Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960):
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2014
|
| Series: | Pragmateia
5 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The tobacco industry in Poland during the first five-year plan (1956-1960) Bibliogr. s. 281-292. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 302 s. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788362261826 |
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 281-292. Indeks | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1956-1960 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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The Tobacco Industry in Poland
during the First Five-Year Plan (1956-1960)
Summary
The transformations occurring in the Polish tobacco industry
during the first five-year plan (1956-1960) were crucial for further
development of this branch of industry in Poland. The changes,
unique in terms of specificity and character, were a transitional
stage between the technical and technological conditions of the
pre-war period and the state of thorough modernisation, partic-
ularly following 1957, when production processes in the existing
tobacco manufacturing plants were intensified as a result of tech-
nical and technological progress.
The basic administrative unit which supervised and coordi-
nated the activities of tobacco companies was the Central Board
of Tobacco Industry (CBTI, Centralny Zarząd Przemysłu Tyto-
niowego). As a functional unit, it was part of the Ministry for
Food Industry and Purchase. On 1 January 1959, the Tobacco In-
dustry Union (TIU, Zjednoczenie Przemysłu Tytoniowego) was
established in Warsaw. The change was introduced in connection
with the dissolution of the industry's central boards, representing
companies before economic authorities, and with the establish-
ment of unions with limited powers. The newly founded Union,
unlike the CBTI, was not part of the Ministry for Food Industry
298_Summary
and Purchase, although — in accordance with the Articles of the
TIU — the Ministry had supervision over the Union, which was
a fully self-financing state-owned enterprise.
In terms of organisation, the Tobacco Industry Union was the
superior unit of the Polish tobacco industry, which represented
all its interests but also took into account the general needs of the
national economy. The TIU was headed by the Director, appoint-
ed by the Minister for Food Industry, who managed the Union
with the help of the Deputy. The Union included eight organisa-
tional units: seven Departments managed by Heads of Depart-
ments and the Military Inspector. The Departments included the
General Department, the Financial and Auditorial Department,
the Cultivation Department, the Economic Department, the Pro-
duction Department, the Technical Department, and the Deliv-
ery and Sales Department. In accordance with its Articles, the
TIU also had a Union Committee and a Technical and Economic
Council. As of 31 December 1960, the Union comprised the fol-
lowing economic entities: Tobacco Plant in Kraków, Cigarette
Manufacturing Plant in Łódź, Cigarette Manufacturing Plant
in Poznań, Cigarette Manufacturing Plant in Radom, Cigarette
Manufacturing Plant in Wroclaw, Cigar and Cigarette Manufac-
turing Plant in Kościan, Tobacco and Snuff Manufacturing Plant
in Racibórz, Industrial Tobacco Factory in Grudziądz, Industrial
Tobacco Factory in Jędrzejów, Industrial Tobacco Factory in Lu-
blin, Industrial Tobacco Factory in Leżajsk, Masurian Industrial
Tobacco Factory in Augustów, and Industrial Tobacco Factory
in Wodzisław. The Union was also in charge of one Industrial
Tobacco Warehouse in Radom; 17 warehouses of tobacco prod-
ucts, which corresponded to the territories of voivodships with
11 branches; and the Central Laboratory of Tobacco Industry in
Kraków.
During the first five-year plan, the Polish tobacco industry re-
corded a considerable growth, which was visible on many levels,
299
»
with the technological progress being particularly noteworthy.
In the majority of industrial tobacco manufacturing plants,
a modem technology of fermenting tobacco was introduced
(drying cylinder and fermentation chamber), which improved
the quality of industrial tobacco, among others. Tobacco facto-
ries achieved increased production capacity not through build-
ing new facilities but by changing their production technology
and by modernising manufacturing plants. Tobacco manufactur-
ing plants introduced state-of-the-art, highly efficient machines
and appliances. Transport between individual production stages
was largely mechanised; tobacco manufacturing departments
were brought up to date on a large scale; the machinery was im-
proved and updated; and the modernisation of cigarette packing
departments was started. The introduction of air-conditioning
in production halls was also a novelty. A large-scale reorgani-
sation and modernisation of the Cigarette Manufacturing Plant
in Poznań was started. The rationalisation movement thrived in
tobacco manufacturing plants, supported by the management of
individual factories as well as the Tobacco Industry Union.
