Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny: 1 Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period
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Kyïv
Inst. Archeolohiï
2014
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| Physical Description: | 279 S. Ill., Kt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |n 1 |p Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period |c S. V. Panʹkov |
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ЗМІСТ
ПЕРЕДМОВА
.5
ВСТУП
.7
РОЗДІЛ І. Вивчення чорнометалургійного виробництва на території України
передскіфської та скіфо-античної доби
.9
РОЗДІЛ
II.
Джерельна база,її¡сторико-археологічна
та історико-технічна характеристика
.23
1
Писемні, лінгвістичні, фольклорні та етнографічні джерела
та можливості їх використання для вивчення чорнометалургійного
виробництва на території України зазначеного періоду
.25
2
Пам'ятки чорнометалургійного виробництва
та можливості їх використання для вивчення розвитку
залізовидобування і ковальства на території України
у передскіфський та скіфо-античний період
.54
3 Характеристика ковальських виробів зазначеного періоду
та їх можливості для вивчення розвитку залізообробки
місцевого населення передскіфського і скіфо-античного часу
.82
РОЗДІЛ
III.
Металургія заліза на території України у передскіфську добу
.111
1
Піротехнічні виробництва на території України
за доби середньої
—
пізньої бронзи,
як основа до винайдення сиродутного способу отримання заліза
. .112
2
Початок металургії заліза на території України
—
перші свідчення
видобування сиродутного заліза та перші залізні вироби
.120
3 Техніка та технологія чорнометалургійного виробництва
кіммерійського часу
.133
4
Особливості переходу місцевого населення до «доби заліза»
з огляду на розвиток чорнометалургійного виробництва
.148
279
Частина І. Передскіфський і скіфо-античний період
РОЗДІЛ
IV.
Техніка та технологія чорнометалургійного виробництва
у місцевих племен скіфської та сарматської доби
.161
1
Залізовидобувні і ковальські горна
та їх техніко-технологічна характеристика
.162
2
Ковальсько-слюсарний інструментарій
та його техніко-технологічна характеристика
.167
3 Асортимент ковальської продукції
та його техніко-технологічна характеристика
.174
4
Організація чорнометалургійного виробництва
у місцевих племен скіфської та сарматської доби
.203
РОЗДІЛ
V.
Техніка та технологія чорнометалургійного виробництва
в античних центрах Північного Причорномор'я
.211
1
Залізовидобувні і ковальські горна
та їх техніко-технологічна характеристика
.212
2
Ковальсько-слюсарний інструментарій
та його техніко-технологічна характеристика
.218
3 Асортимент ковальської продукції
та його техніко-технологічна характеристика
.219
4
Організація чорнометалургійного виробництва
на осередках античної колонізації Північного Причорномор'я
.226
РОЗДІЛ
VI.
Чорна металургія на передскіфських
і скіфо-сарматських пам'ятках та в античних центрах
Північного Причорномор'я. Порівняльна характеристика
.233
ВИСНОВКИ
.247
ПІСЛЯМОВА
.253
РЕЗЮМЕ
.254
SUMMARY
.261
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
.267
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ
.278
Є лу
eri;, che
aŁ-sfcihliot
München
Summ
ary
Sergej
V· Panicov
ANCIENT FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY
ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE
Part I. Priscytho and
scytho-antïqüïty
period
Research of foundation of ferrous metallurgical
manufacture on the territory of Ukraine and its neigh¬
bouring lands during the period of mid—late bronze,
and its development at the age of existence of tribes
of Cimmerian, Scythian times, antique colonization
of Northern Black
Cea
littoral, the Crimea and
Taman,
all these were provided by numerous corresponding
troves and by using to them special methods of investi¬
gation. It was found that previous experience of metal¬
lic copper mining facilitated to invention of puddling
technology of production iron in the mentioned re¬
gion. That experience created all necessary conditions.
