Ženata v drevna Trakija: (spored antičnite tekstove)
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
| Published: |
Sofija
Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Inst. po Balkanistika s Centăr po Trakologija "Prof. Aleksandr Fol"
2013
|
| Edition: | 1. izd. |
| Series: | Studia Thracica
15 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Women in ancient Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 257 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789542948476 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Въведение
..................................................................................7
Глава
I.
Брачни плащания: откуп и зестра
............................19
Глава
II.
Бракът: полова зрялост и легитимно поколение.
..53
Глава
III.
Между зависимост и влияние:
статусът на жената
..................................................................75
Глава
IV.
Брачни стратегии на тракийските династи
...........99
Глава
V.
Аспекти на родството при траките: значението
на бащата и брата на съпругата и майката
.................109
Глава
VI.
Живот и смърт за съпруга: античните съобщения
за ритуалната практика следване в смъртта в Тракия
.....133
Заключение
............................................................................223
Библиография
........................................................................231
Резюме на английски
............................................................247
Contents
Introduction
........................................................................7
Marriage Payments: Bridewealth and Dowry
................19
Marriage: Sexual Maturity and Legitimate Progen
.........53
Between Dependence and Influence: the Status
of Women
.........................................................................75
Marriage Strategies of the Thracian Dynasts
..................99
The Wife s Relatives: the importance of the Wife s
Father and Brother
/
of the Grandfather and Uncle
......109
Life and Death for the Spouse: Ancient Evidence of
the Ritual Practice of Following in Death in Thrace
.... 133
Conclusion
....................................................................223
References
.....................................................................231
Summary in English
......................................................247
STUDIA
THRACICA
15
WOMEN IN ANCIENT THRACE
(According to the Ancient Texts)
Summary
The information provided by the ancient authors about
the life of women in ancient Thrace, about the family and
about the social structure of the non-literary Thracian societies
is much scarcer compared to the much more informative texts
about societies in Greece, Rome and other areas in the ancient
world. Nevertheless, the present book hopes to contribute
to bridging a gap in research on Thracian society: unlike
political history, the problems related to the social structure
and its transformations have not yet found their contemporary
historical interpretation. Moreover, numerous analyses
integrating women in the historical and cultural context of
different ancient societies appeared in the last decades of last
century within the studies on the Antiquity. The concept of
gender, understood as a social configuration that changes as
interaction and contract between the genders, is already an
integral part of every social theory.
Studies on Thracian antiquity, which addressed to a
certain extent also the issues connected with women, marriage,
family and kinship, have emphasised so far the situation of
women in the male society of the Thracians. The present work
offer a new approach that takes into account the dependence
of the female gender-definition
-
defining of the place, role
and space of women and their self-identification in their
respective socium on the concrete status of individual women,
on their social belonging, on the political situation and on the
characteristics of society as a whole at a concrete historical
247
Добриела Котова ЖЕНАТА В ДРЕВНА ТРАКИЯ
moment. Attention is focused on the women s strategies to
manipulate their own position, for attaining and exercising
control and influence in the family and outside it. The ancient
authors suggest the idea of the slave position of Thracian
women in the family: they cultivated the land, tended the herds
and flocks and served their men. However, one should not
merely think about the workload and dependence of Thracian
women, but also about the economic value of their work, about
the high functionality of the female roles in the economy and
about the relevance of these characteristics to the status of
each woman. When we learn from the written sources that the
political alliances involved exchange of women, as well as
intersection of gender, status and ethnic belonging, it becomes
much more complicated to abide by a simple model of gender
differentiation: men in a dominant position in public space and
women in a subordinated position in the space of the home.
The present study strives to introduce in a discussion the
few, but valuable ancient texts that refer directly or indirectly
to women, marriage, family and kinship in the Thracian
context for the time from Herodotus (5th century
ВС)
until the
3rd century
ВС.
The aim is to include the issues of kinship
relations in the comprehensively constructed characteristics
of the social, economic and political parameters of Thracian
society, and at the same time to present the Thracian material
as a part of the general comparative study of ancient societies.
The analysis of communications differing in terms of type
and exhaustiveness stems from Jack Goody s idea on the
specificities of the family system, kinship and marriage, on
the one hand, the woman s status
—
on the other, and on the
specificities of the production system, of socio-economic
organisation and on the degree of
hiérarchisation
of society
—
248
SUMMARY
from a third perspective.1
The state of the available sources is problematic. They
are few, brief, general in nature and often very accidental. The
greatest difficulty comes from the fact that this is evidence
provided by observers who are external to the Thracian
environment. These texts result not only from the thought
models of their authors, but above all from the interaction
of two environments: Greek and Roman culture
—
on the one
hand, and Thracian culture that is perceived to be different
-
on the other. Hence when they are used as sources on processes
and phenomena from the Thracian space, their political, social
and institutional context is taken into account.
