Cryopedology:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham [u.a.]
Springer
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 177 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783319084848 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152593971150848 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Cryopedology
Autor: Bockheim, James G
Jahr: 2015
Contents
1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 History.................................................................................... ...........1
1.2 Soil Concept..................................................................................................................................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................5
2 Cryosols as a Three-Part System......................................................................................................................7
2.1 Three-Part Conceptual Model of Cryosols....................................................................7
2.2 Active Layer..................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Definition..............................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Dynamics and Modeling the Active Layer........................................9
2.2.3 Properties of the Active Layer..............................................................................9
2.2.4 Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring....................................................14
2.3 Transient Layer........................................................................................................................................................14
2.4 Permafrost........................................................................................................................................................................16
2.4.1 Definition of Permafrost................................................................................................16
2.4.2 Permafrost Boundaries and Distribution................................................16
2.4.3 Permafrost Properties..........................................................................................................17
2.5 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................19
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................20
3 Description, Sampling, and Analysis of Cryosols..................................................................23
3.1 Describing Cryosols..........................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Sampling Cryosols..............................................................................................................................................26
3.3 Laboratory Characterization of Cryosols..........................................................................32
3.3.1 Physical Analyses....................................................................................................................32
3.3.2 Chemical Analyses..................................................................................................................33
3.3.3 Mineralogical Analyses..................................................................................................33
3.3.4 Micromorphological Analyses..............................................................................33
3.4 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................33
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................34
ix
X Contents
4 Factors of Cryosol Formation................................................................................................................................37
4.1 Climate..................................................................................................................................................................................37
4.1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................37
4.1.2 Temperature......................................................................................................................................38
4.1.3 Precipitation and Humidity........................................................................................38
4.1.4 Wind..............................................................................................................................................................41
4.2 Biota.....................................................................................................................41
4.2.1 Vegetation............................................................................................................................................41
4.2.2 Animals....................................................................................................................................................44
4.2.3 Microorganisms..........................................................................................................................44
4.2.4 Humans....................................................................................................................................................45
4.3 Patterned Ground..................................................................................................................................................45
4.3.1 Patterned Ground Forms................................................................................................45
4.4 Parent Materials and Time......................................................................................................................49
4.5 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................50
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................50
5 Cryogenic Soil Processes................................................................................................................................................53
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................53
5.2 Cryopedologic Processes..........................................................................................................................54
5.2.1 Frost Heaving..................................................................................................................................56
5.2.2 Freeze-Thaw Cycles............................................................................................................56
5.2.3 Cryoturbation..................................................................................................................................56
5.2.4 Dilatancy................................................................................................................................................57
5.2.5 Cryodesiccation..........................................................................................................................57
5.2.6 Ice Segregation............................................................................................................................59
5.2.7 Gelifluction........................................................................................................................................59
5.3 Cryopedologic Processes and Soil Classification................................................60
5.4 Modeling Cryogenic Soil Processes..........................................................................................61
5.5 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................61
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................62
6 Classification of Cryosols..............................................................................................................................................65
6.1 Zonal Soil Classification Systems................................................................................................65
6.2 Natural Soil Classification Schemes........................................................................................66
6.3 Diagnostic Horizons in Cryosols..................................................................................................73
6.4 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................75
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................76
7 Distribution of Cryosols....................................................................................................................................................79
7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................79
7.2 Distribution of Cryosols..............................................................................................................................79
7.2.1 Circumarctic Lowlands and Hills....................................................................79
7.2.2 Antarctica..............................................................................................................................................80
7.2.3 Alpine Permafrost Regions........................................................................................80
7.3 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................81
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................82
Contents xi
8 Cryosols of the Circumarctic Region........................................................................................................83
8.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................83
8.2 Soil-Forming Factors........................................................................................................................................83
8.2.1 Climate, Permafrost, and Active-Layer Thickness................83
8.2.2 Biota..............................................................................................................................................................85
8.2.3 Relief...........................................................................................................................................................86
8.2.4 Parent Materials and Time..........................................................................................86
8.3 Soil Properties............................................................................................................................................................87
8.4 Soil-Forming Processes................................................................................................................................88
8.5 Soil Classification and Geography..............................................................................................90
8.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................92
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................93
9 Cryosols of Antarctica........................................................................................................................................................95
9.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................95
9.2 Soil-Forming Factors..........................................................................95
9.2.1 Climate, Permafrost, and Active-Layer Thickness................95
9.2.2 Biota..............................................................................................................................................................99
9.2.3 Parent Materials and Time..........................................................................................99
9.3 Soil Properties............................................................................................................................................................99
9.3.1 Western Antarctic Peninsula....................................................................................100
9.3.2 Coastal East Antarctica....................................................................................................100
9.3.3 Inland Mountains......................................................................................................................105
9.4 Soil-Forming Processes................................................................................................................................105
9.5 Soil Classification and Geography..............................................................................................109
9.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................114
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................115
10 Alpine Cryosols..............................................................................................................................................................................117
10.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................117
10.2 Soil-Forming Factors........................................................................................................................................117
10.2.1 Climate, Permafrost, and Active-Layer Depths..........................117
10.2.2 Biota..............................................................................................................................................................120
10.2.3 Parent Materials and Time..........................................................................................124
10.3 Soil Properties............................................................................................................................................................124
10.4 Soil-Forming Processes................................................................................................................................124
10.5 Soil Classification and Distribution..........................................................................................128
10.6 Comparison of Alpine and Arctic Cryosols..................................................................130
10.7 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................131
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................131
11 Cryosols and Earth-System Sciences..........................................................................................................135
11.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................135
11.2 Cryosols and Relative Dating..............................................................................................................135
11.3 Cryosols and Correlation of Glacial Deposits............................................................141
11.4 Cryosols and Glacier Dynamics......................................................................................................141
11.5 Cryosols and Reconstruction of Past Environments........................................148
xii
Contents
11.6 Cryosols in Archaeology............................................................................................................................149
11.7 Cryosols as Extraterrestrial Analogs........................................................................................150
11.8 Ciyosol Permafrost and Ancient Microorganisms..............................................150
11.9 Cryosols and High-Level Lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys.... 151
11.10 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................153
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................154
12 Cryosols in a Changing Climate........................................................................................................................157
12.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................157
12.2 Active-Layer Depths........................................................................................................................................157
12.3 Permafrost Temperatures............................................................................................................................158
12.4 Possible Impacts on Soil Properties..........................................................................................159
12.5 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................162
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................163
13 Management of Cryosols................................................................................................................................................165
13.1 Antarctica..........................................................................................................................................................................165
13.1.1 Land Use................................................................................................................................................165
13.1.2 Land Degradation....................................................................................................................166
13.2 Arctic........................................................................................................................................................................................166
13.2.1 Land Use................................................................................................................................................166
13.2.2 Land Degradation....................................................................................................................167
13.3 Alpine Regions with Permafrost....................................................................................................167
13.3.1 Land Use................................................................................................................................................167
13.3.2 Land Degradation....................................................................................................................169
13.4 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................169
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................170
14 Cryosol Databases......................................................................................................................................................................171
14.1 Database Development..................................................................................................................................171
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................172
Index..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175
|
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