Wykorzenieni: dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
2014
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| Series: | Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej
60 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Uprooted. - Nazwa wydawcy w formule cop Bibliogr. s. 193-201 |
| Physical Description: | 275 Seiten il. kolor. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363760342 |
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UPROOTED. DILEMMAS OF SELF-DETERMINATION
OF POLISH REPATRIATES FROM KAZAKHSTAN.
ETHNO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY
SUMMARY
In the colloquial meaning of “rootedness” (fr. enracinement) is a sense of belonging to a given space,
the environment, culture, community, country, etc., corresponds to the existential security and the
belief that you are at home and among their own. Its lack introduces chaos into the life of the indi-
vidual and leads to destabilization resulting a sense of threat and not conducive to the development.lt
remains at odds with one of the basic human needs which is the desire for affiliation due to the natural
aspiration to overcome alienation, loneliness and being with people and gaining their acceptance.
According to Simone Weil, a human being takes root by actual, active and a natural part in the
existence of a community, which keeps alive the treasures of the past and goes its destiny in the future
(2005, pp. 194). This is according to her nail on the importance of this category and its opposition,
that is, “uprootedness”, key for the understanding of the content and meaning of the healthy func-
tioning of society and build a “life-giving” a sense of community.
This feeling often were deprived of my interlocutors who after arriving in Poland had to face the
public debate about their identity and the denial of rights to Polish self-identification. It was the
frequent overloading them “soviet”, which is the adjective in many environments synonymous with
strangeness or even hostility. It turned out that the “Polish character” of Poles from the East does not
fit into the romantic vision of the functioning among compatriots in the country, seeing in them
mired in years of nostalgia for the homeland outsider, devoid of material desires. Secondary “cutting
off from the roots” experienced by repatriates on the ground claimed by the tribes for native was much
more intense than the strangeness felt by years at the previous place of residence. In this sense the
uprooting” thus involves, on the one hand, with decades of detachment from the culture, traditions
and ethnic group, on the other, with a sense of incompatibility to local notions of “the patriot from
the East” and doubts, contained in an elementary question, defining a human being “Who am I”.
About the repatriation and repatriates ֊ until recently - it was written a lot and often. The popu-
larity of this subject, however, declined significantly over the past few years. Currendy, the issue of
resetdement of Poles from the East starts in the general framework of issues related to contemporary
migration. Because the topic is not already raises the living social discussion, media mention of it
with a rare, generally with other political events.
Meanwhile, for the multicontextual analysis of the resettlement of Poles from the former Soviet
Union (including Kazakhstan) there are a number of arguments The key for me was to know the
mechanisms involved in the process of building identity and those of its aspects which are responsible
for the relationship with Polish culture and nation. Not without significance was also a process of
cultural adaptation, the accompanying difficulties and the effects manifested , among other things.
189
in the attitudes, values and decisions of everyday life. To undertake research into the problems
related to adaptation internally displaced people to the new conditions of life in Poland led me,
desire to determine whether we can talk about some typical and common traits for them in this
process. Seeking answers to these and other questions, I made a selection of a dozen families living
in different parts of Poland to look at their lives after returning to ‘the country of their ancestors.
Particular attention is devoted to ways to interpret the problems, coping with change, and cultural
differences and an adaptive shock
My double education allowed use in research both scientific workshops of ethnologist and inter-
cultural psychologist and thus look for interactions between the elements of the triad: unit-society-
culture, inseparable from the point of view of the wider humanities.
With the methodology of both disciplines I used in the same way starting from the stage of data
collection, after their analysis. I wanted to capture in this way, the multi-dimensionality and ambigu-
ity of social and cultural processes (acculturation, construction of identity, the formation of national
identity, etc.), having its source also in individual human traits between individuals (emotion, motiva-
tion, attitude of life). The phenomenon described in this work so far is commonly presented from the
perspective of the historical, political and sociological. I wanted to release their humanist dimension.
Furthermore, although they are conditioned and shaped by a number of variables in the literature
are described generally in a static and one-dimensional, often omitting or unappreciated man as
a creator of culture and active subject of social processes. That’s why one of the goals of this study is
to draw attention to the dynamics of the process of constructing identity and diversity of adaptation
strategies undertaken by specific people in the face of important choices in life.
