Kobiety w świecie Cycerona:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Toruń
Towarzystwo Naukowe
2014
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Women in Cicero's world Bibliogr. s. 253-264. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 275, [1] s. il. kolor. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788361487418 |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Women in Cicero's world | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 253-264. Indeks | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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Women in Cicero s World
The early period of the existence of Rome is referred to as times
when marriage was governed by strict moral rules and when it remained
a relationship for better and for worse. The declining years of the Roman
republic are, on the other hand, considered as a time of downfall, when
the virtues of the ancestors sank into oblivion. It is a common belief,
shared also by some scholars, that this period is characterised by family
and marriage crisis and by moral corruption of women, who, by freeing
themselves from husbands authority in sine manu marriages, became
independent and abandoned the old ideals to pursuing carnal and material
pleasures. Such look at the issues of women s history in ancient Rome can
easily be called stereotypical. The ancient Romans themselves are partially
responsible for this state of affairs, as it was them who used to refer to the
older times as a period of magnificence, and who used to perceive their own
contemporary times as an era of the crisis of values. However, the analyses
of the social roles and women s way of living in Cicero s times, i.e.
the times of a turbulent decline of the Roman republic, allows to question
the authenticity of an image of liberated, dissolute, greedy and over-ambitious
Roman women.
The activities of Roman women, regardless the formal restrictions,
were not limited to a household sphere only. The customs allowed female
presence in public sphere too. Therefore, the studies of Roman women s life
need to be set in a broader context encompassing the aspects of marriage
as a basic social unit, a nuclear family and gens, and ancient Rome society
in general.
Arranged marriages in ancient Rome were always a serious and
complicated matter and required much though. Not only was marriage a social
institution but it also served economic and political functions. It was a source
of legitimate offspring and it was a means of obtaining financial resources
and influential allies. It stabilized the position, and defined the social and
273
Women in Cicero s World
political status of both husband s and wife s families. This function of marriage
determined the roles women assumed in a relationship. Roman women
became a main factor in developing political alliances and they joined two
families on both political and private levels, in both cases ensuring the
permanence of the affiliation. In a relationship of this kind an emotional
bond between husband and wife was not necessary for its continuance.
In practice, a Roman marriage relied, above all, on an efficient performance
by husband and wife as pater and mater familias. The role of „mother
of the family was complex and included performing tasks related to
ensuring the continuance of a gens as well as the tasks of a housewife and
of a spouse. Marcus Tullius Cicero and his wife Terentia formed an
exemplary marriage through many years. This however, did not mean they
had to be particularly close to each other - a proper fulfilment of their
obligations was sufficient. An ill-suited marriage of Cicero s brother Quintus
with Atticus sister Pomponia lasted many years only because their families
cared for its continuance, and that was more important than the individual
preferences of husband and wife.
Maternity, at least in the upper classes, did not involve tasks it is associated
with nowadays. A relationship between parents and children was basically
determined by a bond based on respect, devotion and loyalty i.e. pietas; and
from a legal point of view a child belonged to its father. It is not true that
childcare was a sphere of activity reserved for mothers, and there is no
evidence for a belief in Roman society that the presence of mother by her little
child was of special importance. Most tasks related to taking care of a child,
upbringing and education, were carried out by qualified personnel ֊ wet
nurses, doctors and teachers; and it was the father s privilege to appoint them
as yet another expression of his partia potestas. Despite the lack of formal
obligations, it was expected that a child will act according to mother s will.
Opposing a mother was generally condemned on both family and social level.
The relationship between Cicero and Tullia ֊ father and daughter - can
be characterized as a very close one. At the same time, it is possible that in
other families, not only those belonging to the nobilitas, fathers and their
female offspring developed similar strong emotional bonds. Nevertheless,
because there are no unequivocal answers to questions about emotions,
with regard to daughters roles in the family one needs to settle for an
acknowledgement, that their life was subordinate to the interests of the family,
where daughters played a not inconsiderable role.
Theoretically, a normative order limited the participation of women in
public life - tutela was an obstacle for women on their way to economic
independence, and the lack of political rights prevented them from holding
offices and having any direct impact on the politics. There is no indication,
274
Summary
however, that women who were not under authority of pater familias, i.e.
sui iuris, could not freely manage their own possessions. The activity analysis
of women, who were financially active, leads to a conclusion that in their
initiatives they displayed both determination and investment planning skills.
It s true that the Romans held on to a belief that the ability of efficient wealth
management is a typical masculine skill, but it did not prevent them from
entrusting their wives with running a household and managing its resources,
as well as with carrying out at least part of their financial undertakings. Some
of the tasks women were entrusted with, e.g. providing the family with cash,
played a significant role in ensuring the family s economic stability. Financial
activities were therefore an inherent part of a Roman matron s role.
As per social custom, women were not excluded from political life
neither. A model of an average politician s life assumed that they spent
a considerable amount of time out of Rome. This fact alone imposed certain
obligations on women with regard to the family s participation in political
activities. Roman women acted as middlemen in delivering significant
information to members of a family, friends and political allies. To make that
possible, their husbands or relatives had to talk to them about principles,
at least the basic ones, of family s policy. It guaranteed that their intentions
were correctly understood by a receiver of a message. Therefore it seems
reasonable to conclude that women, at least those of the upper classes of
Roman society, distinguished themselves with strong political awareness and
were able to assess the importance of events taking place in the declining
years of the republic.
An example of Cicero s antagonist Fulvia, and his friend Servilia shows
that there were individuals among the representatives of nobilitas, who were
particularly interested in contemporary political situation. This, however, cannot
lead to an assumption that similar tendencies were common among women
in general. A degree to which a Roman woman was capable of interfering
in political decisions, was largely an individual matter and it depended
on a woman s personal skills and her family s position.