The conclusions and the results reached in the study are
hypothetical to a high extent. With a view to overcoming the
biggest deficiency encountered by every researcher of Thracian
antiquity
—
its non-literary nature
—
the analysis adduces
comparisons with other ancient societies, in some cases with
modern societies as well. Attention is often focused on similar
situations in the polygamous families of the Macedonian,
Persian and Scythian kings and in the homes of the basileis
in Homer s epic works. Parallels with the habits and customs
of the Gauls and Germans also support the hypotheses about
Thracian reality.
The study presented here interprets the ancient texts
relevant to the gender-issues and marriage rules among the
Thracians in the light of certain processes, phenomena and
social changes. We have at our disposal 4th century
ВС
texts
that are contemporary to the events described in them, which
suggest the existence both of the bridewealth among the
Odrysae and of a mixed model of marriage payments
-
indirect
Goody
1990:
Preface.
249
Добриела Котова ЖЕНАТА В ДРЕВНА ТРАКИЯ
dowry - offering examples of the link between marriage and
the distribution of land ownership, or attesting filiacentric
marriage (i.e., the endogamy aspirations) and the elevated status
of the women from the elite. The change in the marriage rules
(in the direction of dowry and endogamy), in the principles
of distributing property among the generations, the increased
significance of the inheritance of land and the inclusion of
daughters in that inheritance are social and economic processes
that are directly related to political changes of elevating and
consolidating the elite, and to the overall transformation of
society towards a greater complexity. The tendency towards
endogamy (in-marriage) and dowry at dynastic level clashed
with the need of political alliances and of giving daughters to
marry outside their families (out-marriage), resulting in the
appearance of variants of indirect dowry.2 The information
on these processes in a Thracian context coincides with the
period of upsurge and flourishing of the Odrysian kingdom.
The bridewealth as a payment made by the son-in-law or
by his kin to the kin of the bride in order to legitimise a marriage
was a universally valid norm among the Thracians. Being an
important factor in their political economy, it also functioned
as regulator of the essentially unlimited demand of wives in
polygamous societies, being also a means of manipulating
social inequality. The bridewealth legitimises the bonds of
marriage and defines it as a set of rights that are transferred
from the wife s social group to the husband and his social
group. The possibility in principle for the bridewealth to be
returned guarantees the existence of the marriage. However,
the idea of purchase and sale, suggested by the ancient authors,
2
On these processes, see Kristiansen
1998: 397-399.
On the brideprice or
indirect dowry, see Goody
1990
on various pages; on archaic Greece:
389.
250
SUMMARY
is inappropriate. Paying bridewealth did not mark the end of
a transaction and did not lead to final transfer of rights and to
complete incorporation of the woman into the man s kinship
group. Quite on the contrary, her links with her birth family
were not severed. According to data in the ancient authors
after Herodotus, marriage payments in the form of rich gifts
were made by the wife s father as well, in addition to the
bridewealth paid by the son-in-law. Even land ownership was
transferred to the son-in-law, as was the case with the Athenian
generals Iphikrates and Xenophon. Changes in the political
economy and in the hierarchic position of concrete individuals
in it necessitated mixed models of marriage payments, which
also included daughters in the distribution of property.
The narratives of the ancient authors reveal various
aspects of polygamy. It was connected with the bridewealth,
with the high economic value of female labour and with the
inheritance of widows. Polygamous marriages in Thrace were
desired on account of the productive and even more of the
reproductive potential of women. They were economically
and politically conditioned as the principal part of the
network of political alliances, in which the political economy
of society functioned. The statements made by the ancient
authors clearly outline the social limits of the propagation and
intensity of polygamy. Concentration of women in the upper
circles of society was registered, as well as the prestigious
nature of the large number of wives as a status symbol and
as a sign of prosperity. In combination with prestige, sex and
the male satisfaction with reproductive success also played
a key role for building the harems of dynasts and members
of the high aristocracy. The symbolic character of polygyny
in the higher circles is attested, as well as aspirations for
251
Добриела Котова ЖЕНАТА В ДРЕВНА ТРАКИЯ
successful reproduction and superiority in biological and
social aspects, and hence for control and manipulation of the
marriage alliances. The transition of widows into the hands of
the heirs of the deceased illustrates the artificial maintaining
of the asymmetry between the men and women free to engage
in marriage by guarding the husband s right even after his
death and by preventing other men to acquire wives. Strabo s
difficulty in reconciling the logically notorious polygamy of
the Getae with the high moral evaluation and respect for the
men who had pledged themselves to
ascetism
and celibacy
testifies to another instrument used in polygamous societies to
limit the access of men to the sources for raising their status
and influence. Therefore, it may be concluded that although
polygyny was the most desirable marriage model in Thracian
societies, most marriage alliances were monogamous.