It is proved by presence of pieces of iron and cop¬
per slag, iron «regulus» and «ingots» on the memorials,
where metallic copper was produced together with pie¬
ces of ferric cupreous ore. In comparison to ancient local
iron copper goods from Southwest Asia and Caucasus, it
was proved self-supporting origin of technique and tech¬
nology of mining and blacksmith iron finishing on the ter¬
ritory of modern Ukraine and its neigbouring lands.
Conscientious purposeful iron production on the
mentioned territory was found at the end of late bronze
age (the period between XI—X centuries B.C.) and was
provided by puddling pot-hole furnace of reusable
technology without slag output, which functioned by
forced blowing (descend from copper-mining ones).
It was also provided by necessary technological
constructions (kilns, stone pavements for ore sma¬
shing), according to which concentration of ore raw
material was provided, and charcoal was also produced
(round, sometimes blurried with loam, and lengthened
coal pits).
The efficiency of these ancient puddling furnaces
was slight (less than
300
gr of suitable for iron finishing).
It led to bimetallism in production of main working tools
and armaments, that was used at Cimmerian times.
According to the modern data, we can presuppose
that the process of iron scorching was provided by two
methods.
The first stage is connected with producing of me¬
tallic copper by the tribes of Srubna (pokrovsko-mo-
solivska and bereznivsko-maivska) and sabatinovska
culture, when iron was collateral product of copper-
minig production. This stage dates
XVI/XIII—XII/XI
centuries B.C. and it's characterized by absence of spe¬
cialized iron-mining furnaces and small amount of iron
products found (little more than ten).
The second stage is connected with founding of
realized receipt of iron at specially intended furnaces
for that. It is marced by activity of bondarihinska, belo-
zerska and vysotska cultures at Xl/X—IX/Vlll centuries
B.C. at this industry, and by noticeable increasing of
quantity of iron goods (more than
40
goods), which are
dated by that period.
We may suppose that founding and development
of iron treatment at the end of bronze age started
with forming into goods also, which repeated copper-
bronze pieces of iron («regulus», «ingots»), produced
by chance during the process of copper bootying. Later,
with appearance of specialized iron-bootying furnaces,
local people started the process of realized booting of
renewed threw. They came to conclusion about neces¬
sity of multiple forging, and started commercialize a
process of welding not only homogeneous but also dif¬
ferent by substance of carbon metal (glazing of steel bit
on ferrous groundwork).
They also carried out tests on the empirical level,
connected with using of thermotreatment (hardening)
of steel goods (workpieces).
Among famous methods of blacksmith-bench met¬
al bootying at that time, with the help of blacksmith-
bench software tools, which provided blacksmith
finishing of previosly casted forgings made of copper-
bronze, only
oblateness,
clipping, welding, sharpening,
possibly hardening of working parts of workpieces and
figurate
forging was limited by forming a petiole of
knives and nail-shaped, needle hook of a peg. On the
other hand, it was started the mastering of such quite
261
Part I. Prescythian and scytho-antiquity period
а
complicated method and technology as flowing of a
bronze handle to a ferrous cutting-tool edge.
According to the territorial fixing of grounds on
the territory of modern Ukraine and its neighbouring
lands, where the founding of ferrous metallurgical out¬
put took place, we have to mentioned that to that pe¬
riod several its centers were distinguished.
The first one correlates with eastern part of
Dniprovska-Donetzka metalogical province and south¬
eastern hillside of Voronizhska mineralogical «antecli-
sis». Jottings, connected with direct output of iron and
workpieces, are reprezented here in materials of mid-
Donska katakombna, zrubna (pokrovsko-mosolivska
and berezhnivsko-maivska), sabatynivska, boguslavs-
ko-bilozerska and bondaryhinska cultures.
The second center is situated in steppe Ukraine
and the Crimea, and reprezented by finds of ferrous
workpieces, which relates to jottings of sabatinovska,
bilozerska and early kizil-kobinska cultures.
The third center, also reprezented as by avidence
of iron output as by its workpieces, migrates on the ter¬
ritory of Dniprovskyi forest-steppe right bank.
