Electronic processes in organic semiconductors: an introduction
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527332922 9783527685172 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electronic processes in organic semiconductors |b an introduction |c Anna Köhler and Heinz Bässler |
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CONTENTS
PREFACE XI
TABLE
OF BOXES XIII
1 THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 WHAT ARE "ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS"? 1
1.1.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 3
1.2 DIFFERENT ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS 5
1.2.1 MOLECULAR CRYSTALS 5
1.2.2 AMORPHOUS MOLECULAR FILMS 7
1.2.3 POLYMER FILMS 9
1.2.4 FURTHER RELATED COMPOUNDS 14
1.2.5 A COMMENT ON SYNTHETIC APPROACHES 15
1.3 ELECTRONIC STATES OF A MOLECULE 17
1.3.1 ATOMIC ORBITALS IN CARBON 17
1.3.2 FROM ATOMIC ORBITALS TO MOLECULAR ORBITALS 19
1.3.3 FROM ORBITALS TO STATES 25
1.3.4 SINGLET AND TRIPLET STATES 28
1.4 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN MOLECULAR STATES 31
1.4.1 THE POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE 31
1.4.2 RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS: ABSORPTION AND EMISSION 37
1.4.2.1 THE ELECTRONIC FACTOR 38
1.4.2.2 THE VIBRATIONAL FACTOR 41
1.4.2.3 THE SPIN FACTOR 45
1.4.3 A CLASSICAL PICTURE OF LIGHT ABSORPTION 48
1.4.3.1 THE LORENTZ OSCILLATOR MODEL AND THE COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX 48
1.4.3.2 RELATING EXPERIMENTAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICAL QUANTITIES: THE
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS,
THE STRICKLER - BERG EXPRESSION, AND THE OSCILLATOR STRENGTH 52
1.4.4 NON-RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS: INTERNAL CONVERSION AND INTERSYSTEM
CROSSING 56
1.4.4.1 THE FRANCK-CONDON FACTOR F AND THE ENERGY GAP LAW 57
1.4.4.2 THE ELECTRONIC COUPLING ] 58
1.4.4.3 ACCEPTING MODES, PROMOTING MODES, AND THE ISOTOPE RULE 59
1.4.4.4 IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENERGY GAP LAW 60
1.4.4.5 THE STRONG COUPLING LIMIT 61
1.4.5 BASIC PHOTOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS: LIFETIMES AND QUANTUM YIELDS 62
1.5 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS 64
1.5.1 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRA, LIFETIMES, AND QUANTUM YIELDS 67
1.5.1.1 STEADY STATE SPECTRA AND QUANTUM YIELDS
68
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1050181069
VII CONTENTS
1.5.1.2 SPECTRA AND LIFETIMES IN THE NANOSECOND TO SECOND RANGE 72
1.5.1.3 SPECTRA AND LIFETIMES IN THE PICOSECOND TO NANOSECOND RANGE 73
1.5.1.4 SPECTRA AND TIME SCALES BELOW THE PICOSECOND RANGE 74
1.5.2 EXCITED STATE ABSORPTION SPECTRA 75
1.5.2.1 STEADY STATE SPECTRA (PHOTOINDUCED ABSORPTION) 75
1.5.2.2 SPECTRA IN THE NANOSECOND RANGE (FLASH PHOTOLYSIS) 77
1.5.2.3 SPECTRA IN THE FEMTOSECOND RANGE (FS PUMP-PROBE MEASUREMENTS) 78
1.5.3 FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY 79
1.6 FURTHER READING 80
REFERENCES 81
2 CHARGES AND EXCITED STATES IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 87
2.1 EXCITED MOLECULES FROM THE GAS PHASE TO THE AMORPHOUS FILM 87
2.1.1 EFFECTS DUE TO POLARIZATION 87
2.1.2 EFFECTS DUE TO STATISTICAL AVERAGING 91
2.1.3 EFFECTS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS 94
2.1.4 EFFECTS DUE TO ELECTRONIC COUPLING BETWEEN IDENTICAL MOLECULES -
DIMERS AND
EXCIMERS 99
2.1.4.1 ELECTRONIC INTERACTION IN THE GROUND STATE 99
2.1.4.2 ELECTRONIC INTERACTION IN THE EXCITED STATE 99
2.1.4.3 OSCILLATOR STRENGTH OF DIMER AND EXCIMER TRANSITIONS 105
2.1.4.4 SINGLET AND TRIPLET DIMERS/EXCIMERS 107
2.1.5 EFFECTS DUE TO ELECTRONIC COUPLING BETWEEN DISSIMILAR MOLECULES -
COMPLEXES AND
EXCIPLEXES 111
2.1.6 ELECTROMERS AND ELECTROPLEXES 113
2.2 EXCITED MOLECULES IN CRYSTALLINE PHASES - THE FRENKEL EXCITON 114
2.2.1 THE FRENKEL EXCITON CONCEPT FOR ONE MOLECULE PER UNIT CELL 114
2.2.2 THE FRENKEL EXCITON CONCEPT FOR TWO MOLECULES PER UNIT CELL 117
2.2.3 COHERENT AND INCOHERENT MOTION OF FRENKEL EXCITONS 118