In particular I wanted to show the relationships between certain psychological individual variables
and the course of cultural adaptation of repatriates from Kazakhstan arrived in Poland in the years
1995-2006. The aim was to capture the impact to adapt to the sodo-cultural realities has expectations
֊ acculturation attitude represented by newcomers, called “guests”, and the host community - “hosts”.
However, the intention of the study is an important attempt to characterize the repatriates from
Kazakhstan treated as a separate sub-cultural group which, on the one hand, adopts the contents
typical of Polish culture and identifies with its national heritage and history, and on the other
- represents the characteristics of cultural “other” or even “foreign”. In this sense, it is a kind of
collage, whose elements form scripts in force in the country of previous residence (Kazakhstan)
- definitely different in terms of geographic, ethnic, linguistic, religious and anthropological - and
elements of the dominant culture in this area (Russian and/or Soviet) and secondarily assimilated
the culture of the country of origin ancestors (Polish). Whats more, the latter functioned for years
as opposed to the previous two, and allowing to maintain a sense of individuality and identity in
a foreign environment, away from their homeland.
An important element of the knowledge of this group was to analyze of the processes of accultura-
tion repatriates including the reasons for their common problems and adaptive ways of coping with
them. During collecting materials and interviews with both the “guests” as well as “hosts”, it turned
out that the ambiguity of the term of “native” that often makes the Poles from the East, coming to
a country experiencing alienation much bigger than living through the years away from his homeland
in a completely foreign cultural environment. Moreover, I wanted to describe the process of adapta-
tion to new living conditions, taking into account the successive phases of culture shock and how to
deal with stress and everyday difficulties in the context of a psychological variable that is the general
orientation of living called the sense of coherence.
My interlocutors were family members of Polish origin, that as a result of being deported to
Kazakhstan in 1936 were outside Polish borders and only the unique constitutional amendment
in 1989 allowed them to return home, or arrive in the country. Within this group there were descend-
ants of the displaced people in the second and the third generation, for which in the vast majority of
Poland is at most ideological home, known for the tales and literature. Many of them do not speak
190
Polish or know it little, some of them are learning. Among the respondents were people of various
ages - both older and students. The youngest repatriate was 15 years old and the oldest — 76. Domi-
nated by women - 70% of respondents, which contributed to a large non-equivalence trials, impeding
comparative analysis, despite the initial assumption that gender is a significant degree of influence on
the course of acculturation repatriates. Numerically dominated by young people, aged 14—25 years-45%,
learning or studying in Poland, and at the same time perfectly know the Polish language.
Particularly interesting respondents were people with average generation (40-55 years), that
although poorly learned language, however, had a very interesting experience and observations from
a new place of settlement, which quite willingly shared. In this group, I have observed the greatest
difficulties of adaptation and culture shock. Its characteristic feature was also a kind of identity crisis,
which many people were aware, as evidenced by statements referring to the fact that upon arrival to
Poland realized that, really, they do not know who they are.
Meetings and discussions with the displaced included people who came to Poland in the period
from 1995 to 2006, The majority of them lived at the time in Lower Silesia, near Wroclaw and Jele-
nia Góra, and part of the Podlasie region, several respondents also settled in Warsaw. Overall, 35%
of respondents living in rural areas, 40% in large cities (including the capital), and the rest in small
towns (up to 5 thousand inhabitants).
To get as many different data I used diagnostic instruments (psychological questionnaires) and
moved ethnographic fieldwork, gathering in-depth interviews and observational notes. I used to do
this narrative method involving, among others, to conduct talks freely controlled by the researcher
on selected topics from the life of the respondent.
In this case, the axis of the story was built around memories and experiences and reflections of
the repatriates, associated with the change of the place of residence and their adaptation difficul-
ties. The monitored interview was the questionnaire of open-ended questions, and the answers
I analyzed according to established indicators of variable that suggested preferred adaptive strategy
by interviewees. This latter research technique was used to me first of all to diagnose the dependent
variable, ie acculturation.
