Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Los Angeles, Calif. ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC
Sage
[2015]
|
| Edition: | 5th edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Spiralheftung |
| Physical Description: | xx, 252 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781483365244 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Krueger, Richard A. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)142851892 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Focus groups |b a practical guide for applied research |c Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey |
| 250 | |a 5th edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Los Angeles, Calif. ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC |b Sage |c [2015] | |
| 300 | |a xx, 252 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152992443662336 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Autlior
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9
Detailed Contents
vi
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Prefeeo
xvii
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Ovqîvîïïw
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Groups
2.
Planning
tlie
î- ocuî;
Group Study
У,
Developing a Quofitioning lloute
-í9
4.
Participants in a t octio Graup
ΊΊ
ii, Modemting Sldlls
103
6.
Analyzing Focus Group IlestilVs i SV
(,
Repotting
163
8.
Styles of Focus Group Research
І
/5
9.
Focus Group interviewing With Young People
і
87
10.
International find Cross-Cultural Focus Group Interviewing
195
11.
Telephone and internet Focus Group interviewing
205
12.
Focus Group Interviewing Within the Organization
223
13.
Modification?» of Focus Groups
λ ά
И,
ftnfìwermg Questioni; /Vbowt ilio
Quality
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Focus
Group llcfjcarch
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How Is This Edition Different?
xviii
What Have We Learned?
xix
1,
Oven/view
oř
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The Focus Group Is a Special Type of Group
2
The Story Behind Focus Group Interviews
2
Why Do Focus Groups Work?
4
Characteristics of Focus Groups
6
Focus Groups Involve People
6
The People Possess Certain Characteristics
6
Focus Groups Provide Qualitative Data
7
Focus Groups Have a Focused Discussion
7
The Uses of Focus Groups
7
Focus Groups Can Help With Decision Making
8
Focus Groups Can Guide Program, Policy,
or Service Development
8
Focus Groups Can Help Capture Insights
on Behavior
11
Focus Groups Can Provide Insight on
Organizational Concerns and Issues
11
Customer Satisfaction
12
Organizational Development
12
Understanding Employee Concerns
12
Planning and Goal Setting
12
Needs Assessment
13
Quality Movements
13
Policy Making and Testing
13
How Focus Groups Can Be Used With
Other Research Methods
14
Criticisms of Focus Groups
14
Focus Group Participants Tend to
íntellectualize
14
Focus Groups Don t Tap Into Emotions
15
Focus Group
Participants
May Make Up Answers
15
Focus Groups Produce Trivial Results
16
Dominant Individuals Can Influence Results
16
You Can t Depend on the Results of Focus Group Research
16
Summary
16
2.
Planning
the I ocus Group Study
19
Determining the Purpose
20
Deciding Whether Focus Group Interviewing Is the Right Method
21
When to Use Focus Group Interviews
21
When Not to Use Focus Group Interviews
22
Determining What Types of People Can Give You the
Information You Want
23
Determining How Many Groups to Conduct
23
Balancing the Design With the Resources Available
26
Designing the Focus Group Study
27
Single-Category Design
27
Multiple-Category Design
28
Double-Layer Design
29
Broad-Involvement Design
29
Large-Scale Design
30
Implementing in Phases
31
Planning With Analysis in Mind
32
Listening to Your Target Audience
33
Considering Consent, Human Subjects, and Ethics
34
Developing a Written Plan and Determining Resources Needed
35
Anticipating Problems
36
Summary
37
3,
Developing a Questioning Route
39
Qualities of Good Questions and a Good Questioning Route
41
Evoke Conversation
41
Use Words the Participants Would Use When
Talking About the Issue
42
Are Easy to Say
42
Are Clear
42
Are Short
42
Are Usually Open-Ended
43
Are One-Dimensional
43
Include Clear, Well-ThoughtOut Directions
43
A Good Questioning Route
43
Categories of Questions
44
Opening Question
44
Introductory Questions
45
Transition Questions
45
Key
Questions
45
Ending
Questions
46
Strategies That Evoke Conversation
47
Begin the Conversation Before the Focus Group Begins
47
Have a Pocketful of Conversational Questions
48
Use a Checklist for Conversational Questions
48
Use Strategies to Encourage Conversation
49
Tell Them You Would Like a Discussion
49
Pause and Look at Participants
49
Questions That Engage Participants
49
Listing Things
49
Rating Items
50
Choosing Among Alternatives: Pilot-Testing Ideas
53
Picture Sorting
53
Drawing a Picture
54
Drawing a Diagram or Flow Chart
55
Mind Mapping
55
Using Your Imagination
56
Developing a Campaign
57
Doing Something Before the Focus Group
58
Listening to the Brain or the Heart
58
The Process We Use to Develop a Questioning Route
60
Step
1.