2.2.4 FORSTER AND DEXTER TYPE ENERGY TRANSFER 119
2.2.5 EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES FOR FRENKEL EXCITONS IN ORDERED MOLECULAR
ARRAYS 123
2.2.5.1 MOLECULAR CRYSTALS: ANTHRACENE AND TETRACENE 123
2.2.5.2 CYCLIC ARRAYS OF CHROMOPHORES: LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEINS 124
2.2.5.3 MOLECULAR J AND H AGGREGATES: CYANINE DYES AND CAROTENES 126
2.2.5.4 WEAKLY INTERACTING H AND J AGGREGATES WITH VIBRONIC COUPLING 127
2.3 EXCITED STATES IN JI-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 133
2.3.1 CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS: POLY(DIACETYLENE)S (PDAS) 133
2.3.2 CONCEPTS FOR NONCRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 136
2.3.2.1 THE BASIC IDEA 136
2.3.2.2 QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES: EXCITON MODELS 141
2.3.2.3 COMPARISON AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL DATA 143
2.3.3 BRIEF OVERVIEW OVER DIFFERENT CLASSES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS 144
2.3.3.1 POLY(ENE)S/POLY(ACETYLENE)S 144
2.3.3.2 POLY(P-PHENYLENE VINYLENES) 147
2.3.3.3 POLY(/J-PHENYLENE)S ISO
2.3.3.4 POLY(THIOPHENE)S 152
2.3.3.5 POLY(SILANE)S/POLY(SILYLENE)S 153
2.3.3.6 LOW-GAP DONOR-ACCEPTOR POLYMERS 154
2.4 CHARGED MOLECULES 155
2.4.1 THE CREATION OF CHARGED MOLECULES BY INJECTION, ABSORPTION AND
DOPING 157
2.4.1.1 BY INJECTION 157
CONTENTS
IVII
2.4.1.2 BY ABSORPTION 158
2.4.1.3 BY DOPING 159
2.4.2 CHARGED MOLECULES IN DISORDERED FILMS 161
2.4.2.1 THE ENERGY OF CHARGED MOLECULES 161
2.4.2.2 THE ABSORPTION OF CHARGED MOLECULES 162
2.4.3 CHARGED MOLECULES IN CRYSTALS 164
2.4.4 DETERMINING THE ENERGY LEVELS OF CHARGED MOLECULES BY
CYCLOVOLTAMMETRY AND
PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 167
2.4.4.1 CYCLOVOLTAMMETRY 167
2.4.4.2 PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (UPS, XPS, IPES) 169
2.4.4.3 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRICAL GAP AND OPTICAL GAP 170
2.5 A COMPARISON BETWEEN INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 171
2.5.1 CRYSTALS 171
2.5.2 AMORPHOUS SOLIDS 174
2.5.3 THE SU - SCHRIEFFER - HEEGER (SSH)
MODEL FOR CONJUGATED POLYMERS 175
2.6 FURTHER READING 181
REFERENCES 182
3 ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROCESSES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 193
3.1 BASIC ASPECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN A DEVICE 194
3.1.1 INJECTION LIMITED CURRENTS 195
3.1.2 UNIPOLAR SPACE CHARGE LIMITED (SCL) CURRENT 196
3.1.3 BIPOLAR SPACE CHARGE LIMITED CURRENT 200
3.2 CHARGE INJECTION MECHANISMS 201
3.2.1 FOWLER-NORDHEIM TUNNELING INJECTION 202
3.2.2 RICHARDSON-SCHOTTKY THERMIONIC INJECTION 203
3.2.3 THERMALLY ACTIVATED INJECTION INTO A DISORDERED ORGANIC
SEMICONDUCTOR 204
3.3 CHARGE CARRIER TRANSPORT 208
3.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE CHARGE CARRIER MOBILITY 208
3.3.1.1 THE TIME OF FLIGHT TECHNIQUE 208
3.3.1.2 SPACE-CHARGE-LIMITED CURRENTS (SCLC) 209
3.3.1.3 CARRIER EXTRACTION BY LINEARLY INCREASING VOLTAGE (CELIV) 210
3.3.1.4 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (FETS) 211
3.3.1.5 TIME-RESOLVED MICROWAVE CONDUCTIVITY (TRMC) 212
3.3.1.6 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY 212
3.3.1.7 OPTICAL PROBING 213
3.3.2 CARRIER TRANSPORT IN THE BAND REGIME AND IN THE HOPPING REGIME 213
3.3.2.1 BAND TRANSPORT 215
3.3.2.2 HOPPING TRANSPORT 217
3.3.2.3 POLARONIC TRANSPORT 217
3.3.2.4 DISORDER-CONTROLLED TRANSPORT 223
3.3.2.5 SUPERPOSITION OF POLARON AND DISORDER EFFECTS 233
3.3.3 TRAPPING EFFECTS 235
3.3.4 TRANSPORT AT HIGHER CHARGE CARRIER DENSITIES 237
3.3.5 THE IMPACT OF MORPHOLOGY ON TRANSPORT 239
3.3.5.1 THE INFLUENCE OF EXCIMERS AND TRAPS 239
3.3.5.2 THE ROLE OF AGGREGATES AND CRYSTALLITES 240
3.3.5.3 SELF-ORDERING IN DISCOTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS 241
3.3.5.4 POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS 243
3.3.6 CHARGE TRANSPORT ON SHORT LENGTHS SCALES AND TIME SCALES 244
3.4 NON-GEMINATE CHARGE CARRIER RECOMBINATION 246
VIII CONTENTS
