Europe's changing woods and forests: from wildwood to managed landscapes
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wallingford [u.a.]
CABI
2015
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781780643373 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Europe s changing woods and forests
Autor: Kirby, Keith J
Jahr: 2015
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
PART I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
1 Overview of Europe s Woods and Forests 3
Keith }. Kirby and Charles Watkins
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The Current State and Compositum of European Woods and Forests 4
1.2.1 European forests in a global context 4
1.2.2 Variation in forest cover across the Continent 6
1.2.3 Variation in forest composition 8
1.3 Forestry Policy and Cooperation at a European Level 8
1.3.1 Forestry policy 8
1.3.2 Conservation measures 9
1.3.3 Landscape and amenity conservation 11
1.3.4 Certification as an approach to sustainable
forestry management 14
1.3.5 Forest research Cooperation across Europe 14
1.4 Conclusion 14
References 14
2 Methods and Approaches in the Study of Woodland History 18
Charles Watkins
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Oral History 19
2.3 Photographs and Drawings 21
2.4 Biological Indicators 22
2.5 Historical Records 23
2.6 Preserved Wood and Dendrochronology 24
vi
Contents
2.7 Lidar and GIS 26
2.8 Applying Archaeological Insights to Ecological Issues 26
2.9 Pollen and Charcoal Analysis 27
2.10 Genetic and Molecular Markers 28
2.11 Conclusion 29
References 29
3 The Forest Landscape Before Farming 33
Keith J. Kirby and Charles Watkins
3.1 Where to Begin? 33
3.2 A Cold Open Continent 34
3.3 Trees Spread Back After the Ice 34
3.3.1 Forming a canopy 35
3.3.2 The wood beneath the trees 36
3.3.3 Molecular markers for recolonization routes 36
3.4 A Holey Blanket of Trees 37
3.5 The Role of Large Herbivores, Particularly Bison, Wild Horse and Aurochs 38
3.6 People in the Landscape: The Trees in Retreat 41
References 41
4 Evolution of Modern Landscapes 46
Keith }. Kirby and Charles Watkins
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 The Emergence of Woodland Management 46
4.3 Changes in Forest Extent and Distribution 47
4.3.1 Reductions in forest cover 47
4.3.2 Increases as well as decreases 48
4.3.3 Patterns of clearance and survival 48
4.3.4 The ecological consequences of a patchy landscape 49
4.4 Changes in Structure and Composition Through Management 49
4.5 Deliberate Modification of the Tree and Shrub Composition of Forests 50
4.6 Other Species Gains and Losses 51
4.7 Changes to the Fire Regime 51
4.8 Changes to the Forest Soil 52
4.9 Forests and Atmospheric Pollution 52
4.10 Climate Change 53
4.11 Conclusion 54
References 54
PART II. THE VARIETY OF MANAGEMENT ACROSS EUROPEAN
WOODS AND FORESTS
5 Wood-pastures in Europe 61
Tibor Härtel, Tobias Plieninger and Anna Varga
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Wood-pasture: A Multi-purpose System 63
5.3 Historical Development of Wood-pastures in Europe 65
5.3.1 Forest grazing and pasturing in ancient times 65
5.3.2 Driving the livestock out of the forest (18th-19th centuries) 66
5.3.3 New recognition for wood-pastures? 68
5.4 National Inventories of Wood-pastures 69
Contents
vii
5.5 Wood-pastures as Multifunctional Landscape Elements: Past and Present 69
5.6 Threats to Wood-pastures 69
5.6.1 Management changes 71
5.6.2 Policy mismatch 71
5.6.3 Decline of old, hollowing or dying trees 72
5.6.4 Lack of regeneration 72
5.7 Conclusion 72
Acknowledgements 72
References 73
6 Coppice Silviculture: From the Mesolithic to the 21st Century 77
Peter Buckley and Jenny Mills
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 The Physiological and Evolutionary Significance of Coppice 77
6.3 Historie Development of Coppice Silviculture 78
6.4 The Rise and Fall of Coppice as an Industrial Resource 80
6.5 Surviving and Neglected Coppice in Europe: The Extent of the Forest Estate 81
6.6 Coppice Silviculture 82
6.6.1 Cutting methods 83
6.6.2 Time of cutting 84
6.7 Conversion to High Forest 84
6.7.1 Coppice versus high forest yields 85
6.8 Reinstating Coppice Management 85
6.9 Future Drivers of Change 86
References 87
7 High Forest Management and the Rise of Even-aged Stands 93
Peter Savill
7.1 Introduction 93
7.2 Changing from Coppice to High Forest Systems 93
7.3 The Need for New Administrative Tools 94
7.4 Silvicultural Systems 95
7.5 The Rise of Plantations 98
