Transfer inovací: patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Filozofická Fak. Univ. Karlovy
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Varia
28 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 153 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788073085339 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Summary
Transfer of innovation. Patents, licenses and customs facilities in interwar
Czechoslovakia
Research on transfer of innovations with a special emphasize on patents,
licenses and tariff concessions in the interwar Czechoslovakia shows that
this issue deserves a deeper attention. This article is based on examining
unpublished and published archival sources as well as on period and con-
temporary literature. Fragmentation and incompletion along with only par-
tial disclosure of certain archives are all factors that do not facilitate this
research. Moreover, the informative value of all aforementioned materials
may also be doubtful. The overall vastness of this topic must also be taken
into account.
Czechoslovakia was definitely not standing outside the main stream of
innovation transfer/exchange at that time as it was not just a passive reci-
pient, addressee of series of innovations. Czechoslovakia was selling some
of their licenses and some other patents, licenses respectively, were also
applied in foreign companies. The interest of foreign applicants in obtai-
ning a patent demonstrates the importance of local technical, technologi-
cal and economic market: a possible competitor, a possible taker. The most
important Czechoslovak industrial enterprises kept direct or indirect con-
tact with foreign concerns which owned a number of licenses. On one hand,
a membership in a group of this sort weakened the position of an individual
Czechoslovak manufacturer, but on the other hand it made the latest tech-
nology available for Czechoslovak producers.
We can conclude that although Czechoslovakia presented a relatively
small economic space with greater production capacity than domestic mar-
ket, it managed to become a part of both European and world market with
patents and licenses as evidenced by contemporary official statistics as well
as by rows between Czechoslovak and foreign firms over licenses and pa-
tents. A share of foreign patent holders and patent activity of individual
Czechoslovak companies are both indicators of Czechoslovak research and
development activity in the interwar period. In this respect the transfer
of innovations was successful. The persisting weakness remained in little
support of inventions and especially patenting, measured by the state and
single enterprises support. Moreover, some - typically smaller businesses -
showed a kind of „thrift“ regarding spending associated both with filling
SUMMARY
99
a patent application and, if assessed successfully, of subsequent annual fees.
Indeed, only large corporations could afford to keep a patent department.
In case of small and medium enterprises, usually the business owner filed
a motion.
This article consciously does not examine any military patents and li-
censes with regard to their specificity and complexity of exploration, even
though Czechoslovakia achieved significant successes in this area.
The process of granting patents, which means a quantitative expression
of interest in a given field, shows that Czechoslovak and foreign applicants
and patentees were subsequently following contemporary trends, especia-
lly focusing on „new fields“ Further research interest could deeper examine
the industrial espionage, reports of actual or alleged attempts to copy pro-
duction technology or products respectively.
Transfer of innovation was not a one-way process, although there was
a tendency practiced by the advanced economies to register patents in Cze-
choslovakia „to ensure“ this space. A significant percentage of applications
and patents were implemented in European and non-European countries.
This process - we mean patenting abroad - was not interrupted by the
Munich Agreement, even not by establishment of the Protectorate. Cze-
choslovak industry and Czechoslovak inventors found themselves in an
ambivalent position, when on one hand they became an object of interest
expressed by advanced economies in respect of filling a patent, obtaining
patents and license sales, as well as they themselves were striving to ensure
their positions abroad. Although payments for foreign patents were increa-
sing during the entire interwar period, the fees levied abroad were clearly
outweighing. Quantitative data on number of filled applications, granted
patents, registered licenses or data on the transfer of payments for foreign
patents are not indicators of success in implementation of such patents or
licenses in production. These data also do not say much about actual econo-
mic results. In addition, transfer of innovations was also being implemen-
ted in the form of trade secrets, participation in a cartel, experience sharing,
introduction of new procedures, rationalization measures, conventional
scientific publishing routes and last but not least by imports of final pro-
ducts. This paper focuses only on some of these forms of innovation transfer.