It is connected with jottings of tshynetsko-komariv-
ska, close to bilozerska (Gordijivka), vysotska cultures,
goligradska group of frakijski galshtat. But jottings of
iron output correlates only with jottings of vysotska
culture, its late stage.
In
IX/VIÍI
—
at the beginnings of VI century B.C., at
prescythian Cimmerian period (for forest-steppe
—
at
«tchomoliskyi», «late tchornoliskyi», «zhabotynskyi» and
«postzhabotynskyi» noticeable movements are found in
development of local ferrous metallurgical output. First of
all, these movements are represented by noticable quan¬
titative (nearly
200
workpieces) increasingtof finds made
of iron and its assorted development
(29
positions against
12
during the period of late bronze).
Swordş
and daggers
(bimetallic and all-iron), knives, pikes and spearheads,
addices, axes, axes-hammer, awls, prods, fishings-rods,
boring bits, celts, hairpins, earrings, «buttons», «pins»,
hooks, needles, clasps, bracelets, rings, sickles, (during
the bronze age
—
bimetallic and all-iron daggers, swords,
bimetallic and all-iron knives, pikes and spearheads, awls,
axes, needles, rings, hairpins, and fibulae) all these were
made of iron at that period.
Welldefined development is traced in technics and
technology of blacksmith metallurgycal production. It
concerns the usage of blacksmith primary products, that
is explained by appearance of partviously cemented and
fagotted forgings for workpieces, realized usage of black¬
smith welding, different by substance of carbon metal (it
was made like that
—
steel sharp part fell outside working
edge), realized usage of a least two ways of thermotreat-
ment
—
martempering (ewen with dropout) and sor-
bitizing (hardening in warm water or oil), the technique of
secondary (partial)
areal
carbon deeping of working parts
of workpieces. But the shortage of iron, that remains at
this period leads to bimetallizm in production, proves that
for its outputting the same puddling furnaces or forges
(pitted ones of multiple usage without cindery) were still
used, as during the
previos
period.
What about the blacksmith mastery during this
period, so present materials prove that the quality of
welding long-extended pieces (swords) in comparison
to shorter ones (hammers,
chippers)
was not absolute¬
ly perfect. This fact doesn't afford to agree with con¬
clusion about finishing of a long-lasting iron-mastering
period and ways of its processing at prescythian Cim¬
merian times. Noticable quantity of ferrous workpieces
with marks of metal overheating proves this. It justifies
imperfect holding of temperature condition, and pro¬
bably the absence of constructively formed blacksmith
hearths, which provided that condition.
Though the appearance of specialized blacksmith
tools (axe-hammer) at «postzhabotynskyi» period
proves the beginning of blacksmith output equipment
with corresponding productive technique, that enabled
to produce such workpieces as celts and bits, units of
armament (pikes, spearheads), forming of stiffening rib
(spearheads), perforate (spearheads, vertebrate disks)
and cut «ripples» (sickles). But the presence of bime¬
tallic swords and daggers, painstaking to make bronze
workpieces (celts) made of iron, noticeable usage of
method of hardening working parts for its strengthe¬
ning, that came from non-ferrous metal working of
previous period. It indicates still «archaic» state of fer¬
rous metallurgical production of tribes during the pre¬
scythian Cimmerian period.
Features of transfering of local people to the Iron
Age were those, that the Iron Age occured on the back¬
ground of flint-stone-and bone industry «Renaissance»
in conditions of imperfect development of iron industry
and declane of copper-bronze
ont.
This «Renaissance»,
which degree dependent on state of copper-bronze in¬
dustry uppermost, one way or another, occured at the
transitive period before the Iron Age on the territory
of all regions of Eastern Europe. The region, where de¬
cline of non-ferrous metal output and its workpieces
was less apprtciable, it was less noticeable as well.
By the way, it concerns a forest-steppe zone, which
economic tie-ups of local people with non-ferrous me¬
tallurgical centers were more substantial.
On the other hand, it is obviously that at the transi¬
tive period before the Iron Age, in those cultures where
the leading role in husbandry belonged to agriculture,
the great value in output of working tools stone and flint
regained, but regions where stock-raising was predomi¬
nant
—
antler and bone were popular and valueable.