7.6 Increased Use of Conifers and Introduced Species 99
7.7 How Forestry is Changing 101
7.8 Future High Forest and Natural Forest Structures 103
References 103
8 Close-to-nature Forestry 107
Matthias Bürgi
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Roots and Prerequisites 109
8.3 Developments in the 20th Century 110
8.4 Ecological Implications 112
8.5 Conclusion 113
References 113
9 The Impact of Hunting on European Woodland from Medieval to Modern Times 116
John Fletcher
9.1 Introduction 116
9.2 Early Impacts of Hunting 116
viii
Contents
9.3 Meat or Merit? 117
9.4 Medieval Hunting Reserves 117
9.5 Early Modern Hunting Parks in Europe 118
9.6 Hunting and the Wider Landscape 119
9.7 Modern Hunting 121
9.7.1 The influence of driven pheasant shoots on British woodland 122
9.7.2 The influence of modern hunting enclosures on
Spanish woodland 123
9.8 Conclusion 124
References 124
PART III. HOW PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE RESPONDED
TO THE CHANGING WOODLAND AND FOREST COVER
10 The Flora and Fauna of Coppice Woods: Winners and Losers of
Active Management or Neglect? 129
Peter Buckley and Jenny Mills
10.1 Introduction 129
10.2 The Diversity of Coppice 129
10.2.1 Plants 130
10.2.2 Birds 131
10.2.3 Invertebrates 131
10.2.4 Dead wood and associated species 133
10.2.5 Mammals 133
10.3 Impacts of Deer Browsing on Flora and Fauna in Coppice 134
10.4 Conservation Strategies 135
10.5 Short-rotation Coppice 135
10.6 Conclusion 136
References 136
11 The Importance of Veteran Trees for Saproxylic Insects 140
Juha Siitonen and Thomas Ranius
11.1 Introduction 140
11.2 What Are Saproxylic Species? 140
11.3 Veteran Trees in Past and Present Landscapes 141
11.4 Important Structures and Associated Species in Old Trees 141
11.4.1 Microhabitat diversity 141
11.4.2 Tree cavities and their invertebrates 142
11.4.3 Other microhabitats 143
11.5 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Invertebrate Fauna 144
11.5.1 Effects of tree characteristics on species assemblages 144
11.5.2 Effects of surrounding landscape on species
assemblages 145
11.5.3 Catering for the needs of the adults as well as the larvae 146
11.5.4 Survey methods 146
11.6 Current Situation in Europe 147
11.7 How to Preserve the Specialized Saproxylic Species? 147
11.7.1 Management for increasing habitat amount and quality 147
11.7.2 Management for securing spatio-temporal continuity 148
11.8 Future Prospects 150
References 150
Contents
ix
12 The Changing Fortunes of Woodland Birds in Temperate Europe 154
Shelley A. Hinsley, Robert}. Füller and Peter N. Ferns
12.1 Introduction 154
12.2 The Birds of the Early Holocene 154
12.3 The Birds of the Wildwood: Alternative Models
of Forest Dynamics 155
12.3.1 Largely closed forest - the closed canopy scenario 158
12.3.2 Open mosaic landscape - the wood-pasture scenario 159
12.3.3 Forest-dominated, but more varied - the closed
but varied scenario 159
12.4 Fragmentation of the Wildwood 159
12.5 Effects of the Historical Emergence of Management 161
12.6 The Age of Managed Pasture Woods and Coppice 163
12.7 The Shift Towards High Forest 164
12.8 Woodland Birds Today 164
12.8.1 Population trends 164
12.8.2 Influences of agriculture 165
12.8.3 Forestry intensification 165
12.8.4 Birds and afforestation 166
12.9 Recent Trends 167
12.10 Conclusion 168
References 168
13 Evolution and Changes in the Understorey of Deciduous Forests:
Lagging Behind Drivers of Change 174
Martin Hermy
13.1 Introduction 174
13.2 Background 174
13.3 What Sorts of Plants Occur in Forests? 175
13.4 Comparing Ancient and Recent Forests 177
13.5 Colonization of New Forests 178
13.6 Dispersal and Recruitment Limitation 179
13.7 Changing Ancient Forests 181
13.7.1 Management effects 181
13.7.2 Effects of environmental changes 182
13.7.3 Effects of grazing 183
13.7.4 Effects of invasive non-native species 183
13.8 Conserving and Expanding Forests: Does It Work? 183
References 1^6
14 Gains and Losses in the European Mammal Fauna 193
Robert Hearn
14.1 Introduction 193
14.2 Aurochs 193
14.3 Carnivores 195
14.3.1 The wolf 195
14.3.2 The brown bear 196
14.3.3 The lynx 197
14.4 The Beaver 197
14.5 A Species that Has Done too Well: The American
Grey Squirrel 199
X
Contents
14.6 The Decline and Rise of Wild Boar and Deer 200
14.6.1 Wild boar 200
14.6.2 Deer 201
14.7 Conclusion 202
References 202
15 The Curious Case of the Even-aged Plantation: Wretched,
Funereal or Misunderstood? 207
Chris P Quine
15.1 Introduction 207
