Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek):
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Księgarnia Akademicka
2014
Dąbrowa Górnicza Muzeum Miejskie "Sztygarka" |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy in the frontier areas of Upper Silesia and Little Poland (second half of the 11th - 12th/13th centuries) Bibliogr. s. 283-317. Indeksy |
| Physical Description: | 353 s., [56] s. tabl., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luz. il. 30 cm 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788376383439 |
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| adam_text | Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy
in the frontier areas of Upper Silesia and Little Poland
(second half of the llth-12th/13th centuries)
In the areas of the present frontier between Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk) and Little Poland (Małopolska) in
remote geological eras, mainly in the Triassic period, an enrichment of geological layers with metal com-
pounds such as lead and silver ores took place. The emergence of a raw materials base millions of years ago
made possible the rapid development of an early medieval district of mining and metallurgy of lead ores,
from which admixtures of silver were also retrieved. Zinc was another metal which was present on these areas
but its extraction was of lesser importance; much more important were the iron ores. Therefore, today we can
speak about an early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy.
Even twenty years ago, the frontier areas of Little Poland and Silesia seemed to have little economic im-
portance in the early stage of the existence of the Polish state. Archeological research changed this opinion
radically. The discovery of numerous early medieval settlements indicates that lead was melted and silver was
extracted approximately in the areas stretching from Olkusz in the east to Bytom and Tarnowskie Góry in
the west, and also in the area around Siewierz, Przeczyce, Jaworzno and Chrzanów. On-going archeological
excavations make our state of knowledge about the past of this area change constantly ֊ new evidence allows
for a revision of present theories in the field of Polish medieval and archeological studies. Areas of more in-
tensive settlement moved according to the progress of exploitation of surface deposits. The development of
mining technology, including the drilling of drifts, enabled access to deeper deposits of valuable metal ores.
The discovery of this lead and silver metallurgical district radically alters the opinions about the eco-
nomic bases of the state of the first Piast rulers. It also confirms earlier suggestions of many generations of
researchers. They based their premises mainly on chronicle records such as the works of Gallus, Cosmas,
Thietmar, Kadłubek which emphasised the richness of early Poland. The researchers presented plausible
arguments which confirmed that Polands rulers had access to their “own” deposits of valuable metals, es-
pecially silver. The Bulla Gnieźnieńska, an important historical document from 1136 which mentions the
diggers of silver around Bytom and Bolesław the Bolds (Bolesław Śmiały/Bolesław Szczodry) earlier minting
sweep are further arguments that speak in favour of the idea that Poland had its own domestic production
of noble metals.
There are many early medieval archeological sites in Poland in which lead objects (and, of course, silver
objects) were discovered. There are also places where lead was probably melted and made into various ob-
jects. In the area being discussed, traces of rudimentary stages of the production of lead and the extraction
of silver (i.e. the direct smelting of metal from ores) were discovered. These ores, mainly galena (PbS), were
extracted on the spot from local deposits. An important discovery was that one of the methods of smelting
lead was the reduction of lead compounds with iron compounds. The most numerous group of ceramic relics
are tuyeres which are represented by more that a thousand fragments. Metallurgical ladles and fragments of
casting moulds and smelting pots were also found.
Thanks to the discovery of the remains of metallurgical furnaces we could increase our knowledge about
their appearance. It enabled us to prepare for the first time a more comprehensive typology of this category
of archeological finds. The discovery of other metals such as tin or lumps of alloys, brassware and bronze
artifacts indicate that apart from metallurgical activities the craftsmen from these settlements also practiced
goldsmithery. Apart from steelworks, there also existed goldsmiths workshops which worked metals such as
lead, silver, copper, zinc compounds (zinc ores), and tin. There was no evidence of gold being worked there.
351
Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy...
There is a probability that iron ores were baked there to use them as a reducer in the process of smelting lead.
It was established that the final product of the activities of the ironworks and goldsmiths workshops (i.e. lead
works and bronze works) apart from lead and silver, was massicot i.e. lead monoxide - PbO. Lead monoxide
briquettes were made specifically for commercial purposes. Most probably, they served the production of
lead glass which reached the Polish lands since the 11th century in the form of such artifacts such as glass
beads.
Lead was made into rolls, “billets”, little bars, and also big, multi-kilogram bars with a rectangular
cross-section, examples of which could be the artifacts found in the settlement in Siewierz. One of the main
lead products were lead weights of different shapes and weight. Most probably, it was here were the produc-
tion of temple rings took place.
The silver found in Łosień contains various contaminations of lead, reaching even a dozen or so percent.