In whole, techno-technological development of black¬
smith metallurcical production on the territory of modern
Ukraine during prescythian Cimmerian period was charac¬
terized by the beginning of using the technology of realized
cementation of blacksmith material, superficial cementa¬
tion of ready-made workpieces, using two ways of ther-
motreatment
—
water hardening and sorbitizing of me¬
dium-carbon steel; using the technique of welding of two
metal stripes with different substance of carbon during the
process of making corresponding working tools and long-
lenght chopping and cutting units of armament.
What about the development of ferrous metal¬
lurgical production on the territory of modern Ukraine
at Scythian time, we have to mention, that its level al¬
lowed making more than
40
different kinds of work¬
pieces made of ball iron, case-hardening steel and fag¬
goted metal.
262
Summary
The way of getting some blacksmith workpiece
started from iron-ore mining in scythian suburbs
and villages, where these materials where hutched
and weathered, and in such state were delivered to
the place of conversion (where these materials were
roastated and comminuted) into puddling iron, directly
in villages and sites of ancient settlements.
By way of iron-ore material scythian metallurgists
used all it kinds, which are represented by deposits on
the territory of modem Ukraine
—
red ochre, magne¬
tite, hematite, iron sand with red ochre and magnetite
or hematite impregnations, brown hematite (limo-
nite)
—
«marsh» ore.
According to present facts, prior roasting of ore
raw material and its comminuting was made on the
territory of blacksmith metallurgical manufactories,
such centers situated in specially aimed for this pits on
anvils made of granite or quartzite, using ferrous axe-
hammers and bench hammers.
The same centers were places of getting the se¬
cond, necessary in puddling process, component
—
charcoal.
It was made by pit method, placing so-called «ma¬
jor», when on the central bucking column were put the
rest ones, and then recovered with straw, turf layer,
where special openings were made. It gave the possi¬
bility to regulate the air incoming and lead to oxida¬
tion, not to wood combustion.
Burned into lime capbonate limestone, animal's
bone (the same calcium) and fluontes
—
fluoric calci¬
um, that is used in modern ferrous metallurgy, served
as fluxing materials.
Concentrated and reduced to fragments ore, char¬
coal and flux, mixed together in appropriate proportion,
moved to puddling forges, where renewing of iron oxides
to metal state by means of forced blasting was held.
According to present facts, this renewing was held
in puddling furnaces of two types. The first type, the
most «archaic», descend from iron-mining furnaces of
late bronze age and is almost similar to them. It was
a small pitted forge of multiple using without cinde¬
ring, greased with agril, probably with clay «deck». It
productivity was low, that is proved by finds of ferrous
blooms, which weight was not more than
300
gr.
Though, the second type presented some kind of
surface fixed forge with clay mine and cindering, and
probably with reformated pit.
Equipment of metallurgical device with cindering
was a revolutionary event in technics of ancient iron-
mining, because it let increase puddling iron produc¬
tion (finds blooms more than
2
kg). That liquidate the
deficiency of ferrous metal at early scythian time and
gave the possibility to finish the crossing to the Age of
Iron on the territory of modem Ukraine.
The occurence of constructively formated black¬
smith's hearths was the another achievement of lo¬
cal ferrous metallurgy during the Scythian age. It let
uniformly reheat massive and long-length forgings
and avoid undesirable metal overheating and special
cementing furnaces, which solved the main task of
metallurgy
—
steel output of the highest quality. Those
furnaces were some kind of surface skeleton-clay con¬
structions with detachment, where pot-capsule with
carbonizer and bar or workpiece was displaced, and
reformed pit.
Appropriate temperature condition at all scythian
mining devices was held according to forced blowing
through ceramic jet (nozzle).
One more ¡mpotant movement in blacksmith's de¬
velopment on the territory of modern Ukraine in an¬
cient times was its equipment with specialized black¬
smith-bench tooling made of iron and steel, which
dates scythian times just.
