Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas"
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Na s. red. i s. 4 okł. błędny zapis ISBN: 97883-242-23862 Bibliogr. s. 247-251 |
| Physical Description: | 263 s., [70] s. tabl. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788324223862 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce |c Leszek Hońdo |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas" |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 263 s., [70] s. tabl. |b il. |c 24 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Na s. red. i s. 4 okł. błędny zapis ISBN: 97883-242-23862 | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 247-251 | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Inskrypcje hebrajskie / Polska / historia |2 jhpk | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152780050399232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP
..................................................................... 9
1.
ŻYDOWSKA EPIGRAFIKA NAGROBNA
................................. 11
1.1.
Pojęcie i zakres dyscypliny
........................................... 11
1.2.
Historia dyscypliny i wskazówki bibliograficzne
........................ 12
1.3.
Metodyka (odczytywanie tekstu)
...................................... 24
1.3.1.
Podstawowe oznaczenia tekstu
................................... 24
1.3.2.
Główne aspekty analizy inskrypcji
................................. 29
1.3.2.1.
Falsyfikaty
................................................ 29
1.3.2.2.
Datowanie pośrednie
....................................... 34
1.3.2.3.
Wiarygodność informacji
.................................... 36
1.3.2.4.
Odczytywanie tekstu a inne źródła
............................ 40
1.3.2.5.
Kontekstualność tekstu
...................................... 43
2.
INSKRYPCJE NA RÓŻNYM MATERIALE
................................. 46
2.1.
Drewno
.............................................................. 46
2.2.
Metal (żeliwo, inskrypcje zalewane ołowiem, tablice metalowe)
......... 47
2.3.
Kamień (surowce skalne)
............................................. 51
2.3.1.
Skały osadowe
.................................................. 51
2.3.2.
Skały magmowe
................................................. 55
2.3.3.
Skały metamorficzne
............................................. 56
2.3.4.
Eratyki czyli kamienie narzutowe
.................................. 56
2.3.5.
Kamień sztuczny
-
antropogeniczny
............................... 57
2.4.
Tablice plastikowe i „szklane
......................................... 59
2.5.
Dodatkowe okoliczności
.............................................. 61
2.5.1.
Inskrypcje na nagrobkach poddanych renowacji
.................... 61
2.5.2.
Inskrypcje uzupełniane farbą
...................................... 64
2.5.3.
Inskrypcje na przerabianych nagrobkach
........................... 66
2.5.4.
Inskrypcje przekuwane
........................................... 70
2.5.5.
Inskrypcje w „murach pamięci
.................................... 71
2.5.6.
inskrypcje na nagrobkach „codziennego użytku
.................... 71
3.
HEBRAJSKIE PISMO EPIGRAFICZNE
.................................. 73
3.1.
Pismo epigraficzne i jego charakterystyka
............................ 73
3.1.1.
Rodzaje pisma
................................................. 74
3.1.1.1.
Pismo kwadratowe
........................................ 75
3.1.1.2.
Kursywa i półkursywa
..................................... 79
3.1.2.
Sposoby wykonania tekstu
...................................... 80
3.1.2.1.
Tekst wklęsły i wypukły
.................................... 80
3.1.2.2.
Występowanie listwy oddzielającej wiersze lub brak interlinii
----- 82
3.1.2.3.
Wykonanie liter
........................................... 83
3.1.2.4.
Zdobnictwo liter
........................................... 88
3.1.3.
Interpunkcja i segmenacja tekstu
................................. 88
3.1.4.
Skróty
......................................................... 99
3.1.5.
Wykaz hebrajskich skrótów i ich tłumaczeń
....................... 104
4.
STRUKTURA FORMULARZA I JEGO TYPOWE TREŚCI
POSZCZEGÓLNYCH ELEMENTÓW
.................................... 131
4.1.
Formularz
........................................................... 131
4.2.
Poszczególne elementy formularza
................................... 134
4.2.1.
Formuły pogrzebowe
............................................ 134
4.2.1.1.
Podstawowe formy
........................................ 134
4.2.1.2
Zwieńczenie nagrobka
...................................... 141
4.2.2.