In order to diagnose the sense of coherence I used life orientation questionnaire SOC-29 (Sense
of Coherence) in the Polish adaptation from 1993. This tool consists of 29 questions that relate to
the indicators of the sense of coherence, that is, a sense of rationality (PZR), sense of resourceful-
ness (PZ), a sense of meaningfulness (PS). To diagnose ways of coping with stress I used the Polish
version of the CISS by Endler and Parker (Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations), and additional
research tool that I used is a simplified version of the so-called. Cantril ladder of happiness (Cantrils
Self-Anchoring Ladder). Its purpose is to recognize subjective life satisfaction respondent — in the
past, now and in the future (for the year and for 5 years) (Cantril 1965). Using the popular measuring
scale allows, among others, confront the results obtained in other questionnaires, which examine
how self-repatriate coincide with them. This tool also creates the possibility of forecasting the course
of acculturation and adaptation processes on the basis of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
In this study I discuss a number of issues relating to repatriation. At the outset, I introduced the
reader to the general history of the resettlement of Polish eastern borderlands to Kazakhstan, with the
subsequent phases of their repatriation to Poland and I draw the context of legal and administrative
accompanying these events, as well as the overall results of up to 2000 shares of organized returns
to his homeland (Chapter I ). In the following, I discuss the concepts of psychology and ethnology,
which I used in their own study, so issues which concern: acculturation, the sense of coherence, ways
of coping with stress and culture shock (Chapter II). The next chapter (III) I spend on the descrip-
tion of the examination procedure, including the selection of research tools and techniques and the
evaluation of the collected materials. Then I draw a portrait of Polish repatriates from Kazakhstan
in the light of the psychological analysis and I discuss the statistical results of the questionnaires
(Chapter IV). The rest of the work concerns the cultural possessions of the study group in terms
191
of ethnological and issues related to the knowledge of Polish language, social life, professional
work, knowledge of Polish traditions, customs and cultural scripts, as well as cultural identity and
cultural adaptation from the perspective of repatriates (Chapter V). In Chapter VI, I present the
perspective of those in power, that is, state institutions and non-governmental aid organizations
involved in coordinating the expulsions. In the last part of the study I concentrate on the conclu-
sions and reflections from researches and practical recommendations that could serve to improve
the functioning of the Poles from Kazakhstan trying again to make a life in the unknown so far, the
country of origin of the ancestors.
Although many researchers believe that integration is a never ending process of learning and
adjustment (Lillesaar 1998, pp. 123—139), I think its worth making a lot of effort to it proceeded
smoothly, seamlessly and without exposing people to unnecessary costs. It is in the interest of both
sides — both the "guests” and "hosts”. In this particular case, an additional justification of solidar-
ity with their compatriots whose personal histories very strongly grown together with the events
conditioned general history. Experience of their lives have become, in fact, the tragic fate of Nations
absorbed by the Soviet Empire on the verge of World War II, and during its course. However for
a full social and cultural integration in a new environment, the will of the two sides is necessary.
It remains to hope that it does not run out of its “hosts”, which will eventually enable displaced
people returning to Poland — metaphorically speaking — "put down roots” in the land that has
a chance to become their new homeland.
Perhaps this will allow the solution to a large part of the accompanying "wanderer” existence
dilemmas of self-determination and protect the cultural complex of homelessness, which often
becomes the result of "uprootedness”. Certainly, because they deserve a better fate and a more stable
future than in their previous life. There should also never run out of them sure that they are an integral
part of the Polish national community, and have their undisputed place under "one roof ” with their
compatriots in the country and those scattered around the world.
