balance between private property rights and the public interest
in the provisions on expropriation in the German Basic Law and
the ECHR 132
2. Possible reasons for a different balance in international investment law 135
Contents xiii
3. Recent efforts to readjust the balance between private property rights
and the public interest in international investment law 136
IV. Harmonizing two areas of international law or comparing apples
and oranges? A critical analysis of the Teemed approach 141
1. Ihe Teemed approach and the fragmentation of international law 142
2. The reasoning of the Tec??ied tribunal regarding indirect
expropriation 143
3. The Teemed approach and the underlying jurisprudence of
the ECtHR 144
a) Jurisprudence of the ECtHR on the lawfulness of expropriations 146
b) Jurisprudence of the ECtHR on interferences with the right
to property other than expropriatory acts 148
V. Identifying indirect expropriation in accordance
with Article 31 VCLT 151
1. The ordinary meaning and context of the treaty term 151
2. Special case: clarification of the notion of'indirect expropriation
in an IIA 153
3. The object and purpose of the relevant investment treaty 157
4. Subsequent agreement and practice 162
a) Subsequent agreements 163
b) Subsequent practice 168
c) Summary 1/0
5. Systemic integration 171
a) Defining indirect expropriation through custom
and creating custom through treaties? 171
b) Introducing proportionality balancing into the concept
of indirect expropriation through general principles of law? 177
VI. Conclusion 179
Proportionality and the FET Standard 182
L Some basic features of the FET standard 183
1. FET and the international minimum standard of treatment 183
2. FET and legitimate expectations 186
II. The FET standard and the Argentine financial crisis 187
1. Overview of the relevant jurisprudence 18/
2. Public interest considerations 190
III. The case for the application of the principle of proportionality
in deciding on a breach of the FET standard 193
1. Status quo: some, but no broad endorsement of proportionality
by tribunals 193
2. Incorporating proportionality analysis through Article 31(3)(c) VCLT 194
3. Refining but not contradicting existing jurisprudence 198
IV. Legitimate expectations: absolute protection or subject
to proportionality balancing? 199
V. Occidental v Ecuador, proportionality as a restraint for States
in exercising their contractual rights? 202
VI. Conclusion 208
XIV
Contents
7. Proportionality and NPM Clauses: Article XI of
the Argentina—US BIT 211
I. Arbitral jurisprudence on Article XI of the Argentina-US BIT 212
II. The relationship between Article XI and
the customary international law defence of necessity 217
III. Is Article XI of the Argentina—US BIT self-judging? 222
1. Ordinary meaning, context, object, and purpose,
and some systemic integration 222
2. Self-judging exceptions to IIA protections: an emerging rule
of customary international law? 224
3. Lessons from Nicaragua v United States 227
IV. The nexus requirement: 'only way’, 'margin of appreciation’,
or proportionality analysis? 229
1. Equating 'necessary’ in Article XI of the Argentina—US BIT with
the ‘only way’ requirement of Article 25 ASR? 230
2. Transferring the margin of appreciation doctrine of the ECtHR
to Article XI of the Argentina—US BIT? 232
3. Proportionality in the context of Article XI of the Argentina—US BIT 237
V. The consequences of Article XI 243
VI. Conclusion 250
8. Proportionality and the Customary International Law Defence
of Necessity 253
I. The applicability of Article 25 ASR in investor-State arbitration 255
1. Inapplicability of the necessity defense according
to Article 25(2)(a) ASR? 255
2. Inapplicability of Article 25 due to NPM clauses as leges speciales'i 257
3. Inapplicability of Article 25 due to the involvement
of non-State actors? 259
II. The status quo: practical unavailability of necessity
in investor—State arbitration 264
1. Grave and imminent peril for an essential interest 265
2. No serious impairment of another essential interest 270
3. The ‘only way’ requirement 273
4. The non-contribution requirement 275
III. The principle of proportionality: the only way forward? 280
1. Modifying the ILC codification: replacing the ‘only way’
requirement with the principle of proportionality? 281
2. Necessity and the principle of proportionality: custom
versus general principles? 286
IV Consequences of a successful plea of necessity 289
1. A duty to compensate? 290
2. The relevant standard of compensation 296
V Conclusion 298
9. Summary and Concluding Remarks 301
Bibliography 307
Index 323 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bücheler, Gebhard |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1078340781 |
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| dewey-full | 346.092 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.092 |
| dewey-search | 346.092 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.092 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| spelling | Bücheler, Gebhard Verfasser (DE-588)1078340781 aut Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration Gebhard Bücheler Necessity, proportionality, and the public interest in Investor-State arbitration 1. ed. Oxford Oxford Univ. Press 2015 XXIV, 329 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 2013 u.d.T.: Bücheler, Gebhard: Necessity, proportionality, and the public interest in Investor-State arbitration Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4162055-0 gnd rswk-swf Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd rswk-swf Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd rswk-swf Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 s Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 s Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 s Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4162055-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027976899&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027976899&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bücheler, Gebhard Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4162055-0 gnd Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4162055-0 (DE-588)4238208-7 (DE-588)4191765-0 (DE-588)4003772-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration |
| title_alt | Necessity, proportionality, and the public interest in Investor-State arbitration |
| title_auth | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration |
| title_exact_search | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration |
| title_full | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration Gebhard Bücheler |
| title_fullStr | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration Gebhard Bücheler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration Gebhard Bücheler |
| title_short | Proportionality in Investor-State arbitration |
| title_sort | proportionality in investor state arbitration |
| topic | Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4162055-0 gnd Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit Investitionsschutz Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz Auslandsinvestition Hochschulschrift |
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