Scythian foremen-metallurgists used welding and
previosly cemented steel for the sake of blacksmith-
bench tools' production. In that case when a derivative
material was flexible bluming iron, the working part
was to harden with multiple hardening.
The assortment of scythian blacksmith-bench tools
consisted of axe-hammers or hammers, small bench
hammers, point-tools (blacksmith's, bench and jewel¬
lery), bit-drifts, punch-caulks, files, swinging tongs and
mining tongs. Only stone baseplates made of granite or
quartzite were used as forges.
In
dependance
of derivative material definite
methods of productions were used to certain catego¬
ries of blacksmih's-bench tools.
It indicates the ration (reasonable) approach of
foremen to blacksmith's-bench tools' production and
their well awareness with metal properties, which they
get during the influence of special technologies.
We have to mention that
4
kinds of blacksmith's
raw materials spread: flexible ball iron
(38
percentages
of all workpieces), low-carbon welding steel
(36
per¬
centages), case-hardened steel
(20
percentages), fa-
gotted metal
(6
percentages).
'
Investigation of technology of blacksmith's work-
pieces output identified, that
75
percentages had
all-metal construction (made of ball iron, welding
or case-hardened steel and fagotted metal). Though
25
percentages were made using special technologies
(surface one-sided and double-sided cementation,
constructive welding of homogeneous by substance
of carbon two stripes of metal, glazing and welding on
of a steel bit to a ferrous base, three-level aimed pile.
Though, in spite of quite great namber of workpieces
made according to the technology of constructive
welding, we have to note, that the common distinction
of Scythian blacksmithing was a widely used technique
of surface one-sided and double-sided cementation,
that was used in making more than half of all work¬
pieces. Special technologies were used to improve per¬
formance.
One more achievement of Scythian blacksmithing
was quite noticeable use of thermotreatment
(17
per¬
centages of all workpieces, made of welding steel,
precemented steel and by surface carbonization). Ac¬
cording to present facts Scythian blacksmiths knew
4
kinds of thermotreatment
—
flexible warm water
hardening or oil hardening on
sorbite,
abrupt cold wa¬
ter hardening on martensite, hardening with tapping
on troostite, normalization and annealing.
What about the level of awareness of Scythian
skilled blacksmiths with metal physical properties with
263
Part I. Prescythian and scytho-antiqurty period
different content of carbon and changes, that take
place depending on use of different technologies, it
is the evidence that not only more high-grade black¬
smith's raw materials and special methods were used
in making appropriate working tools and armament
supplies, but also rational approach of its selection du¬
ring the process of making such workpieces, that were
not burdened with noticeable mechanical changes.
The
ewidence ofthat
is the difference in proportioning
of raw materials for making iron-mongery goods, dif¬
ferent parts of horse harness, accessories.
Workpieces, that had to be buffed (pegs, ban¬
gles, tips), were made of case-hardened welding steel,
using the methods of surface carbonizing, but that work-
pieces, for which it was not necessary (nails, clamps, fer¬
rules, fishing-roads with cups)
—
of ball iron.
According to division and correlation of technolo¬
gical schemes, that were used for making ferrous metal
workpieces, we may suggest that there were local fea¬
tures in blacksmith's culture development, that took
place in different regions, where Scythian tribes lived.
In conclusion, we have to mention, that black¬
smiths of Kursk Poseymje gave preference to ball-iron
workpieces and uced welding from two stripes of ho¬
mogeneous metal and rolling of derived blacksmith's
raw material to make these workpieces more massive.
Technological welding (glazing of steel blade on ferrous
base, three-level purposeful set) and thermotreatment
in their blacksmith's work is not so substantial, but the
main attention was given to surface case-hardening.
From the other hand, blacksmith's work of Forest-
steppe Dniprovskyi Left Bank tribes is represented by
noticeable reduction of ball-iron workpieces, but in¬
creasing of workpieces made of case-hardening and
espesially of welding steel. Archaic method of welding
from two stripes of homogeneous metal is almost un-
noticeable, but baling of derived blacksmith's raw ma¬
terial is half less than previous case. Though the quan¬
tity of workpieces made according to the technology of
constructive welding (glazing of steel blade on ferrous
base and three-level purposeful set) became twice as
much, and three times as much
—
heat-treated ones.