15.2 What is an Even-aged Plantation? 207
15.3 A Brief Historical Overview of Atlantic Spruce Forests 209
15.3.1 The dominance of Sitka spruce 210
15.3.2 Breaking up the conifer blanket 210
15.4 Species Composition of Spruce Plantations 211
15.5 Ecological Implications of Stand Dynamics 212
15.5.1 Precursors - the creation of woodland through
afforestation (Stage 0) 213
15.5.2 Stand initiation (Stage 1) 214
15.5.3 The impact of stand development - canopy closure
and mortality (Stages 2 and 3) 214
15.5.4 Prolonging the rotation and developing multiple storeys
(Stage 4) 215
15.5.5 Resetting the woodland through disturbance 216
15.6 Forest Design 216
15.7 The Landscape Setting 217
15.8 Where Next? 217
15.9 Conclusion 218
References 218
PART IV. A VARIETY OF WOODLAND HISTORIES
16 Historical Ecology in Modern Conservation in Italy 227
Roberta Cevasco and Diego Moreno
16.1 Introduction 227
16.2 Background 227
16.3 The Spread of a Historical Ecological Approach in
European Conservation Thinking 230
16.3.1 Forestry versus woodmanship 230
16.3.2 Woodland or land bearing trees 231
16.3.3 The need for an interdisciplinary approach 231
16.3.4 The role of historical ecology 232
16.4 Integrating Historical and Local Knowledge into
Management Strategies 232
16.4.1 An introduction to the case studies 234
16.4.2 Trees and woodlands producing leaf fodder 234
16.4.3 Trees, woodland and soil fertility 236
16.4.4 The collection of litter 237
16.4.5 Trees invading bogs: an experiment in applied historical ecology 238
16.5 Conclusion 239
References 239
Contents
xi
17 Bialowieza Primeval Forest: A 2000-year Interplay of Environmental and
Cultural Forces in Europe s Best Preserved Temperate Woodland 243
Malgorzata Latalowa, Marcelina Zimny, Bogumila Jqdrzejewska and
Tomasz Samojlik
17.1 Introduction 243
17.2 Previous Studies 243
17.3 A New Palaeoecological Record for Bialowieza Primeval Forest 245
17.3.1 Methods 245
17.3.2 Results 246
17.4 Archaeological Evidence 250
17.5 Archival Studies 252
17.5.1 The royal forest of Polish kings 252
17.5.2 Under Russian rule 253
17.5.3 World War I to the present 254
17.5.4 Changes in land-use extent and character 255
17.6 Dendrochronological Analyses of Fire Dynamics 255
17.7 Interplay of Natural and Cultural Forces 257
17.7.1 The Iron Age 257
17.7.2 The Migration Period, medieval and early modern times 257
17.7.3 The 17th and 18th centuries 258
17.7.4 The 19th to mid-20th centuries 258
17.7.5 The recent decades 259
17.8 The Role of Large Herbivores in Shaping Bialowieza National Park 259
17.9 Conclusion 259
Acknowledgements 260
References 260
18 Woodland History in the British Isles - An Interaction of
Environmental and Cultural Forces 265
George F. Peterken
18.1 Introduction 265
18.2 Outline of British Woodland History 265
18.3 Historical Stages and Processes of Change 266
18.4 Regions 267
18.5 Pre-Neolithic Wildwood 268
18.6 Exploited Wildwood 269
18.7 Traditional Woodland Management 269
18.8 Parks, Forests and Wooded Commons 272
18.9 Improved Traditional Management 273
18.10 Plantations 275
18.11 Revival and Restoration of Native Woodland 275
18.12 Some Consequences of Differences in Regional History 276
References 277
19 Forest Management and Species Composition: A Historical
Approach in Lorraine, France 279
Xavier Rockel
19.1 Introduction 279
19.2 The Study of Forest History in France 279
19.3 Historical Forest Uses and Their Consequences for Forest Management 280
19.4 The Making of the Technical and Legislative Framework 283
xii
Contents
19.5 Consequences of Forestry Policies for Forest Composition in
the Woodlands of Lorraine 285
19.6 The Modem Forest - Conclusion 288
References 288
20 Barriers and Bridges for Sustainable Forest Management: The Role of
Landscape History in Swedish Bergslagen 290
Per Angelstam, Kjell Andersson, Robert Axelsson, Erik Degerman,
Marine Elbakidze, Per Sjölander and Johan Törnblom
20.1 Introduction 290
20.2 The European Scale 290
20.3 The Regional Scale 291
20.4 Bergslagen - An Introduction 292
20.5 Forests, Forest Ownership and Land-use Dynamics 292
20.6 Barriers to Sustainability 294
20.6.1 Ecological sustainability 294
20.6.2 Economic sustainability 297
20.6.3 Social and cultural sustainability 298
20.7 Bridges Towards Sustainable Forest Management 299
20.8 Discussion 300
20.8.1 From forest history to history of forest landscapes 300
20.8.2 Landscapes with different histories: using Space
for time Substitution 301
References 301
PART V. LESSONS FROM THE PAST FOR THE FUTURE?