Examining customs issues and discounts in selected tariff numbers
brought to light some interesting partial findings. We can say that dis-
counts on tariffs on imports of machinery and components not produced
in interwar Czechoslovakia became effective as of August 12,1921 and this
measurement persisted throughout the entire interwar era except for the
period from January 1,1923 to March 24,1923. Number of classes subjected
to discounts increased by only one during the interwar period and level of
discounts was constantly being specified according to classes. Here we must
100
TRANSFER INOVACÍ
emphasize that some additional tariff classes and rates also showed a low
coefficient throughout the interwar period, although they were not inclu-
ded into laws specifying discounts on the tariff of selected classes. Customs
classes allowing discounts actually presented quite a diverse range of ma-
chines and devices, from steam boilers and steam engines at all different
use, cooling and boiling appliances in some textile machines, other machi-
nes and apparatuses made of wood and metal, tractors and motor plows to
some electrical machines and equipment.
Originally proposed temporary force of laws and thus discounts was
gradually transformed into permanent, enhanced by economic crisis. While
initially the discount on duty rates was supposed to help businesses relo-
cate to Czechoslovakia in the context of nostrification and should have only
a time-limited, supporting character, this discount was gradually expan-
ding and became a permanent part of the Czechoslovak customs system.
The total amount of discount achieved during the reporting period reached
over 425 million Czechoslovak crowns, representing an average of almost
33 million per year.
Supportive arguments for a positive assessment of such tariff discount
extension were sought in various levels ֊ technological: the progress con-
tinues too fast (!) and we must keep up and therefore we must continue
to import modern machines and apparatuses; social: maintaining employ-
ment and legislative: preparation of a new customs tariff. Import of ma-
chinery including tractors serves as an evidence for „industrialization of
Czechoslovak agriculture as well. There had also been an effort to extend the
discount from importers to traders. Here it was actually not a support for
importing machines not produced in Czechoslovakia, but it meant suppor-
ting business activities of individual traders - intermediaries. The example
of tractors documents that also machinery and devices not manufactured
in Czechoslovakia were being imported during the interwar era. Such im-
port meant actually a fleet improvement done by single managers, although
Czechoslovak manufacturers were producing and even exporting their own
tractors in the 1920 s and 1930 s.
Prospective researchers will face a task of examining whether interest
in discounts, which was being declared as an effort to stimulate innovation
and overcome the consequences of WWI, did not actually become only an
interest in permanent improvement of machinery equipment by buying
discounted machines, i.e. merely economic interests and intermediaries
interests without any adequate motivation in the longer term.
SUMMARY
IOI
Obsah
L Úvod 7
II. Patent a licence 13
III. Význam transferu inovací pro novou republiku 23
IV. Celní úlevy na dovoz stroju a součástek 67
V. Závěr 96
Summary 99
Prameny a literatura 102
Přílohy I.-XXV. 108
|
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| spelling | Jakubec, Ivan 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)171716248 aut Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu Ivan Jakubec Vyd. 1. Praha Filozofická Fak. Univ. Karlovy 2014 153 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Varia 28 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd rswk-swf Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd rswk-swf Technische Innovation (DE-588)4431027-4 gnd rswk-swf Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd rswk-swf Zollpolitik (DE-588)4191024-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 s Technische Innovation (DE-588)4431027-4 s Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 s Zollpolitik (DE-588)4191024-2 s Geschichte 1918-1939 z DE-604 Varia 28 (DE-604)BV040709672 28 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027675720&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027675720&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jakubec, Ivan 1960- Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu Varia Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd Technische Innovation (DE-588)4431027-4 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd Zollpolitik (DE-588)4191024-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059277-7 (DE-588)4431027-4 (DE-588)4044884-8 (DE-588)4191024-2 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu |
| title_auth | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu |
| title_exact_search | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu |
| title_full | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu Ivan Jakubec |
| title_fullStr | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu Ivan Jakubec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transfer inovací patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu Ivan Jakubec |
| title_short | Transfer inovací |
| title_sort | transfer inovaci patenty licence a celni ulevy v mezivalecnem ceskoslovensku |
| title_sub | patenty, licence a celní úlevy v meziválečném Československu |
| topic | Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd Technische Innovation (DE-588)4431027-4 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd Zollpolitik (DE-588)4191024-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Technologietransfer Technische Innovation Patentrecht Zollpolitik Tschechoslowakei |
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