Lamentacje
..................................................... 143
4.2.3.
Laudacje
....................................................... 147
4.2.3.1.
Epitety
................................................... 147
4.2.3.2.
Zestawienie podstawowych epitetów
........................ 150
4.2.3.3.
Zwroty pochwalne
......................................... 151
4.2.4.
Określenia tożsamości
.......................................... 156
4.2.4.1.
Tytuły
.................................................... 156
4.2.4.2.
Imię. Imiona i ich pochodzenie
.............................. 167
4.2.4.3.
Spis imion
............................................... 178
4.2.4.4.
Spis nazw miejscowości
.................................... 184
4.2.4.5.
Eulogie
.................................................. 185
4.2.5.
Daty
........................................................... 187
4.2.5.1.
Określenia odnoszące się do śmierci
........................ 187
4.2.5.2.
Przedstawienie dat
........................................ 189
4.2.5.3.
Data pogrzebu
........................................... 203
4.2.5.4.
Anagramy i chronogramy
.................................. 204
4.2.5.5.
Wiek zmarłego
............................................ 208
4.2.6.
Formuły końcowe
............................................... 209
5.
ZMIANY W INSKRYPCJACH W
XIX
I
XX
WIEKU
........................ 216
5.1.
Nowe, dodatkowe elementy inskrypcji
................................ 216
5.1.1.
Renowacje nagrobków
........................................... 216
5.1.2.
Fundatorzy nagrobków
........................................... 216
5.1.3.
Przeniesienie zwłok
.............................................. 217
5.1.4.
Sygnatury warsztatów kamieniarskich
.............................. 218
5.1.5.
Modlitwy
........................................................ 218
5.1.6.
Dodatkowe inskrypcje (na starych nagrobkach)
po
II
wojnie światowej dla ofiar nazizmu
.......................... 221
5.2.
Język
................................................................ 221
5.3.
Modernizacja hebrajskiej inskrypcji
..................................... 222
5.4.
Gotowe inskrypcje
.................................................... 226
6.
POZOSTAŁE INSKRYPCJE NA CMENTARZU
........................... 228
6.1.
Inskrypcje na nagrobkach zwojów Tory
................................. 228
6.2.
Inskrypcje na „bezimiennych nagrobkach
.............................. 228
6.3.
Modlitwy na cmentarzu
............................................... 229
6.4.
Inskrypcje w domach przedpogrzebowych
.............................. 230
6.5.
Pomniki
............................................................. 231
6.5.1.
Pomniki żołnierzy z I wojny światowej
............................... 231
6.5.2.
Pomniki uczestników walk o niepodległość Polski
.................... 232
6.5.3.
Pomniki emigrantów do Erec
Israel................................. 232
6.5.4.
Pomniki ofiar nazizmu
............................................ 233
6.5.4.1.
Nagrobki wojenne
......................................... 233
6.5.4.2.
Pomniki powojenne
....................................... 234
6.6.
Inne napisy
.......................................................... 238
7.
FORMALNA STRONA INSKRYPCJI
..................................... 241
7.1.
Kompozycja i środki stylistyczne
....................................... 241
7.2.
Błędy w tekście
...................................................... 242
Bibliografia
................................................................ 247
Spis ilustracji
.............................................................. 253
Autorzy zdjęć
.............................................................. 259
Summary
.................................................................. 261
SUMMARY
The Jewish cemetery with its tombs and inscriptions is a cultural phenomenon.
It functions both as an image reflecting changes in the Jewish community and
as a historical source. The preserved inscriptions can be the subject of
semiotic
research. Their various forms, from pure nomenclature to metaphorical and periph¬
rastic images, create a linguistic image of death and related phenomena.
Jewish sepulchral epigraphic studies concern the linguistic and epigraphic
analysis of monuments of the Jewish sepulchral art. Up until the 19th century, the
inscriptions on Jewish tombs were solely in Hebrew. Hence one can speak of
Hebrew epigraphy. With the advent of cultural emancipation and acculturation of
Jews in the 19th century, there appeared inscriptions in other languages as well. On
the former Polish territories they were formulated in German, Russian and Polish.