3.4.1 RECOMBINATION WITHOUT TRAPS (LANGEVIN-TYPE RECOMBINATION) 246
3.4.2 RECOMBINATION WITH TRAPS (SHOCKLEY-READ-HALL-LIKE RECOMBINATION)
247
3.5
GENERATION OF EXCITATIONS 249
3.5.1 OPTICAL GENERATION 249
3.5.2 ELECTRICAL GENERATION 251
3.5.3
SECONDARY PROCESSES 252
3.6
DISSOCIATION OF EXCITATIONS 254
3.6.1 GEMINATE PAIR CREATION 254
3.6.1.1 THE TIMESCALE OF CHARGE TRANSFER 254
3.6.1.2 PROPERTIES OF GEMINATE PAIRS IN SINGLE-COMPOUND MATERIALS 256
3.6.1.3 GEMINATE PAIRS IN MATERIALS AT AN INTERFACE OR CONTAINING TRAPS
259
3.6.1.4 GEMINATE PAIRS IN DONOR-ACCEPTOR SYSTEMS 260
3.6.2 THE DISSOCIATION OF THE GEMINATE PAIR 263
3.6.2.1 THE ONSAGER (1938) MODEL 263
3.6.2.2 THE ONSAGER - BRAUNMODEL 265
3.6.2.3
HONG AND NOOLANDI'S TIME-DEPENDENT FORMALISM 266
3.6.2.4 PUMP - PUSH
- PROBE EXPERIMENTS TO MONITOR THE GEMINATE PAIR POPULATION 267
3.6.2.5 CONTEMPORARY MODELS CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF CONJUGATION
LENGTHS
269
3.6.2.6
THE INFLUENCE OF DISORDER ON GEMINATE PAIR DISSOCIATION 272
3.7 DIFFUSION OF EXCITATIONS 274
3.7.1 EXCITON DIFFUSION IN A MOLECULAR CRYSTAL 274
3.7.2 DIFFUSION OF EXCITATIONS IN AMORPHOUS CONDENSED PHASES 276
3.7.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE EXCITON DIFFUSION 276
3.7.3.1 MEASURING DIFFUSION BY LUMINESCENCE QUENCHING 276
3.7.3.2 MONITORING SPECTRAL DIFFUSION 279
3.8
DECAY OF EXCITATIONS 283
3.8.1 MONOMOLECULAR DECAY 283
3.8.1.1 FLUORESCENCE 283
3.8.1.2 PHOSPHORESCENCE 286
3.8.2
BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES 287
3.8.2.1 SINGLET-SINGLET-ANNIHILATION 288
3.8.2.2 TRIPLET-TRIPLET-ANNIHILATION 288
3.8.2.3 TRIPLET-CHARGE-ANNIHILATION 290
3.8.2.4 SINGLET-TRIPLET-ANNIHILATION 291
3.9 FURTHER READING 292
REFERENCES 292
4
FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 307
4.1 BASIC SOLAR CELLS AND LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE STRUCTURES 311
4.1.1 BASIC FABRICATION STEPS 311
4.1.2
ELECTRODE GEOMETRIES 315
4.1.3 THE BASIC OPERATION OF A SINGLE-LAYER OLED 317
4.1.4 MULTI-LAYER OLED ARCHITECTURES 322
4.1.5 THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE-LUMINANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OLED 324
4.1.6
THE BASIC OPERATION OF AN OSC 326
4.1.7 THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OSC 327
4.2 SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE 331
4.2.1 DETERMINING SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES 331
4.2.2 STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE PHOTOCURRENT 334
4.2.2.1 THE BILAYER DEVICE 337
4.2.2.2 THE BULK HETEROJUNCTION DEVICE 339
CONTENTS
IIX
4.2.2.3 THE MULTILAYER DEVICE 345
4.2.3 STRATEGIES TO INCREASING THE OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE 345
4.2.4 STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE FILL-FACTOR 347
4.2.5 THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY LIMIT 349
4.3 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE PERFORMANCE 353
4.3.1 DETERMINING OLED EFFICIENCIES AND COLOR 353
4.3.1.1 PHOTOMETRIC AND RADIOMETRIC UNITS 353
4.3.1.2 DEFINING EFFICIENCIES 355
4.3.1.3 COLOR COORDINATES 356
4.3.1.4 THE COLOR RENDERING INDEX 360
4.3.1.5 LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS 361
4.3.2 STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE OLED EFFICIENCIES 362
4.3.3 STRATEGIES TO IMPROVING THE EMISSION COLOR OF OLEDS 366
4.3.3.1 SINGLE COLOR OLEDS 366
4.3.3.2 WHITE ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (WOLEDS) 366
4.4 TRANSISTORS 368
4.4.1 THE OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF AN OFET 369
4.4.2 EVALUATING OFET PERFORMANCE 373
4.4.3 IMPROVING OFET PERFORMANCE 374
4.4.3.1 CHOOSING SOURCE AND DRAIN ELECTRODES 374
4.4.3.2 CHOOSING THE GATE INSULATOR 375
4.4.3.3 IMPROVING CHARGE TRANSPORT 377
4.4.4 MODIFYING THE POLARITY OF OFETS 378
4.4.4.1 /I-TYPE TRANSISTORS 379
4.4.4.2 AMBIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 380
4.5 FURTHER READING 382
REFERENCES 382
APPENDICES 389
CHEMICAL STRUCTURES 389
A.L SELECTED POLYMERS 390
A.1.1 ^-CONJUGATED HOMOPOLYMERS 390