More attention was given to the technology of surface
one-sided and double-sided carbonizing.
The pecularity of blacksmith's work of Forest-steppe
Dniprovskyi Right Bank and Nothern Black Sea littoral
tribes was production of all-metal workpieces, predomi¬
nantly made of welding and case-hardened steel, using
the method of surface carbonizing and thermotreat¬
ment. But technological welding (glazing of steel blade
on ferrous base) is represented here only by several ex¬
emplars, and three-level purposeful set is absent at all.
We make the conclusion according to the develop¬
ment of Scythian ferrous-metallurgical output as the
branch of handicraft and its organization, we have to
say that it had handicraft nature and was on the level,
when there was a combination of ore mining (charcoal
mining too) and puddling iron output and its black¬
smith's manufacturing. As we can see, this production
was held within specialized big civil community, where
was special differentiation, when one members vorked
ore (and charcoal too), other members cleaned it and
made puddling iron, and the rest
—
made workpieces.
At the complexes where mining was held leavings of
non-ferrous metallurgy were found, so we may presup¬
pose that mining and iron metallurgy was not separat¬
ed from non-ferrous one in the Scythian production.
The evidence of this is the presence of mining equip¬
ment, that was used as ferrous mining as non-ferrous
metal mining, and its fluxxing.
According to present facts, nearly to the end of
X century B.C. puddling iron mining and processing
was held only in Forest-steppe villages and sites within
separate «handicrafts areas», where leavings of other
kinds of production are situated.
Though, from the end of IV century B.C. quite
large-scale permanent production and ferrous metal
processing was started in Northen Black Sea littoral.
Ferrous metallurgical production spread, at Kamjan-
ske site of ancient settlement, that was made by metal¬
lurgists-blacksmiths, who come from those who worked
on the territory of Forest-steppe Dniprovskyi Right Bank,
coincides with waves of economic crisis, that occupied
Olvia and influenced its production. It gives an oppor¬
tunity to suppose, that Olvia was the main commodity
market of iron and its workpieces, that were made at
Kamjanske site of ancient settlement and some neigh¬
bouring Scythian villages at those times.
Inventory filling of dwellings and dwellings-work¬
shops of Scythian metallurgists-blacksmiths proves
that they refered quite prosperous caste and according
to their rights and duties sorted with ordinary Scythian
commoners. According to the pattern of produced
by them output, we can suppose that Scythian black¬
smiths were universal foremen, and were able to make
any workpiece, starting from nail to sword.
What concerns the development of iron metal¬
lurgy at the centers of antique colonization of Nothern
Black Sea littoral, the Crimea and
Taman,
we have to
mention that it was based on the three local sources of
iron-ore raw material
—
limonites of Kerch iron-ore Ba¬
sin, close to them by structures limonites of
Taman
and
Ciscaucasia, hematites of Krivorozhsky iron-ore Basin.
According to present facts, wached and cleaned
iron-ore raw material was delivered from the place
of its mining to local centers of ferrous-metallurgical
production, where it was further cleaned, burned and
crushed.
The same way was done getting the second neces¬
sary component
—
charcoal. It was delivered to towns
in suitable for use.
Another special equipment, that provided output
and ferrous metal treatment, found at the centers of
antique ferrous metallurgy, was special lime hods, that
were used for thermotreatment and hydraulic works
—
pools and smeared with clay platforms, where ore was
cleanced and weathered (dried out).
For iron-ore raw material's processing into metal
in local antique mining metallurgy three types of pud¬
dling furnaces were used. Archaic and early classic pe¬
riod is represented with finds of pit forges of multiple
use wihtout cindering, graeco-roman period is repre¬
sented with pit cindering (cinder outlet) and ground
shaft furnaces with cindering.
