Verfügbarkeit: Climate change biology

Climate change biology:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Hannah, Lee Jay (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [und 11 weitere] Elsevier, Academic Press 2015
Ausgabe:	2. edition
Schlagworte:	Klimaänderung Climatic changes / Effect of human beings on Biogeography / Climatic factors Klimaschutz Anthropogene Klimaänderung Ökologie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XIII, 455 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:	9780124202184

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................xiii Introduction CHAPTER 1 A new discipline: climate change biology ..............................3 A greenhouse planet .........................................................................5 Boundaries of life ..............................................................................6 Shifting interactions ..........................................................................8 Chemistry of change .........................................................................8 Linkages back to climate ..................................................................9 Climate change biology..· .................................................................10 CHAPTER 2 The climate system and climate change .............................13 The climate system .........................................................................13 Evolution of the earth s climate ......................................................15 Natural drivers of change ...............................................................19 Major features of present climate ...................................................25 Stable states of the system .............................................................28 Human-driven change: rising CO2 ..................................................30 Rapid climate change ......................................................................37 The velocity of climate change ........................................................40 Modeling the climate system ..........................................................41 Regional climate models .................................................................45 Commonly used GCMs ....................................................................48 Emissions pathways ........................................................................50 GCM outputs ....................................................................................50 Contents Biological assessments with downscaled data ...............................52 Further reading ...............................................................................52 Section 2 The impacts of human induced climate change CHAPTER 3 Species range shifts .............................................................57 First sign of change: coral bleaching ..............................................58 First changes on land ......................................................................62 Mounting evidence of range shifts ..................................................64 Patterns within the patterns ...........................................................72 Extinctions .......................................................................................74 Freshwater changes ........................................................................76 Pests and pathogens .......................................................................78 Further reading ...............................................................................81 CHAPTER U Phenology: changes in timing of biological events due to climate change ..........................................................83 Arrival of spring ...............................................................................87 Freshwater systems ........................................................................89 Spring ahead, fall behind ................................................................91 Tropical forest phenology ................................................................91 Marine systems ...............................................................................94 Mechanisms: temperature and photoperiod ..................................95 Life-cycles of insect herbivores ......................................................96 Timing mismatches between species .............................................99 Further reading .............................................................................102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystem change ..............................................................103 Tropical ecosystem changes .........................................................103 Cloud forests .................................................................................106 Temperate ecosystem change ......................................................109 High mountain ecosystems ...........................................................113 Glacier and snowpack-dependent ecosystems ............................115 Polarand marine systems ............................................................118 Polar food webs: changes in the southern ocean .........................122 Contents Tropical marine systems ...............................................................124 Pelagic marine systems ................................................................126 Ocean acidification ........................................................................128 Ecosystem feedbacks to climate system ......................................131 Further reading .............................................................................133 S Lessons from the past CHAPTER 6 Past terrestrial response ...................................................137 Scope of change ............................................................................137 The earth moves ............................................................................138 Climate runs through it .................................................................140 Fast and far: the record of the ice ages ........................................145 Ice racing in north america and europe ........................................146 Out of land: the southern temperate response ............................149 North meets south ........................................................................150 Rapid change: the Younger Dryas .................................................153 Tropical responses ........................................................................156 Milankovitch forcing in the biological record ................................159 Lessons of past change .................................................................160 Further reading .............................................................................160 CHAPTER 7 Past marine ecosystem changes .......................................163 Effects of temperature change .....................................................163 Effects of sea-level change ...........................................................166 Changes in ocean circulation ........................................................169 Changes in ocean chemistry .........................................................171 Further reading .............................................................................177 CHAPTER 8 Past freshwater changes ...................................................179 Lakes as windows to past climate ................................................180 Types of freshwater alteration with climate .................................185 Freshwater biotas, habitats, and food chains ...............................189 Deep time: pace of evolution and species accumulation .............190 Recent-time (tertiary and pleistocene) records of change ...........192 Contents Fast forward ...................................................................................193 Further reading .............................................................................194 CHAPTER? Extinctions ..........................................................................195 The five major mass extinctions ...................................................195 Causes of extinction events ...........................................................199 Climate as the common factor in major extinctions .....................200 Impacts and climate ......................................................................200 Does climate change always cause extinction? ............................202 Climate and extinctions in deep time ............................................202 The past 100 million years ............................................................204 The past 2 million years: extinction at the dawn of the ice ages and the pleistocene extinctions ......................................206 The missing ice age extinctions ....................................................209 Patterns in the losses ....................................................................209 Further reading .............................................................................210 Section 4 Looking to the future CHAPTER 10 Insights from experimentation ..........................................213 Theory ............................................................................................213 Laboratory and greenhouse experiments .....................................217 Field experiments ..........................................................................225 Results of whole-vegetation experiments ....................................228 Results of field CO2 experiments ..................................................230 Freshwater experiments ...............................................................233 Arctic experiments ........................................................................233 Further reading .............................................................................235 CHAPTER 11 Modeling species and ecosystem response ......................237 Types of models .............................................................................239 Dynamic global vegetation models ...............................................243 Species distribution models ..........................................................247 Gap models ....................................................................................253 Modeling aquatic systems .............................................................256 Contents Earth system models ....................................................................261 Further reading .............................................................................262 CHAPTER 12 Estimating extinction risk from climate change ................263 Evidence from the past ..................................................................266 Estimates from species distribution modeling .............................267 Species-area relationship .............................................................269 A question of dispersal ..................................................................271 The problem with endemics ..........................................................271 Checking the estimates .................................................................273 Not just about polar bears anymore .............................................275 Are a million species at risk? ........................................................276 Why the future may not be like the past .......................................278 Further reading .............................................................................279 CHAPTER 13 Ecosystem services ............................................................281 Food provision—marine fisheries .................................................281 Water provisioning .........................................................................285 Carbon sequestration ....................................................................288 Fire .................................................................................................290 Tourism ..........................................................................................291 Ecosystem-based adaptation ........................................................293 Coastal protection .........................................................................294 Water supply ..................................................................................297 Food production .............................................................................298 Disaster risk reduction ..................................................................299 Further reading .............................................................................300 Section 5 Implications for conservation CHAPTER H Adaptation of conservation strategies ...............................303 Early concepts of protected areas and climate change ................304 Protected area planning ................................................................307 Planning for persistence ...............................................................312 Resistance and resilience .............................................................313 Contents Protected-area management........................................................ 315 Marine protected areas .................................................................317 Protected areas for climate change ..............................................323 Further reading .............................................................................325 CHAPTER 15 Connectivity and landscape management .........................327 Area-demanding species ..............................................................330 Migratory species ..........................................................................332 Species range shifts ......................................................................333 Planning for connectivity ...............................................................335 Managing connectivity in human-dominated landscapes ............338 Planning for climate blowback ..................................................339 Regional coordination ...................................................................340 Monitoring .....................................................................................342 Further reading .............................................................................343 CHAPTER 16 Species management .........................................................345 Threatened species .......................................................................345 Climate change impacts on threatened species ...........................348 Species threatened by climate change .........................................348 Assessing species threatened by climate change ........................348 An iconic example ..........................................................................351 Managing species threatened by climate change ........................353 Resources for the job ....................................................................360 Further reading .............................................................................361 Section ó Finding solutions: international policy and action CHAPTER 17 International climate policy ...............................................365 United nations framework convention on climate change ...........365 Intergovernmental panel on climate change ................................368 Carbon markets .............................................................................369 Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation .............372 Adaptation ......................................................................................374 Contents Why doesn t it work? .....................................................................376 Further reading .............................................................................377 CHAPTER 18 Mitigation: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sinks, and solutions ...........................................................379 Stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations ............379 Practical steps for the next 50years .............................................380 Energy efficiency ...........................................................................382 Renewable energy sources ...........................................................382 Nuclear power ...............................................................................387 The end of oil .................................................................................388 Clean coal? ....................................................................................389 Tar sands, oil shales and fracking ................................................390 Geoengmeering .............................................................................391 Extinction risk from climate change solutions .............................393 Land use requirements of alternate energy .................................395 Short-term wedges and long-term pathways ..............................401 Further reading .............................................................................402 CHAPTER 19 Carbon sinks and sources ..................................................403 The carbon cycle ............................................................................403 Slow carbon ...................................................................................404 Fast carbon ....................................................................................405 Ocean carbon cycle ........................................................................406 Terrestrial carbon cycle ................................................................409 Human influence on the carbon cycle ...........................................411 Recent trends in terrestrial sources and sinks ............................413 Carbon cycle and carbon sequestration .......................................415 Getting CO2 back ............................................................................420 Further reading .............................................................................422 CHAPTER 20 Assessing risks, designing solutions .................................423 Impacts, risks, and adaptation ......................................................423 The assessment process ...............................................................423 Contents Domain and grain ..........................................................................424 Biological assessment ..................................................................¿25 Stand-alone biological assessment ..............................................427 Design of adaptation solutions ......................................................428 Two examples of adaptation solutions ..........................................429 And doit again ...............................................................................431 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................433 INDEX .....................................................................................................445
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author	Hannah, Lee Jay
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dewey-ones	577 - Ecology
dewey-raw	577.22
dewey-search	577.22
dewey-sort	3577.22
dewey-tens	570 - Biology
discipline	Geowissenschaften Physik Biologie Geographie
edition	2. edition
format	Book
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subject_GND	(DE-588)7547705-1 (DE-588)4290733-0 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4043207-5
title	Climate change biology
title_auth	Climate change biology
title_exact_search	Climate change biology
title_full	Climate change biology Lee Hannah
title_fullStr	Climate change biology Lee Hannah
title_full_unstemmed	Climate change biology Lee Hannah
title_short	Climate change biology
title_sort	climate change biology
topic	Klimaänderung Climatic changes / Effect of human beings on Biogeography / Climatic factors Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd
topic_facet	Klimaänderung Climatic changes / Effect of human beings on Biogeography / Climatic factors Klimaschutz Anthropogene Klimaänderung Ökologie
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