This means that it was a semi-finished product for the production of coins; it was delivered to mints and
only after it was purified from lead and refined was it made into denarii. Raw silver commerce took place by
using iron weights plated with bronze, many specimens of which were found in the settlements of the region
here described.
The production of glazed ceramics was an important economic enterprise in the lead smelting sites. The
richness of form and ornament of ceramic vessels is unique on the scale of the whole country. Lead - silica
recipe, which was procured on the spot, was used to decorate the sides of the vessels. Lead compounds were
used to create multicoloured (mainly green and greenish-olive) ceramic enamels. Much seems to indicate
that the vessels produced in the 11th-12th century in the Strzemieszyce-Łosień district and the area around
Siewierz spread to large areas of Poland of that time and they constitute a slight part of glazed ceramics in
units known from e.g. Kraków, Opole and other major urban centres.
The debate about the economic bases of the existence of the state of the first Piast rulers has been going
on for decades or even longer. Silver played an important role in the formation of the Polish state. It was
made into ornaments and first coins. It is also possible that lead shots and strips of silver were used in settling
commercial transactions. Where did this metal originate? The answer to this question depends on the present
state of our knowledge, that is on progress in archeological research. Now one has to consider the possibil-
ity of acquiring silver not only through import (oriental silver) but also, from a certain point of time, from
domestic sources. The import of silver from the Orient in Europe was supplemented, probably from as early
as in the 9th century, by domestic production, especially in the Harz Mountains. The district of metallurgy
on the frontier areas between Upper Silesia and Little Poland appears to have been another centre of pro-
duction of this metal. In the middle of the 10th century, silver ceased from being imported from the Orient
which caused the replacement of imported materials by European-produced materials. In the 11th century,
the Upper Silesia and Little Poland areas of ore-rich dolomites were already the main areas of extraction and
production of this raw material serving the needs of the rulers of Poland.
The identification of lead metallurgical sites brought a new category of archeological sources into Polish
scholarship. A few types of furnaces related with the process of smelting lead were distinguished. A large
number of tuyeres and their fragments ֊ sometimes reaching the amount of a hundred of specimens ֊
discovered around the metallurgical furnaces seems to indicate frequent use of the furnaces which were
researched. The smelting of ores in heaps by using free ventillation where the basis is the reduction of galena
by the reaction with coal (PbS - PbO, then PbO + C = Pb + CO and PbO + CO = Pb + C02), leaves little
traces. Final products such as lead or silver were retained, of course. However, we must admit the possibility
of a discovery of an ash-filled hearth, which must not be associated with the process of smelting lead and
will be classified as a simple case of a fire which was frequently used in one place for many years, for cooking
food, for example.
The mode of smelting an ore with the use of iron compounds generates further problems of interpreta-
tion faced by an archeologist who had no previous experience in such a field. The usage of iron compounds
as a reducer in the process of reduction of massicot and galena which could be described as: PbS - PbO, and
then PbO + Fe = Pb + FeO or PbO + 2FeO = Pb + Fe203, and 3PbS + Fe2Si04 = 3Pb + 2FeS + S02 + SiO, or
2PbS + 2FeO = 3Pb + 3FeS + S02 noticed in Łosień, Strzemieszyce and Zagórze, has left clear archeological
evidence in the form of waste iron compounds. As a matter of fact, the ash in the post-production slag may
contain small amounts of lead (for example around 3% in Zagórze) but without an analysis their presence
cannot be established. As we have mentioned earlier, the melted lead was taken away and the examination of
the clinker of hearths is not a typical nor affordable kind of archeological analysis. The remains of iron clinker
may suggest the existence of iron metallurgy to the inexperienced researcher and they lead him astray from
the trail of lead metallurgy which may lead to an erroneous identification of the nature of the finds. Thanks
to the identification of this category of archeological sites such mistakes may be avoided in the future.
352
Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy...
In conclusion, we must state that the aforementioned scientific aspects which were described thanks to
the discovery of sites associated with lead metallurgy ֊ including those that are related directly with techno-
logical issues and those that generate new interpretations of historical nature - constitute a new achievement
in the field of Polish scholarship and they widen the scope of future research concerning the beginnings of
Polish statehood.