In the 20th century Yiddish inscriptions appeared and, although very infrequently,
inscriptions in Esperanto. After World War II, in many cemeteries there appeared
inscriptions in English, French, Spanish, and many other languages. As a result, the
classification of an inscription as a monument of Jewish epigraphy does not follow
the criterion of language, but the criterion of its origin, in this case, its location in
a Jewish cemetery. Despite the linguistic variety of the texts, most of them are in
Hebrew. They exerted a crucial influence on the shape of all the other inscriptions.
Hebrew sepulchral epigraphy constitutes, then, the main part of the Jewish grave
epigraphy.
This book is a study of materials representing the Hebrew sepulchral epigraphy.
It consists of seven chapters. The first chapter outlines the concept and scope of
the discipline, its history and basic bibliographic guidelines. The guidelines concer¬
ning copying and marking of the Hebrew texts are discussed. Jewish epigraphy, as
any other scientific discipline, has its meta-scientific considerations as regards the
optimal way of doing research. They include examples of methods used for decoding
the text. Basic aspects of the text analysis include: forgery, indirect dating, credibility
of information, decoding the text vs. other sources, as well as contextuality.
Chapter II presents sepulchral inscriptions from Jewish cemeteries, taking into
account the various materials they were made of. The inscriptions were mainly
made in stone. Sporadically, inscriptions in wood, metal, plastic and glass could
be found. Various techniques were employed: etching, casting, embossing, and
painting. Another factor that has to be taken into account while decoding the text is
the fact of an inscription being made on a renovated grave. It also has to be taken
into account that some graves were remade and reforged. In cemeteries, small
conservation works took place, which consisted in painting the inscription. In many
towns, numerous grave fragments were embedded in the cemetery walls or into a
memorial of the local Jews murdered during World War II. Even today, there are still
261
cases
of using tombstones as a building or grinding material. Hence the instances
of inscriptions on matzevot for everyday use.
Chapter III provides a description of epigraphic writing and its special characte¬
ristics. It includes the varieties of writing (square script, cursive and semi-cursive).
In the Middle Ages, the standard for the letters inscribed on tombstones came from
Hebrew manuscripts, whereas later print text was used. In modern-era inscrip¬
tions the influences of sofers writing are visible. Further on in the chapter, ways
of producing the text are discussed. The text can be hollow or prominent. Lines
may be added in order to separate the lines of the text, or it can come without such
divisions. As regards the workmanship, specific requirements had to be met. An
important element of inscribing techniques was to use letters of different sizes. It
was quite common, for example, in acrostics. An account of the writing techniques
must also mention adorning the inscriptions with multicolour painted decorations, as
well as decorating the letters themselves. Another part of the description concerns
the punctuation and segmentation of the text, illustrated by examples ranging from
punctuation marks borrowed from medieval manuscripts to those representing the
19th-century popular typefaces, e.g. full stops, commas, and even hyphens, which
did not normally appear in the text. The final part of this chapter discusses abbrevia¬
tions, their types and graphic representations. It also includes an index of Hebrew
abbreviations and their translations, discovered during field research in Polish
cemeteries.
Chapter IV presents the structure of the Hebrew formula. It includes the funeral
formula (introductory formula), lamentations, epithets and eulogy phrases, name
of the deceased, date of demise, and conclusion (closing formula). The structure
is typical not only for cemeteries in Poland, but for those of the Ashkenazi Jews.
The chapter presents each particular element in the formula set. In the case of
the funeral formulas, basic forms are presented. The element which is not always
present on the tombstone are the lamentations. Their occurrence is visibly higher
in 19th- and 20th-century cemeteries. Then, there are the laudations in the form of
epithets and eulogy phrases. Some basic epithets are presented. The laudatory
epithets are divided into, e.g. those typical for women or for scholars, including
phrases in which the deceased person is presented as a light. The name of the
deceased was preceded by titles. Their classification includes honorary titles,
academic titles, titles of superiors (of the community, of the Council of Four Lands),
or of community officials. The titling of women was relatively poor. Hasidic titles
are presented separately. The names in the inscriptions, their origins and notation
are discussed in detail. A common practice was to add nicknames and surnames,
as well as acronyms of great teachers and titles of their works. Additionally, a list
of masculine and feminine names is provided, as well as phrases interceding for
the dead and praising the living. Basically, the formula that was always present
is the date of the demise. It was preceded by information concerning the death
(confirming the death and providing details of the further history of the deceased).