The technological progress in the Polish tobacco industry was
also visible as a result of starting the production of new types of
tobacco products. In response to the request of Silesian miners,
a pressed tobacco called Skrętka Śląska (Silesian Roll-Your-Own)
was launched on the market. The production of Ligia cigarillos,
which were a success on the Polish market, is particularly worth
noting. The tobacco industry responded to the growing consum-
er need (which, incidentally, followed the world trend) by intro-
ducing filtered cigarettes, first the Piast and then the Zefir brands.
With this in view, first a method of producing filters made of
a Polish material (a synthetic fibre called argona, which was vir-
tually as good as imported filters) was developed. The selection
of cigarettes was further increased to include untipped varieties
such as Mazur, Ekstra Mocne, and Wrocławskie.
300
Summary
Improvements in the operation of technical facilities and
the organisation of repair work had a significant impact on the
technical progress in the Polish tobacco industry in 1956-1960.
The repairs were performed mainly by the Construction and
Manufacture of Appliances for the Tobacco Industry Works in
Kraków (Zakład Konstrukcji i Budowy Urządzeń Przemysłu Ty-
toniowego w Krakowie), which included the Workshops of the
Tobacco Plant in Kraków (Warsztaty Zakładów Przemysłu Tyto-
niowego w Krakowie) and the local Design Studio (Pracownia
Projektów), as well as the Central Workshops in the Cigarette
Manufacturing Plant in Radom (Centralne Warsztaty przy Ra-
domskiej Wytwórni Papierosów w Radomiu). These entities en-
sured an almost complete independence of the tobacco industry
with regard to spare parts for machinery and the performance of
current repair work on machines and appliances in tobacco man-
ufacturing plants. The job of the Design Studio was to prepare
the technical documentation for the modernisation of all tobacco
manufacturing plants.
The volume of production in the tobacco industry in the in-
dividual years of the five-year plan depended on the volume of
tobacco leaf harvest. The highest productivity was recorded in
1958 as a result of a bumper crop in the previous year. In 1960,
the tobacco production reached only 95% of the 1956 production.
There were significant changes in 1956-1960 with regard to the
assortment of the industrial tobacco produced. There was a four-
-fold increase in the production of the Skroniowski Mocny varie-
ty, which resulted from a large foreign demand for this particular
variety and from the replacement of the Puławski Szerokolistny
variety with the Skroniowski variety in cultivation.
The production of the main assortment of tobacco prod-
ucts in Poland, i.e. cigarettes, continued to increase during
the first four years by ca. 5% annually, and in 1959 it reached
47,780,542,000 cigarettes, which amounted to almost 116% of the
301
1956 production. In I960, the cigarette production fell by ca. 8%
in comparison to the previous year. Despite this fact, during the
five-year period, the production increased by 6.7% in compari-
son to 1956. The relatively large fall in the production in the last
year was explained by a fall in consumption which occurred al-
ready in late 1959; by an accumulation of cigarette stocks due to
achieving the production volume planned for 1959; and by the
necessity to reduce the stock to the standard level. The dynam-
ics of cigar and cigarillo production was different. In 1956-1960,
it doubled from 27,825,000 items in 1956 to 58,066,000 items in
1960. Such a large increase in such a short period of time (actu-
ally from 1958) resulted from the fact that the market was not
saturated with this type of products and from the introduction
of a new offering — the Ligia cigarillos.
During the five-year plan, post-war production of industrial
tobacco for export begun and developed. Polish tobacco was first
exported in 1957, initially the Virginia variety, followed by dark
tobaccos. All Polish industrial tobacco factories participated in the
production of tobacco for export. In 1956-1960 Poland continued
to import oriental tobaccos from various countries (mainly Tur-
key, later from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia), while trying to manu-
facture tobacco products using at least 80% of crude tobacco leaf
from home production. In 1958, Poland also started its post-war
export of cigarettes. In 1958, the export of cigarettes constituted
1.5% of cigarette production in Poland; in the last year of the five-
-year plan it decreased to only 0.07% of the annual production,
while the volume of export in 1960 did not even reach the 4.5% of
the export volume from 1958. The USSR was the main consumer
of Polish cigarettes at the time. The Polish import of cigarettes,
similarly to export, did not reach big numbers in the period in
question, although it was more than twice as large.
In 1958-1960, a number of employment related issues was
solved and the internal organisation of tobacco manufacturing
302
Summary
plants was rationalised. A high increase in productivity was
achieved, largely contributed to by technical progress, the in-
troduction of new cigarette manufacturing machines, the mod-
ernisation of old production facilities, and the systematic im-
provement of qualifications of the workforce. Many tasks were
cumulated, which meant that redundant work places could be
eliminated and an increase in production was achieved despite
redundancies. The rational use of human and machine resources
and the lower labour consumption (and consequently employ-
ment) were facilitated by the installation of numerous appliances
eliminating hard labour in transportation, the replacement and
modernisation of machinery, and the modernisation of the tech-
nological process in tobacco curing plants and cigarette manu-
facturing plants etc.