Translated by Artur Zwolski
Bayerische
Staatsbibüothek
München
353
Spis treści
Wstęp..........................................................................................9
Część I. Charakterystyka obszaru występowania złóż kruszconośnych oraz
WPŁYW DAWNEGO PRZEMYSŁU NA ŚRODOWISKO PRZYRODNICZE OMAWIANEGO
REGIONU...................................................................................15
Rozdział I. Uwagi o eksploatacji złóż srebra i ołowiu na tle obszarów ich występowania ..............17
Rozdział II. Specyficzne warunki występowania stanowisk archeologicznych w rejonie Olkusza, Klucz,
Bolesławia i wschodnich rubieży Dąbrowy Górniczej ........................................29
Rozdział III. Zagadnienie toksycznych odpadów związanych z hutniczą produkcją ołowiu.................41
Część II. Metalurgia ołowiu na przestrzeni wieków.............................................47
Rozdział I. Początki metalurgii srebra i ołowiu...............................................49
Ołów, srebro i cyna........................................................................49
Początki metalurgii srebra i ołowiu........................................................52
Rozdział II. Wyroby ołowiane z okresu średniowiecza...........................................6ł
Rodzaje przekazów źródłowych...............................................................61
Ołów w kulturze słowiańskiej w świetle pism autorów arabskojęzycznych.............................61
Źródła historyczne o zamożności krajów środkowej Europy - wybór...................................64
Omówienie wyrobów ołowianych z okresu średniowiecza........................................67
Rozdział III. Badania nad metalurgią srebra i ołowiu.................................................73
Stan badań nad początkami górnictwa i hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu w średniowiecznej Polsce ֊ zarys
zagadnienia.............................................................................73
Zarys dyskusji na temat początków średniowiecznego hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na ziemiach polskich.77
Część III. Miasta i osady omawianego regionu we wczesnym i późnym
średniowieczu.............................................................................81
Rozdział I. Zakres chronologiczno-geograficzny opisywanego zagadnienia........................83
Rozdział II. Olkusz - związki miasta z górnictwem srebra i ołowiu.............................99
Rozdział III. Bytom..........................................................................107
Rozdział IV. Siewierz........................................................................109
Rozdział V. Będzin...........................................................................113
Rozdział VI. Przeczyce.......................................................................117
Rozdział VII. Sławków........................................................................119
Rozdział VIII. Krzykawka.....................................................................123
Rozdział IX. Tarnowskie Góry.................................................................125
Rozdział X. Grodziec (Będzin-Grodziec).......................................................127
Rozdział XI. Sosnowiec-Zagórze...............................................................129
Rozdział XII. Badania archeologiczne w Dąbrowie Górniczej-Strzemieszycach....................131
Rozdział XIII. Badania w Dąbrowie Górniczej-Łośniu...........................................139
Dąbrowa Górnicza-Łosień, stanowisko nr 2, ulica Ząbkowicka................................140
Dąbrowa Górnicza-Łosień, stanowisko nr 8, ulica Orna 15...........................................140
Rozdział XIV. Ślady ołowiarstwa na Jurze Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej...........................145
Rozdział XV. Zversov.........................................................................147
Spis treści
Część IV. Rekonstrukcja technologii wczesnośredniowiecznego
WYTOPU OŁOWIU I SREBRA NA PODSTAWIE ZNALEZISK ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH....................151
Rozdział I. Pracownie odlewnicze......................................................153
Rozdział II. Piece hutnicze do wytopu ołowiu..........................................159
Szczegółowe omówienie form pieców i palenisk hutniczych ilustrowane znaleziskami z Łośnia, Zagórza
i Strzemieszyc Wielkich (na przykładzie typów I, II, III, IV i VII).............161
Rozdział III. Technologiczne aspekty wytopu srebra i ołowiu...........................171
Rozdział IV. Tlenki ołowiu oraz półfabrykaty z wytopionego ołowiu.....................179
Tlenki ołowiu.......................................................................179
Półfabrykaty ołowiu.................................................................179
Rozdział V. Srebrne placki............................................................183
Rozdział VI. Narzędzia i akcesoria związane z hutnictwem i odlewnictwem...............191
Dysze...............................................................................192
Fragmenty łyżki odlewniczej.........................................................195
Tygielek do metalurgii srebra.......................................................195
Formy odlewnicze....................................................................199
Metalowa łyżka odlewnicza lub lutownica oraz żelazka................................201
Rozdział VII. Szyb górniczy...........................................................203
Rozdział VIII. Bruki kamienne.........................................................205
Rozdział IX. Hałdy....................................................................207
Rozdział X. Osady produkcyjne.........................................................209
Część V. Elementy kultury wczesnośredniowiecznych hutników
ORAZ ZNACZENIE KRUSZCU DLA FUNKCJONOWANIA MONARCHII PIASTOWSKIEJ...................213
Rozdział I. Ciężarki..................................................................215
Ciężarki i odważniki................................................................215
Skandynawskie nawiązania............................................................220
Rozdział II. Ozdobna ceramika.........................................................225