Brainstorm
61
Step
2.
Sequence the Questions
61
Key Questions First, Then Work Backwards
61
General Questions Before Specific Questions
61
Positive Questions Before Negative Questions
62
Uncued Questions Before Cued Questions
63
Group Insights Before Expert
Research, Then Group Reflection
6Ђ
Step
3.
Phrase Questions
64
Use Open-Ended Questions
64
Ask Participants to Think Back
65
Avoid Asking Why
66
Keep Questions Simple
66
Make Questions Sound Conversational
67
Be Cautious About Giving Examples
67
Step
4.
Estimate Time for Each Question
68
Step
5.
Get Feedback From Others
69
Step
6.
Revise the Questions
69
Step
7.
Test the Questions
69
Changing Questions: The Importance of Consistency
70
Circumstances When Questions Might Change
70
Summary
71
Appendix
3.1
Example of Questions to Understand an Issue
72
Appendix
3.2
Example of Questions for Pilot-Testing Materials
73
Appendix
3.3
Example of Questions for Evaluating Services
75
Participants in a Focus Group
77
The Purpose Drives the Study
79
Sampling Procedures for Focus Groups
80
The Composition of the Group
8
í
The Size of a Focus Group
82
Strategies for Finding Participants
83
Lists
83
Nominations
83
Snowball
Sampie
84
Piggyback Focus Groups
84
Focus Groups on Location
84
Screening and Selection Services
85
Random Telephone Screening
85
Organizational Recruiting
85
Ads or Announcements in Newspapers and on Bulletin Boards
87
Selecting Participants
88
Step
1.
Set Exact Specifications: The Screens
88
Step
2.
Carefully Design the Recruiting Process
88
Step
3.
Generate a Pool of Names of Potential Participants
89
Step
4.
Randomize Names in the Pool to Reduce Bias
89
No Selection Process Is Perfect
90
Recruiting Strategies
90
1.
Think Through and Practice the Invitation
90
2.
Set the Meeting Date, Time, and Location
91
3.
Make Personal Contacts With Potential Participants
92
4.
Send a Personalized Confirmation Letter
93
5.
Make a Reminder Phone Contact
93
Incentives to Participate
93
Money as an Incentive
95
Nonmonetary Incentives
95
Unique Recruiting Advantages of Public and Nonprofit Organizations
97
Summary
98
Appendix
4.1
Telephone Screening Questionnaire
99
Appendix
4.2,
Confirmation Letter
101
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iii ;
What s Needed When Planning
103
Selecting the Right Moderator
103
The Right Moderator Respects the Participants and Shows It
104
The Right Moderator Understands the Purpose of the Study and the Topic
104
The Right Moderator Communicates Clearly
105
The Right Moderator Is Open and Not Defensive
105
The Right Moderator Is the One Who
Can Get the Most Useful Information
106
Using a Moderating Team
107
What s Needed Just Before the Group
108
Mental Preparation
108
Presession Strategy
109
Snacks and Meals 111
People Who Haven t Been Invited 111
What s Needed During the Group
112
Capturing the Group Discussion
112
Beginning the Focus Group Discussion
117
Welcome
118
Overview of the Topic
118
Ground Rules
118
Opening Question
118
Anticipating the Flow of the Discussion
119
Giving License to Expressing Differing Points of View
120
Two Essential Techniques: The Pause and the Probe
120
Experts, Dominant Talkers, Shy Participants, and Ramblers
121
Responding to Participant Comments
122
Head Nodding
122
Short Verbal Responses
123
Humor
123
Incorrect or Harmful Advice
123
Responding to Participants Questions
124
Questions Before the Focus Group Begins
124
Questions After the Introduction
124
Questions During the Focus Group
125
Questions at the Conclusion of the Group
125
How to Answer Participant Questions
126
Be Ready for the Unexpected
127
Nobody Shows Up
127
Only a Few Attend
127
The Meeting Place Is Inadequate
127
The Group Doesn t Want to Talk
127
The Group Gets So Involved That They Don t Want to Leave
127
Hazardous Weather Occurs Just Hours Before the Meeting
í
28
The Early Questions Take Too Much Time, Leaving Little Time for the Final
Questions
128
Concluding the Focus Group
128
Summary
128
Appendix 5.1
Checklist for Focus Group Interviews
130
Appendix
5.2
Responsibilities of Assistant Moderators
132
Appendix
5.3
Example of a Focus Group Consent Form
134
6,
Analyzing Focus Group Results
137
The Purpose Drives Analysis
138
Understanding Analysis
139
Analysis Is Systematic
139
Analysis Is Verifiable
140
Analysis Is Sequential
140
Analysis Is Continuous
141
How Focus Group Analysis Is Different
141
The Analysis Process
143
1.