Translated by Monika Katarzyna Witkowska
192
SPIS TREŚCI
WPROWADZENIE. 9
ROZDZIAŁ I
HISTORIA I PODSTAWY PRAWNE REPATRIACJI . 21
Przesiedlenia Polaków do Kazachstanu. 21
Fazy repatriacji do Polski. 23
Ustawy regulujące powrót Polaków do kraju. 25
Rezultaty przeprowadzonej repatriacji. 35
ROZDZIAŁ II
KONCEPCJE PSYCHOLOGII I ETNOLOGII ZASTOSOWANE
W BADANIU REPATRIANTÓW Z KAZACHSTANU. 39
Akulturacja . 39
Model akulturacyjny Johna Berry ego i jego krytyka. 40
Interaktywny Model Orientacji Akulturacyjnej . 46
Poczucie koherencji. 52
Sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem. 54
Szok kulturowy. 55
ROZDZIAŁ III
PROCEDURA BADAWCZA. 59
Dobór narzędzi i technik badawczych. 70
Opis i ocena zgromadzonych materiałów. 73
ROZDZIAŁ IV
PORTRET POLSKICH REPATRIANTÓW Z KAZACHSTANU
W ŚWIETLE ANALIZY PSYCHOLOGICZNEJ. 75
Drabina Szczęścia Cantrila. 75
Sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem. 86
Poczucie koherencji. 92
Rozkład statystyczny wyników uzyskanych w kwestionariuszach. 98
7
ROZDZIAŁ V
DOBYTEK KULTUROWY REPATRIANTÓW
W UJĘCIU ETNOLOGICZNYM . 105
Znajomość języka polskiego. 106
Zycie społeczne i towarzyskie. 113
Praca zawodowa. 122
Znajomość polskich tradycji, zwyczajów oraz skryptów kulturowych . 126
Tożsamość kulturowa. 135
Adaptacja kulturowa i jej alternatywy w perspektywie repatriantów. 141
ROZDZIAŁ VI
RECEPCJA REPATRIANTÓW PRZEZ AGENDY RZĄDOWE
I POZARZĄDOWE. 145
Instytucje pomocowe. 145
Przedstawiciele władzy. 169
ROZDZIAŁ VII
REFLEKSJE NA MARGINESIE. 175
ZAKOŃCZENIE. 185
SUMMARY. 189
LITERATURA . 193
SPIS TABEL. 203
ZDJĘCIA. Opowieść fotograficzna. 205
ANEKS. 229
Tabele. 229
Wyciągi z wybranych ustaw gminnych. 241
8 |
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| geographic | Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kasachstan |
| id | DE-604.BV042455080 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:01:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363760342 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027890299 |
| oclc_num | 907291263 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 275 Seiten il. kolor. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej |
| series2 | Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej |
| spelling | Kość-Ryżko, Katarzyna Verfasser (DE-588)1235349977 aut Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne Katarzybna E. Kość-Ryżko ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Warszawa Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk 2014 275 Seiten il. kolor. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej 60 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Uprooted. - Nazwa wydawcy w formule cop Bibliogr. s. 193-201 Polacy / Kazachstan / przesiedlenie / 1990- jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / tożsamość etniczna / 1945- jhpk Reemigracja / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1990- jhpk Repatriacja / Polska / 1990- jhpk Soziale Integration (DE-588)4077570-7 gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd rswk-swf Rückwanderung (DE-588)4050863-8 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Rückwanderung (DE-588)4050863-8 s Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 s Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s Soziale Integration (DE-588)4077570-7 s DE-604 Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej 60 (DE-604)BV000007452 60 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027890299&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027890299&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kość-Ryżko, Katarzyna Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej Polacy / Kazachstan / przesiedlenie / 1990- jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / tożsamość etniczna / 1945- jhpk Reemigracja / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1990- jhpk Repatriacja / Polska / 1990- jhpk Soziale Integration (DE-588)4077570-7 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Rückwanderung (DE-588)4050863-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077570-7 (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4177807-8 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4033542-2 (DE-588)4050863-8 (DE-588)4029839-5 |
| title | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne |
| title_auth | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne |
| title_exact_search | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne |
| title_full | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne Katarzybna E. Kość-Ryżko ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_fullStr | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne Katarzybna E. Kość-Ryżko ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wykorzenieni dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne Katarzybna E. Kość-Ryżko ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_short | Wykorzenieni |
| title_sort | wykorzenieni dylematy samookreslenia polskich repatriantow z kazachstanu studium etno psychologiczne |
| title_sub | dylematy samookreślenia polskich repatriantów z Kazachstanu : studium etno-psychologiczne |
| topic | Polacy / Kazachstan / przesiedlenie / 1990- jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / tożsamość etniczna / 1945- jhpk Reemigracja / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1990- jhpk Repatriacja / Polska / 1990- jhpk Soziale Integration (DE-588)4077570-7 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Rückwanderung (DE-588)4050863-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polacy / Kazachstan / przesiedlenie / 1990- Polacy / Kazachstan / tożsamość etniczna / 1945- Reemigracja / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1990- Repatriacja / Polska / 1990- Soziale Integration Ethnische Identität Repatriierung Polen Volk Kulturelle Identität Rückwanderung Kasachstan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027890299&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027890299&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007452 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koscryzkokatarzyna wykorzenienidylematysamookresleniapolskichrepatriantowzkazachstanustudiumetnopsychologiczne |