Various notations of the date, as well as anagrams and chronograms appearing in
inscriptions are presented in detail. The last element of the formulaic structure are
the concluding formulas.
Chapter V takes into account changes that appeared on the tombstones in the
19th and 20th centuries. New elements in the form of information about tomb renova¬
tions, founders, and transferring of the body. The most common new element were
the signatures of stone masonry workshops. The material collected in the cemete¬
ries shows that also prayers constitute part of the inscription. A new phenomenon
262
after World War II was to put additional inscriptions on old graves referring to those
members of the family of the deceased who had been murdered by the Nazi. Another
change in the inscriptions was the appearance of non-Hebrew inscriptions, since up
until the 18th century all inscriptions were written in Hebrew. An equally important
change was the modernization of the traditional inscription, e.g. through providing
the date in the Gregorian format, introducing the date of birth or providing informa¬
tion concerning the nonreligious functions of the deceased. There also appeared
ready-made printed inscription patterns, which after adding the name and date of
death could be used on a tombstone.
Chapter VI provides instances of other inscriptions found in cemeteries. They
appeared on tombstones in the shape of Torah scrolls and on nameless graves.
Examples of prayers and inscriptions in pre-buhal halls are presented. A separate
category are monuments erected to the memory of World War I soldiers, partici¬
pants in the Polish fight for independence and
-
exceptionally
-
emigrants to Eretz
Yisrael. Monuments of the Nazi victims are also presented, including those which
appeared still during the war, when the ashes of people murdered in KL Auschwitz
were sent to their families.
Chapter
VII
deals with the formal aspects of the inscriptions. Composition and
stylistic means are discussed, as well as examples of mistakes found in inscrip¬
tions. The bibliography provides a list of all the cemeteries which provided research
material used in this book.
Most of the presented examples is illustrated by photographs
(255)
of whole
tombs or just the fragments in question. The tables
(20)
provide information concer¬
ning the way of producing the text, the evolution of epigraphic writing or the Hebrew
formulas.
263
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hońdo, Leszek 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1253415439 |
| author_facet | Hońdo, Leszek 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hońdo, Leszek 1960- |
| author_variant | l h lh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042240268 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)900615740 (DE-599)BVBBV042240268 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV042240268 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:16:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788324223862 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027678410 |
| oclc_num | 900615740 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 263 s., [70] s. tabl. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hońdo, Leszek 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1253415439 aut Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce Leszek Hońdo Kraków Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas" 2014 263 s., [70] s. tabl. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Na s. red. i s. 4 okł. błędny zapis ISBN: 97883-242-23862 Bibliogr. s. 247-251 Epitafia żydowskie / Polska jhpk Inskrypcje hebrajskie / Polska / historia jhpk Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Hebräisch (DE-588)4023922-6 gnd rswk-swf Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 s Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 s Hebräisch (DE-588)4023922-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027678410&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027678410&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Hońdo, Leszek 1960- Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce Epitafia żydowskie / Polska jhpk Inskrypcje hebrajskie / Polska / historia jhpk Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Hebräisch (DE-588)4023922-6 gnd Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021716-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4023922-6 (DE-588)4027107-9 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce |
| title_auth | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce |
| title_exact_search | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce |
| title_full | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce Leszek Hońdo |
| title_fullStr | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce Leszek Hońdo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce Leszek Hońdo |
| title_short | Hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w Polsce |
| title_sort | hebrajska epigrafika nagrobna w polsce |
| topic | Epitafia żydowskie / Polska jhpk Inskrypcje hebrajskie / Polska / historia jhpk Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Hebräisch (DE-588)4023922-6 gnd Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Epitafia żydowskie / Polska Inskrypcje hebrajskie / Polska / historia Grab Juden Hebräisch Inschrift Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027678410&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027678410&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hondoleszek hebrajskaepigrafikanagrobnawpolsce |