Decide Who Will Coordinate the Analysis
143
2.
Look Over Your Questions, and Specifically
Think About Analysis
144
3.
Anticipate the Discussion
144
4.
Use Multiple Strategies for Data Capture
145
5.
Work With the Note Taker to
Ensure the Right Data Are Captured
145
6.
Some Analytic Tasks Occur During the Focus Group
145
7.
Debrief Soon After Group
146
8.
List, File, Copy, and Document All Materials
146
9.
Decision: Should You Transcribe?
146
10.
Begin the Coding Process
147
11.
Prioritizing the Analytic Themes
147
12.
Write the Report
148
Forms of Data
148
Transcript Based
149
Abridged Transcript
149
Note Based
149
Memory Based
150
Preparing Focus Group Transcripts
150
The Classic Analysis Strategy
151
Analyzing Via Computer
1 55
Analysis With Transcripts
155
Analytic Frameworks
156
Some Tips to Consider
156
Know What Is Needed in Your
environment
158
Being There Is Best
158
Not Everything Is Worthy of Analysis
158
Much Analysis Is Based on Pattern Identification
159
Sometimes Pattern Identification Might Not Be Appropriate
159
Beware of Personal Bias and Preexisting Opinions About the Topic
159
You Are the Voice of the Participants
159
Visually Represent the Findings
160
Be Cautious With Numbers
160
Be Careful Interpreting Body Language
160
Should It Be Analyzed as a Conversation or an interview? 1
61
Summary
161
7.
Reporting
163
Five Principles of Reporting
163
1.
Know the Point, and Get to It Quickly
163
2.
Clear, Effective Writing Takes Time
163
3.
Provide Enlightenment
164
4.
Involve End Users Throughout the Study
164
5.
Use Multiple Reporting Strategies
164
Written Reports
164
Study Popular Writing
164
Realistically Assess Your Own Ability
165
Give Yourself an Early Deadline
165
Create an Environment That Supports Your Writing
165
Let Yourself Write a Crummy First Draft, Then Edit, Edit, Edit
165
Dazzle With Your Ideas—Not With Fancy Words
166
Make the Report Visually Attractive
166
Use the Cousin Test
166
Types of Written Reports
167
Narrative Report
1 67
Top-Line Report
168
Bulleted
Report
169
Thank You Report Letter to Participants
169
Oral Reports
169
Allow Time for Questions 1
70
Cite the Most Important Things First
170
Be Careful of
Но
-Hum
Syndrome
170
Limit Your Points
170
Use Visuals and Quotes
171
Tell Your Audience What You Want Them to Do
171
Select the Right Reporter
171
Summary
172
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Market Research Approach
175
Academic Research Approach
177
Public-Nonprofit Approach
179
Participatory Approach
181
Summary
184
9.
Focus
Group interviewing With Young People
187
Get the Right Moderator!