264
Summary
Productivity of archaic pit forges of multiple use
without cinder outlet was from several hundreds
gramms to
1—2
kg of iron. Productivity of forges with
cinder outlet (ground shaft and pit) could reach
5
kg
suitable for processing iron.
Antique foremen used developed from archaic
times constructions of blacksmith's forges for heating
of blacksmith raw material, making different kinds of
workpieces. These forges had an open right-angled
form with skirtings-rises on each side, or with a skirting
board made of adobe bricks on one of the back.
The same as puddling, blacksmith's furnaces
worked on forced blast, that was made by leather bel¬
lows through ceramic nozzles.
Antique blacksmith production was made with the
help of special blacksmith-bench tooling made of iron
and steel, that nowadays is represented by finds of axe-
hammers, hammers, drift-punchers, bench and black¬
smith's chisels, coal tongs and blacksmith's swinging
pincers, stone and ferrous hammers.
Blacksmith's chisels, from Gorgippiya were made
of highly rigid phosphorous iron and it proves the level
of technology.
What concerns techno-technological development
of antique blacksmithing (which
assortiment
consisted
of nearly or more
40
items) we can come to the con¬
clusion that it was based on making all-metal work-
pieces (nearly
80
percent of all investigated) of ball
iron, mining and surface carburazed steel, faggoted
metal. According to great namber of workpieces made
of faggoted metal, we can may presuppose that it was
one of the peculiarities of antique blacksmithing in
the Nothern Black Sea littoral, the Crimea and
Taman.
At the same time, antique blacksmith's
work|Ü¡eces
are characterized by noticeable use of one-side and
double-side surface carbonization and by mas of. con¬
structive welding methods (nearly
20
percent of work¬
pieces made according to the technique of three-level
purposeful set, later-glazing of steel blade on ferrous
base, and finally glazing-in of steel blade to ferrous
base). The methods of thermotreatment (sorbitizing at
first) is represented by
4
workpieces only, that proves
the fact that antique blacksmiths didn't pay much at¬
tention to this technology, and the process of forming
certain blacksmith's stereotypes during the processing
of separate kinds of workpieces (the same as Scythians
did) was on that level, when more high-grade raw
materials were used for producing working tools and
armament supplies. More high-quality blacksmith's
raw materials and special technologies and construc¬
tions were used as well. Though, workpieces, which
were not overloaded during their exloitage were made
of ball iron without using additional methods and
constructions.
We have to mentioned that antique ferrous-metal¬
lurgical production was only urban handicraft, and the
most significant its memorials, found on the territory
of antique towns and
hillforts,
are connected with the
beginning of antique colonization and its finish.
It was just the production which was done within
the boundaries of certain handicraft settelments and
portside areas, and its output was aimed at meeting
domestic demands (needs). But existence of half-fi¬
nished blooms among certain findings proves the pre¬
sence as separate category of inhabitants, which made
a market of ferrous goods as iron-mining and black¬
smith's workshops stand alone.
The development of antique ferrous-metallurgical
differentiation was aimed at the direction of its sepa¬
ration from other kinds of metallurgy (copper mining,
foundry work) and division between puddling iron mi¬
ning and its blacksmith working, separation of iron-ore
mining and charcoal practice from blacksmith-metal¬
lurgical production as a whole.
We can certify a fact of existence of gunsmiths
(armour makers and those, who made a pikes) and
tanners, who also made other cutting tools. But by a
large blacksmiths of antique towns and
hillforts
were
universal masters, able to make different workpieces,
depending on needs.
Social organization of antique blacksmith-metallur¬
gical production was defined by fact, that there were
workshops, that belonged to free masters, and small
ergasterions, where several slaves were working for
more difficult labours. In the right quantities slave la¬
bour had to be used during the process of crude ore
mining, but according to needs of that material and
its «opened» character of mining, this exploitation
couldn't become intensive and wide-scale.