Polygamy was restricted predominantly to the elite.
Biological maturity, legitimising of sexual contacts and
the legitimate creating of progeny were three independent
values that were defined differently in the different cultures.
Many societies made no difference between legitimate and
illegitimate children. It seems that this was not so among
the Thracians. The Thracian gloss
ζιβυθίδες
is preserved in
Hesychius Lejczco« and it can be perceived as indirect evidence
that the legitimacy principle was recognised. The lemma can
be translated as: Zibythides: the real (born in a legitimate
marriage) Thracian women and men. 3 However, premarital
sexual contacts were admissible (Hdt.
5. 6).
It is not known
whether the birth of children before marriage was allowed,
but the existence of the high bridewealth, which legitimised
3
On the difficulties of the translation and on the possible interpretations of the
gloss, see also Kotova
2006.
252
SUMMARY
the bond of marriage of the spouses, gives us grounds to
assume that their legitimising was not a problem. They
probably became heirs to the man who offered bridewealth for
their mother. Herodotus opposes the sexual freedom of girls
before marriage to the strong control over wives, which he
explains precisely with the fact that they were bought for a
lot of money. The control over the wives also meant control
over the children born by them. Marriage in Thrace was the
institution securing legitimate progeny. The intensive striving
of the Thracians towards marriage, moreover polygamous, is
the locus
communis
in ancient literature (Menandr. Fr.
794,
795 Sandbach,
Her. Pr. Cath.
3. 1. 211. 13).
It is not accidental
that
Arrian
explains the polygamy of the Thracians with their
wish to have a large progeny
(Arrian.
FGrHist.
156,
F.
62).
It is difficult to judge at what age young people in Thrace
obtained the right to create their own legitimate progeny.
Nevertheless, some texts, as well as comparisons with other
ancient societies, give grounds to believe that entering into
marriage involved proving the warrior abilities of the young
man, and it was possible only after the time needed for the
young man to attain social manhood.
The texts of the ancient authors, albeit few in number,
contain sufficient starting points for analysis, which
-
positioned in a broad comparative plan within the framework
of kinship relations and gender-issues
—
managed to fit women
in the historical and cultural context of Thracian antiquity. The
public recognition of the high economic value of female labour
and of the role of women in the successful reproduction of any
economy is attested. The high price of women, which depended
on their origin as well, finds expression in an appropriate
payment needed for winning the wife. Under the conditions
253
Добриела Котоеа ЖЕНАТА В ДРЕВНА ТРАКИЯ
of polygamy, which was the recognised matrimonial model in
Thrace, all these factors played a defining role for the status
of women. Bearing in mind the differences between the social
strata, the study highlights the purely female pathways opened
before any woman to change her own status, for exercising
control and for attaining influence in the family, and in some
cases even on the political scene as well. In this sense, one
should not overlook the name of Brauro, the wife of the
Edonian king Pittakos, who participated in a plot to murder
him. We cannot know precisely what Brauro s aim was. Her
appearance on the pages of history is in itself remarkable.
Although no details are known, the murder of Pittakos by his
wife indirectly suggests the strengthening and the growing
importance of that dynastic home, the high stakes for human
life, the socio-economic development that defined a different
place and role of women. A history lesson involuntarily
offered by Thucydides (Thuc.
4. 107. 2):
women were not
pawns in the historical process, they were partners of the men
in creating it, and we can be certain that women pursued their
goals in the marriage alliances arranged by the men, acting in
accordance with the concrete circumstances and manipulating
situations to suit their own will, forces and position in favour
of their personal interests. Comparisons with the situations
in the polygamous royal homes in Macedonia and Persia are
adduced in support of the conclusions expressed.
The significance
-
especially at dynastic level
-
of
marriages as a method of integrating society into their function
of political-economic alliances necessitated different marriage
strategies on the part of the Thracian high aristocracy. The
marriage alliance was equivalent to a political one. Hypogamy,
hypergamy, filiacentric marriage, out-marriage of the daughter
254
SUMMARY
with distant political partners, holding her within the home,
endowing her with a dowry or the acceptance of a high
bridewealth, linking of her marriage to the distribution of land
ownership, lavish wedding feasts
-
all these were strategies
subordinating the matrimonial policy of the Thracian dynasts
so as to serve their aspirations to accumulate and consolidate
their influence and power. Hypogamy, occurring at the
highest level of the social hierarchy, was a means of political
integration. A part of the prestige of the central dynastic line,
carried by its women as well, was passed to another clan as
recognition of its political importance. We are not aware of
any narratives about marriages between Thracian aristocratic
families. However, the cases when foreigners
-
important
political figures
-
were attracted to Thrace and given titles
through marriages to Thracian royal women could illustrate
that wedding strategy. On the other hand, hypergamy was
a function of the generalisation of the process of exchange
between the top and kinship lines of a definitely lower rank. It
involves recognition of the total superiority of the individual
who received the woman. A speech of Xenophon at the feat
in the royal; court of Seuthes II draws the picture of the
future strong ruler with established power, who is visited by
many men and beautiful women who bring him gifts (Xen.