188
Keep Age Range Within Two Years
188
Avoid Close Friends and Kids Who Hang Out Together
188
Get Them Talking to Each Other
189
Ask Age-Appropriate Questions
189
Be Aware of Age-Related Behaviors
190
Shorten the Time of the Group
191
Use Food
191
Find a Friendly Location
191
Get Permission
191
Hang Loose
192
Summary
192
Ethnic or Minority Racial Groups
195
Sample Carefully
196
Get the Right Moderator
196
Ask for Advice
197
Work With Local Groups and Organizations
197
Be Aware of Recent Events and History
197
Consider Using Rituals
197
Select Respectful and Appropriate Foods
198
Ask People to Speak for Themselves
198
International Groups and Organizations
198
You Are an Outsider—You Need the Help of Insiders
198
Get Permission and Authorization to Conduct the Study
199
Organize the Focus Group So tt Seems Natural to the Community
199
Discourage Onlookers
200
Be Thoughtful About Advanced Preparation
201
Use a Local Team
201
Use the Local Language
202
Be Less Concerned About Time
202
Provide Adequate Confidentiality
202
Provide Benefit to Participants
202
Summary
203
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Focus Groups on the Telephone
205
The Sequence of the Telephone Focus Group
207
Before the Telephone Focus Group
207
During the Telephone Focus Group
207
Following the Telephone Focus Group
208
Questions in the Telephone Focus Group
209
Special Moderator Skills for the Telephone
210
Focus
Groups on the Internet
211
The Chat Room Focus Group
211
The Bulletin Board Focus Group
212
Technology
213
Environment
214
Participants
2
í
4
Moderating
215
Managing the Bulletin Board Focus Group
216
Developing Questions for a Bulletin Board Focus Group
216
Incentives in Telephone or Internet Focus Groups
219
Summary
220
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Control the Sampling Strategy
224
Avoid Power Differentials
224
Avoid Pre-Established Small Groups
224
Be Aware of the Environment and Recent History
224
Select the Right Moderator
225
Provide Adequate Confidentiality
226
Consider the Appropriateness of Focus Groups
226
Provide a Benefit to Participants
227
Do
a Reality
Check After Each Group
227
Analyze With Group Dynamics in Mind
227
Summary
228
Vá,
Modifications of
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Periodically Repeated Focus Groups
232
Two Moderators
232
Media Focus Groups
233
Issues When Adapting Focus Groups
234
Summary
234
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Frequently Asked Questions
239
Is This Scientific Research?
239
Background
240
Thoughts
240
How Do You Know Your Findings
Aren t Just Your Subjective Opinions?
240
Background
240
Thoughts
241
Isn t This Soft Research?
241
Background
242
How Do You Determine Validity?
242
Background
242
Thoughts
243
Can You Generalize?
243
Background
243
Thoughts
244
Why Don t You Use Random Sampling?
244
Thoughts
245
How Big Is the Sample, or How Can You Make
Those Statements With Such a Small Sample?
245
Background
245
Thoughts
245
9
Лі і
D
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Krueger, Richard A. Casey, Mary Anne |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142851892 (DE-588)142851981 |
| author_facet | Krueger, Richard A. Casey, Mary Anne |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Krueger, Richard A. |
| author_variant | r a k ra rak m a c ma mac |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042360888 |
| classification_rvk | MR 2400 QV 574 |
| classification_tum | PSY 470f WIR 803f SOZ 710f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)894727571 (DE-599)BSZ415377153 |
| dewey-full | 361.6/1/068 361.61068 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 361 - Social problems and services |
| dewey-raw | 361.6/1/068 361.61068 |
| dewey-search | 361.6/1/068 361.61068 |
| dewey-sort | 3361.6 11 268 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 5th edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042360888 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:19:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781483365244 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027797350 |
| oclc_num | 894727571 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-739 DE-634 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 DE-1049 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Aug4 DE-858 DE-706 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-M347 DE-B1533 |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-739 DE-634 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 DE-1049 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Aug4 DE-858 DE-706 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-M347 DE-B1533 |
| physical | xx, 252 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Sage |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Krueger, Richard A. Verfasser (DE-588)142851892 aut Focus groups a practical guide for applied research Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey 5th edition Los Angeles, Calif. ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC Sage [2015] xx, 252 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Spiralheftung Gruppenforschung (DE-588)4158445-4 gnd rswk-swf Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd rswk-swf Gruppeninterview (DE-588)4158453-3 gnd rswk-swf Gruppeninterview (DE-588)4158453-3 s Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 s DE-604 Gruppenforschung (DE-588)4158445-4 s Casey, Mary Anne Verfasser (DE-588)142851981 aut Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027797350&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Krueger, Richard A. Casey, Mary Anne Focus groups a practical guide for applied research Gruppenforschung (DE-588)4158445-4 gnd Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd Gruppeninterview (DE-588)4158453-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4158445-4 (DE-588)4153242-9 (DE-588)4158453-3 |
| title | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research |
| title_auth | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research |
| title_exact_search | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research |
| title_full | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey |
| title_fullStr | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Focus groups a practical guide for applied research Richard A. Krueger, Mary Anne Casey |
| title_short | Focus groups |
| title_sort | focus groups a practical guide for applied research |
| title_sub | a practical guide for applied research |
| topic | Gruppenforschung (DE-588)4158445-4 gnd Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd Gruppeninterview (DE-588)4158453-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gruppenforschung Evaluationsforschung Gruppeninterview |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027797350&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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