And in conclusion, comparative analysis of techno-
technological development of ferrous-metallurgical
production on the territory of modem Ukraine and its
neighbouring lands during Middle-Late Bronze Age at
Pre-Scythian Cimmerian and Scytho-Antiquity times
proves that it had own sources and further pathway, in¬
dependent neither of Anterior Asian region, nor Cauca¬
sus, Ciscaucasia and Transcaucasia, Mid-Volga region.
Present materials prove that previous practice of
metallic copper mining became the origin of local fer¬
rous metallurgy, and by-product was getting of ferrous
regulus and regulus-»floorings», which became the
raw materials for first workpieces made iron.
Special studying of these workpieces demonstra¬
ted the beginnings of blacksmith welding technology
not only homogeneous by substance of carbon, but
also by substance of iron and steel. It even gave the
examples of thermotriatment in use at the end of
Bronze Age.
Blacksmithing of tribes at Cimmerian period had
already proved deliberate use of previous cementation
of blacksmith's raw material, at last two kinds of ther¬
motreatment and constructive welding, that became
its distinction.
All these facts don't allow us to agree with conclu¬
sion, that thermotreatment was begun to use much
later by tribes of Cimmerian period than at North Cau¬
casian and Transcaucasian centers, and the progress at
iron treatment of Eastern Europe wholly, was provided
by strong impulse coming from Caucasian region.
The same as presence of heat-treated findings,
and, first of all, made according to the technology of
constructive welding, among blacksmith's workpieces,
which come from memorials of Scythian period on the
territory of modern Ukraine, separates local iron-treat-
265
Part I. Prescythian and scytho-antiquity period
ment
from that one, on which blacksmithing at other
regions was based at that period. Scythian blacksmi¬
thing corresponds to previous Cimmerian according to
the quantity of heat-treated coorkpieces, and made of
previously case-hardened steel and faggoted metal. It
proves «genetic» linkage between them and the devel¬
opment without noticeable external influence.
We have to compare techno-technological level
and pathways of antique blacksmithing development
on the territory of Nothern Black Sea littoral, the
Crimea and
Taman
with that one, which existed on the
territory of continental and island Greece. But accord¬
ing to the lack of archaeological metallographic exami¬
nation of its workpieces it is impossible to make.
Translated by
Katerina
NIKITYUK
Content
Introduction
.7
Chapter I. Ferrous metallurgical production stady of prescythian
and scytho-antiquity epoch on the territory of Ukraine
.9
Chapter ¡I. Source groundwork, its historical-archaeological
and historical-technical characteristic
.".'.23
Chapter HI. Iron metallurgy during the prescythian age on the territory of Ukraine
.
Ill
Chapter IV. The technique and technology of ferrous metallurgical production
of local tribes during the scythian and sarmatian age
.161
Chapter V. The technique and technology of ferrous metallurgical production
at antique centres of Northern Black Sea Littoral
.211
Chapter VI. Ferrous metallurgy at prescythian, scytho-sarmatian sites,
and at antique centres of Northern Black
Cea
Littoral. Comparative characteristics
.233
Conclussions
.247 |
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| author | Panʹkov, Serhij Valentynovyč |
| author_facet | Panʹkov, Serhij Valentynovyč |
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| id | DE-604.BV042114657 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:11:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789660271432 |
| language | Ukrainian |
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| spelling | Panʹkov, Serhij Valentynovyč Verfasser aut Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny 1 Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period S. V. Panʹkov Kyïv Inst. Archeolohiï 2014 279 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV042114645 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027555021&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027555021&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Panʹkov, Serhij Valentynovyč Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |
| title | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |
| title_auth | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |
| title_exact_search | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |
| title_full | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny 1 Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period S. V. Panʹkov |
| title_fullStr | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny 1 Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period S. V. Panʹkov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny 1 Peredskifsʹkyj i skifo-antyčnyj period S. V. Panʹkov |
| title_short | Starodavnja čorna metalurhija na terytoriï Ukraïny |
| title_sort | starodavnja corna metalurhija na terytorii ukrainy peredskifsʹkyj i skifo antycnyj period |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027555021&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027555021&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042114645 |
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