Anab.
7. 3. 29-31).
The dynast is entitled to the women and
to the gifts by virtue of his categorically defined position.
The local aristocratic families send their expensive women to
the ruling home, thus recognising its superiority. The dynast
concludes marriage alliances with them and on his part gives
them access to the imaginary source of status, carried by the
prestigious objects in the bridewealth. In this way, he secured
loyalty to himself, as well as a part of the local production
255
Добриела Котова ЖЕНАТА В ДРЕВНА ТРАКИЯ
and of the exchanged wealth. Seuthes expressed readiness to
pay bridewealth to a person with a definitely lower status by
offering to Xenophon to marry his daughter, if he had one.
In many Indo-European peoples and patrilinear societies
it is possible to refer to the existence of avunculate, of a close
link between nephew and uncle and between grandson and
grandfather on the maternal side, which was in contrast to the
formal relations between son and father or the father s family.
There are texts, albeit very few, which suggest the existence
of that phenomenon in Thrace as well. Owing to the close
kinship, for example, between the king of the Odrysae Sitalkes
and his sister s son and king of the Scythians Oktamasades,
the conflict situation between them along the Danube River
could be resolved (Hdt.
4.80.9-19).
The ritual described by Herodotus (Hdt.
5. 5)
whereby
one of the widows was killed over the grave of her deceased
husband is examined in a social aspect as a reflection, product
and factor of certain structures of marked social inequality.
That special practice among certain Thracian tribes is
analysed in the light of the universal phenomenon known
as following in death
(Totenfolge4),
whereby someone is
killed so as to accompany someone else to the world beyond.
The analysis of the texts of Herodotus and Pomponius Mela,
which are the principal sources of information about the
ritual, supported with examples from other ancient societies,
proves the existence of socio-historical prerequisites for its
existence among the Thracians, reveals its institutional, but
extraordinary and limited character. In this sense, it is difficult
to be attested archaeologically, and it should not be sought
4
The terra was introduced by
Jörg Fisch,
who defined
Totenfolge
( Following
into/in death ) on the basis of enormous analyzed and synthesized historical
material from different parts of the world as a universal historical phenomenon,
256
SUMMARY
everywhere and in every age in Thrace.
In conclusion, it can be said that the ancient texts after
the 4th century
ВС
allow to perceive a change in the marriage
rules and in the gender-characteristics of women in Thrace.
Their position changed as a result of and in accordance with
the social evolution of the local communities.
Bayerische
a^tsbibHot
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kotova, Dobriela 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1062554795 |
| author_facet | Kotova, Dobriela 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kotova, Dobriela 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | d k dk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042135704 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)897454961 (DE-599)BVBBV042135704 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Sozialgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Sozialgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 gnd Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Thrakien Römisches Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV042135704 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:13:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789542948476 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027575787 |
| oclc_num | 897454961 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 257 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Inst. po Balkanistika s Centăr po Trakologija "Prof. Aleksandr Fol" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studia Thracica |
| series2 | Studia Thracica |
| spelling | Kotova, Dobriela 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1062554795 aut Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) Dobriela Kotova 1. izd. Sofija Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Inst. po Balkanistika s Centăr po Trakologija "Prof. Aleksandr Fol" 2013 257 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia Thracica 15 PST: Women in ancient Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Sozialgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 g Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Sozialgeschichte z DE-604 Studia Thracica 15 (DE-604)BV000904989 15 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kotova, Dobriela 20./21. Jh Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) Studia Thracica Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4078277-3 (DE-588)4076778-4 |
| title | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) |
| title_auth | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) |
| title_exact_search | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) |
| title_full | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) Dobriela Kotova |
| title_fullStr | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) Dobriela Kotova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ženata v drevna Trakija (spored antičnite tekstove) Dobriela Kotova |
| title_short | Ženata v drevna Trakija |
| title_sort | zenata v drevna trakija spored anticnite tekstove |
| title_sub | (spored antičnite tekstove) |
| topic | Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Frau Thrakien Römisches Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027575787&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000904989 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kotovadobriela zenatavdrevnatrakijasporedanticnitetekstove |
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Indexes