A.1.2 ^-CONJUGATED COPOLYMERS 391
A.1.3 OTHER POLYMERS OF INTEREST 392
A.2 SELECTED JU-CONJUGATED LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS 393
A.3 SELECTED PHOSPHORESCENT COMPOUNDS 397
A.4 NON-CONJUGATED LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS 397
INDEX 399 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Köhler, Anna 1970- Bässler, Heinz 1937- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137762348 (DE-588)120501597 |
| author_facet | Köhler, Anna 1970- Bässler, Heinz 1937- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Köhler, Anna 1970- |
| author_variant | a k ak h b hb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042277291 |
| classification_rvk | UP 3130 VE 6300 |
| classification_tum | PHY 687f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)878979315 (DE-599)DNB1050181069 |
| dewey-full | 621.38152 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.38152 |
| dewey-search | 621.38152 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.38152 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042277291 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-10T01:33:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527332922 9783527685172 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027714731 |
| oclc_num | 878979315 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-29T DE-703 DE-11 DE-1043 DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-29T DE-703 DE-11 DE-1043 DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XIII, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Köhler, Anna 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)137762348 aut Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction Anna Köhler and Heinz Bässler Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2015 XIII, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Organischer Halbleiter (DE-588)4172780-0 gnd rswk-swf Elektronenzustand (DE-588)4263453-2 gnd rswk-swf Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd rswk-swf Organischer Halbleiter (DE-588)4172780-0 s Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 s DE-604 Elektronenzustand (DE-588)4263453-2 s 1\p DE-604 Bässler, Heinz 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)120501597 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-68516-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-68515-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-68514-1 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4642565&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027714731&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Köhler, Anna 1970- Bässler, Heinz 1937- Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction Organischer Halbleiter (DE-588)4172780-0 gnd Elektronenzustand (DE-588)4263453-2 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4172780-0 (DE-588)4263453-2 (DE-588)4235053-0 |
| title | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction |
| title_auth | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction |
| title_full | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction Anna Köhler and Heinz Bässler |
| title_fullStr | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction Anna Köhler and Heinz Bässler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction Anna Köhler and Heinz Bässler |
| title_short | Electronic processes in organic semiconductors |
| title_sort | electronic processes in organic semiconductors an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Organischer Halbleiter (DE-588)4172780-0 gnd Elektronenzustand (DE-588)4263453-2 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Organischer Halbleiter Elektronenzustand Elektronische Eigenschaft |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4642565&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027714731&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kohleranna electronicprocessesinorganicsemiconductorsanintroduction AT basslerheinz electronicprocessesinorganicsemiconductorsanintroduction |