With regard to the accident rate, from 1957 onwards the
number of workplace accidents in the tobacco industry de-
creased (it was the same in the first two years of the plan), which
is not to say that it was a small number. In the analysed period,
the working conditions in the tobacco industry improved on
a yearly basis, which was related to using increasingly modern
machinery; however, this did not result in a considerably lower
accident rate.
The years 1956-1960 were an important period of develop-
ment of the tobacco industry in Poland. The changes introduced
at that time paved the way for further modernisation and im-
provement of the quality of Polish tobacco products.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek.
München
y
Spis treści
Wstęp.9
1. Organizacja zarządzania przemysłem tytoniowym w Polsce
do 1960 roku.19
2. Produkcja przemysłowa i postęp techniczny w przemyśle
tytoniowym.33
2.1. Wytwórnie tytoniu przemysłowego — produkqa tytoniu,
zmiany technologiczne i wzrost zdolności
produkcyjnych.33
2.2. Wytwórnie wyrobów tytoniowych — modernizacja
i wzrost zdolności produkcyjnych.54
2.3. Działalność raqonalizatorska w zakładach przemysłu
tytoniowego.99
2.4. Produkqa wyrobów tytoniowych .126
2.5. Jakość wyrobów tytoniowych.148
3. Obrót wyrobami tytoniowymi i tytoniem przemysłowym ---171
3.1. Spożycie i sprzedaż wyrobów tytoniowych.171
3.2. Eksport i import tytoniu przemysłowego.193
3.3. Eksport i import papierosów.205
4. Pracownicy zakładów przemysłu tytoniowego .209
4.1. Zatrudnienie i płace.209
4.2. Współzawodnictwo międzyzakładowe i ochrona mienia . . 227
4.3. Bezpieczeństwo i higiena pracy .243
Zakończenie.265
Wykaz skrótów .271
8_Spis treści
Spis tabel .*---275
Spis wykresów.279
Bibliografia.281
Źródła.281
Akty normatywne .282
Materiały statystyczne. 283
Czasopisma.284
Opracowania.285
Strony internetowe.292
Indeks osób .293
Summary.297 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042362767 |
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| era | Geschichte 1956-1960 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1956-1960 |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2025-01-31T19:03:09Z |
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| isbn | 9788362261826 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 302 s. 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Pragmateia |
| series2 | Pragmateia |
| spelling | Synowiec, Andrzej 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1183727763 aut Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) Andrzej Synowiec Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2014 302 s. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pragmateia 5 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The tobacco industry in Poland during the first five-year plan (1956-1960) Bibliogr. s. 281-292. Indeks Geschichte 1956-1960 gnd rswk-swf Tytoń / produkcja i handel / Polska / historia jhpk Przemysł tytoniowy / Polska / 1956-1989 r Tabakindustrie (DE-588)4184297-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Tabakindustrie (DE-588)4184297-2 s Geschichte 1956-1960 z DE-604 Pragmateia 5 (DE-604)BV040746754 5 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027799185&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027799185&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Synowiec, Andrzej 1972- Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) Pragmateia Tytoń / produkcja i handel / Polska / historia jhpk Przemysł tytoniowy / Polska / 1956-1989 r Tabakindustrie (DE-588)4184297-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4184297-2 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) |
| title_auth | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) |
| title_exact_search | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) |
| title_full | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) Andrzej Synowiec |
| title_fullStr | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) Andrzej Synowiec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) Andrzej Synowiec |
| title_short | Przemysł tytoniowy w Polsce w okresie pierwszego planu pięcioletniego (1956 - 1960) |
| title_sort | przemysl tytoniowy w polsce w okresie pierwszego planu piecioletniego 1956 1960 |
| topic | Tytoń / produkcja i handel / Polska / historia jhpk Przemysł tytoniowy / Polska / 1956-1989 r Tabakindustrie (DE-588)4184297-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tytoń / produkcja i handel / Polska / historia Przemysł tytoniowy / Polska / 1956-1989 r Tabakindustrie Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027799185&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027799185&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040746754 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT synowiecandrzej przemysłtytoniowywpolscewokresiepierwszegoplanupiecioletniego19561960 |