Despite such a variety of women s roles and responsibilities, an ideal
of women s chastity, pudicita of freeborn women, was still one of the
more important social norms of ancient Rome. Freeborn women, especially
of the upper classes, were still obliged to stay chaste. Marital infidelity
was not socially acceptable and had its repercussions such as a scandal,
a divorce and a damage to a woman s good reputation. At the same time
virtuous women, who were to become, or who already were, mothers
of Roman citizens, due to their pudicitia, were beyond men s libido and their
chastity was under protection. The women who did not uphold the virtue
of pudicitia, thus lacking protection it provided, were the ones who sold
275
Women in Cicero s World
their bodies either by prostituting themselves or by performing on stage.
The Roman sexual morality functioned on two merging levels. The first one
resulted from „traditional difference of expectations for men and women,
object of sexual desire i.e. it was connected to the existence of prohibited
relationships and the approved ones. Undoubtedly Roman sexual morality
gave more freedom of satisfying their sexual needs to men. It should not
be forgotten however, that the bans resulting from pudicitia did not apply
to female sexual life only. The bans applied to men too by limiting their
freedom to choose sexual partners from among women of the lower classes,
as they did not participate in providing another generation of Rome citizens.
The theses about the decline in morality as well as the crisis of marriage
and family in Rome in the declining years of the republic, are not supported
by any sources. Actually, it was on the contrary - the morality and social
norms played a significant role in creating women s position in Roman world.
It resulted in a relatively good position of women in a family and the society.
It were these norms and morality that enabled and legitimised women s
participation in economic and political life of ancient Rome. There is no doubt
that Rome was going through a phase of moral transformations. The changes
began when sine manu marriage became common and when it was easier
for women to break away from men s tutela. It was not however, a central
phase of the transformations yet. The real revolution started not so many
years later with the legislation of Augustus.
and the other one was connected to pudicitia and to a social position of the
Spis treści
Spis skrótów........................................................ 7
Pisma Cycerona cytowane w przypisach............................ 7
Inne............................................................ 8
Wprowadzenie........................................................ 9
Świat Marka Tulliusza Cycerona.................................. 9
Stan badań nad historią kobiety w świecie grecko-rzymskim ... 15
Przedstawienie problemu badawczego............................. 23
Część 1.
Kobieta w rodzinie
Rozdział 1
Sprawa prywatna ranga publiczna.................................... 27
Strategie małżeńskie........................................... 29
Małżeństwa braci Cyceronów..................................... 54
Rozdział 2
,Szczęśliwym rodzicom pociechy z dzieci ........................... 75
Oblicza macierzyństwa.......................................... 75
Relacje rodzinne............................................... 99
Część 2
Kobieta, w społeczeństwie
Rozdział 1
Kobieta w świecie finansów.........................................121
Sytuacja prawna kobiety........................................121
Majątki kobiet.................................................132
Aktywność finansowa............................................147
Rozdział 2
Polityka (nie) jest dla kobiet?.......................................160
Kobiety i kariera polityczna......................................162
Wpływ kobiet na politykę..........................................178
Rozdział 3
Matrony czy meretrices?...............................................198
Granice swobody obyczajowej.......................................199
Cyceron o prostytucji i prostytutkach.............................206
Klodia Metelli i inne.............................................222
Zakończenie
Zdrady, rozwody i upadek obyczajów....................................245
Wykaz cytowanych wydań pism Cycerona..................................253
Wykaz cytowanej literatury............................................256
Indeks osób, bóstw, postaci mitologicznych............................265
Spis ilustracji.......................................................271
Summary
Women in Cicero s World...............................................273
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:22:45Z |
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| isbn | 9788361487418 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 275, [1] s. il. kolor. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
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| publisher | Towarzystwo Naukowe |
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| spelling | Wiśniewska, Krystyna Verfasser aut Kobiety w świecie Cycerona Krystyna Wiśniewska Wyd. 1. Toruń Towarzystwo Naukowe 2014 275, [1] s. il. kolor. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Women in Cicero's world Bibliogr. s. 253-264. Indeks Cicero, Marcus Tullius / (106-43 a.C.) Cicero, Marcus Tullius v106-v43 (DE-588)118520814 gnd rswk-swf Kobieta / socjologia / Grecja / 1 w. p.n.e Kobieta / socjologia / Rzym / 1 w. p.n.e Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Cicero, Marcus Tullius v106-v43 (DE-588)118520814 p Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027907696&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027907696&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wiśniewska, Krystyna Kobiety w świecie Cycerona Cicero, Marcus Tullius / (106-43 a.C.) Cicero, Marcus Tullius v106-v43 (DE-588)118520814 gnd Kobieta / socjologia / Grecja / 1 w. p.n.e Kobieta / socjologia / Rzym / 1 w. p.n.e Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118520814 (DE-588)4018202-2 |
| title | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona |
| title_auth | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona |
| title_exact_search | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona |
| title_full | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona Krystyna Wiśniewska |
| title_fullStr | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona Krystyna Wiśniewska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona Krystyna Wiśniewska |
| title_short | Kobiety w świecie Cycerona |
| title_sort | kobiety w swiecie cycerona |
| topic | Cicero, Marcus Tullius / (106-43 a.C.) Cicero, Marcus Tullius v106-v43 (DE-588)118520814 gnd Kobieta / socjologia / Grecja / 1 w. p.n.e Kobieta / socjologia / Rzym / 1 w. p.n.e Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cicero, Marcus Tullius / (106-43 a.C.) Cicero, Marcus Tullius v106-v43 Kobieta / socjologia / Grecja / 1 w. p.n.e Kobieta / socjologia / Rzym / 1 w. p.n.e Frau |
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