21 The Development of Forest Conservation in Europe 309
James Latham
21.1 Introduction 309
21.2 Why Conserve Forests? 309
21.2.1 As a spiritual place 309
21.2.2 As a place for the chase 310
21.2.3 As a source of raw materials and a barrier against the elements 311
21.2.4 For a new form of communing with the forests 312
21.3 Type and Extent of Protected Forest Areas 312
21.4 Selection of Protected Areas 315
21.5 Developing a European Perspective 315
21.6 Forest Protection and Conservation as Part of Land-use Practice 318
21.7 Rewilding and Forest Conservation 321
21.8 From the Past to the Future 321
21.8.1 Conservation for people? 321
21.8.2 What sorts of woods and forests will be conserved in future? 322
References 323
22 The UK s Ancient Woodland Inventory and its Use 326
Emma Goldberg
22.1 Introduction 326
22.2 Developing the Ancient Woodland Concept 327
22.3 The Creation of the Ancient Woodland Inventory 328
Contents xiii
22.4 Developing and Using the Inventories 329
22.4.1 England: the Red Queen dilemma 329
22.4.2 Wales 331
22.4.3 Scotland 331
22.4.4 Northern Ireland 332
22.5 Testing the Limits of the English Inventories 332
22.5.1 Uncertain evidence 332
22.5.2 What is a wood? 332
22.5.3 How small can an ancient wood be? 333
22.6 Conclusion 334
References 335
23 Tree and Forest Pests and Diseases: Learning from the Past to
Prepare for the Future 337
Clive Potter
23.1 Introduction 337
23.2 Background 338
23.2.1 Dutch elm disease, ramorum blight and ash dieback 339
23.3 The Dutch Elm Disease Outbreak 339
23.4 Sudden Oak Death (Ramorum Blight) in the UK 341
23.5 A Landscape Without Ash? 343
23.6 The Lessons from History 344
References 345
24 Reflections 347
Charles Watkins and Keith }. Kirby
24.1 Introduction 347
24.2 Ways of Exploring and Understanding Woodland Histories 347
24.3 Issues for the Future Historian 348
24.4 -From Cultural Landscapes Back to Wildwood? 349
24.5 Europe s Woods and Forests: The Future? 349
Index
351
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europa Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV042516798 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:23:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781780643373 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 014041667 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027951226 |
| oclc_num | 913050904 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1028 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-824 DE-Eb1 DE-11 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-1028 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-824 DE-Eb1 DE-11 DE-20 |
| physical | XIX, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | CABI |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes ed. by: Keith J. Kirby ... Wallingford [u.a.] CABI 2015 XIX, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Forest ecology Europe History Forest management Europe History Forests and forestry Europe History Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd rswk-swf Forstnutzung (DE-588)4017949-7 gnd rswk-swf Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd rswk-swf Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd rswk-swf Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 s Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 s Forstnutzung (DE-588)4017949-7 s Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 s Geschichte z b DE-604 Kirby, Keith Sonstige (DE-588)1185584358 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027951226&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes Geschichte Forest ecology Europe History Forest management Europe History Forests and forestry Europe History Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd Forstnutzung (DE-588)4017949-7 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062191-1 (DE-588)4017949-7 (DE-588)4017951-5 (DE-588)4034353-4 (DE-588)4017966-7 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes |
| title_auth | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes |
| title_exact_search | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes |
| title_full | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes ed. by: Keith J. Kirby ... |
| title_fullStr | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes ed. by: Keith J. Kirby ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Europe's changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes ed. by: Keith J. Kirby ... |
| title_short | Europe's changing woods and forests |
| title_sort | europe s changing woods and forests from wildwood to managed landscapes |
| title_sub | from wildwood to managed landscapes |
| topic | Geschichte Forest ecology Europe History Forest management Europe History Forests and forestry Europe History Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd Forstnutzung (DE-588)4017949-7 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Forest ecology Europe History Forest management Europe History Forests and forestry Europe History Urwald Forstnutzung Forstökologie Landschaftspflege Forstwirtschaft Europa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027951226&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kirbykeith europeschangingwoodsandforestsfromwildwoodtomanagedlandscapes |