Ceramika szkliwiona.................................................................225
Bogactwo zdobienia..................................................................231
Rozdział III. Początki mennictwa w Polsce
w świetle odkrycia wczesnośredniowiecznego zagłębia hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu......245
Rozdział IV. Pochówki krów ze stanowisk 2 i 8 w Dąbrowie Górniczej-Łośniu oraz inne elementy
kultury symbolicznej...............................................................249
Część VI. Metalurgia kruszcowa w środkowej Europie w młodszych fazach
WCZESNEGO ŚREDNIOWIECZA............................................................255
Rozdział I. Wczesnośredniowieczne górnictwo i hutnictwo w Europie Środkowej...........257
Rozdział II. Import surowca srebrnego z Orientu.......................................259
Rozdział III. Górnictwo i hutnictwo w Niemczech.......................................265
Rozdział IV. Górnictwo i hutnictwo srebra i ołowiu na terenie Czech ..................271
Rozdział V. Początki hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na Słowacji............................275
Rozdział VI. Górnictwo złota ֊ zarys zagadnienia......................................277
Zakończenie...........................................................................281
Wykaz skrótów.........................................................................287
Bibliografia..........................................................................283
Spis ilustracji.......................................................................319
Indeks osobowy........................................................................331
Indeks geograficzny...................................................................343
Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy in the frontier areas
of Upper Silesia and Little Poland (second half of the iith-i2Th/i3Th
centuries)............................................................................351
8
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rozmus, Dariusz 19XX- |
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| author_variant | d r dr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042229226 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)919457892 (DE-599)BVBBV042229226 |
| era | Geschichte 1050-1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1050-1400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Oberschlesien (DE-588)4042978-7 gnd Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Oberschlesien Kleinpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV042229226 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:15:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376383439 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027667562 |
| oclc_num | 919457892 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 353 s., [56] s. tabl., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luz. il. 30 cm 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Księgarnia Akademicka Muzeum Miejskie "Sztygarka" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rozmus, Dariusz 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1244955000 aut Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) Dariusz Rozmus Kraków Księgarnia Akademicka 2014 Dąbrowa Górnicza Muzeum Miejskie "Sztygarka" 353 s., [56] s. tabl., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luz. il. 30 cm 1 Kt.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy in the frontier areas of Upper Silesia and Little Poland (second half of the 11th - 12th/13th centuries) Bibliogr. s. 283-317. Indeksy Geschichte 1050-1400 gnd rswk-swf Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Małopolska (region) / do 1500 jhpk Ołów / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Silbergewinnung (DE-588)4263505-6 gnd rswk-swf Bleigewinnung (DE-588)4145908-8 gnd rswk-swf Oberschlesien (DE-588)4042978-7 gnd rswk-swf Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd rswk-swf Oberschlesien (DE-588)4042978-7 g Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 g Silbergewinnung (DE-588)4263505-6 s Bleigewinnung (DE-588)4145908-8 s Geschichte 1050-1400 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027667562&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027667562&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rozmus, Dariusz 19XX- Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Małopolska (region) / do 1500 jhpk Ołów / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Silbergewinnung (DE-588)4263505-6 gnd Bleigewinnung (DE-588)4145908-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4263505-6 (DE-588)4145908-8 (DE-588)4042978-7 (DE-588)4098501-5 |
| title | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) |
| title_auth | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) |
| title_exact_search | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) |
| title_full | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) Dariusz Rozmus |
| title_fullStr | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) Dariusz Rozmus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) Dariusz Rozmus |
| title_short | Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI - XII/XIII wiek) |
| title_sort | wczesnosredniowieczne zaglebie hutnictwa srebra i olowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza gornego slaska i malopolski druga polowa xi xii xiii wiek |
| topic | Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Małopolska (region) / do 1500 jhpk Ołów / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 jhpk Silbergewinnung (DE-588)4263505-6 gnd Bleigewinnung (DE-588)4145908-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 Srebro / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Małopolska (region) / do 1500 Ołów / kopalnie i wydobycie / Polska / Śląsk (region) / do 1500 Silbergewinnung Bleigewinnung Oberschlesien Kleinpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027667562&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027667562&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rozmusdariusz wczesnosredniowiecznezagłebiehutnictwasrebraiołowiunaobszarachobecnegopograniczagornegoslaskaimałopolskidrugapołowaxixiixiiiwiek |