Limits to targeting in armed conflict: the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2011 [erschienen] 2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | VII, 276 S. |
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| adam_text | LIMITS TO TARGETING IN ARMED CONFLICT
THE PRINCIPLES OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMBATANTS AND CIVILIANS, HUMANITY
AND MILITARY NECESSITY
DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES
. AN DER FAKULTAT FUR RECHTSWISSENSCHAFT
DER UNIVERSITAT HAMBURG
VORGELEGT VON
DANA CONSTANTIN
AUS GROBBURGWEDEL
HAMBURG 2011
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/104825433X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
ABBREVIATIONS V
PREFACE 1
PART I 5
WAR 5
A. THE EVOLUTION OF WARFARE OVER THE CENTURIES 5
I. ANTIQUITY 5
II. MIDDLE AGES 6
III. EARLY MODEM TIMES
IV. THE POST-WESTPHALIAN PERIOD 8
V. THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARS 10
VI. RISING NATIONALISM, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE DAWN OF
SOCIALISM 11
VII. THE 20TH CENTURY 14
1. THE TOTAL WAR ERA 14
2. THE COLD WAR PERIOD 16
A) FRAGILE STATEHOOD AND NEW WARS 17
B) IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS 18
C) GUEMLLA WARFARE 18
3. THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD 23
A) THE (RE-)ERUPTION OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE 23
B) UN POLICING 24
C) THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM 25
D) STRATEGIC AIR WARFARE 26
B. 21ST CENTURY WARFARE 27
I. ACTORS 28
1. PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT 28
2. PARTICIPANTS IN THE HOSTILITIES 29
II. MOTIVES AND CAUSES OF ARMED VIOLENCE 30
III. HOW WAR IS FOUGHT 32
1. STRATEGY 32
A) INSURGENT STRATEGY 33
B) COUNTERINSURGENT STRATEGY 35
2. TACTICS 37
A) INSURGENT TACTICS 37
B) COUNTERINSURGENT TACTICS 38
3. HIGH-TECHNOLOGY V. LOW-TECHNOLOGY 39
I
IV. CONCLUSION 40
PART II 43
THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMBATANTS AND CIVILIANS 43
A. THE EVOLUTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 46
I. ANTIQUITY 46
II. MIDDLE AGES 47
III. EARLY MODERN TIMES 50
IV. 1648 UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF CODIFICATION 53
V. CONCLUSION 58
B. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT 59
I. THE LIEBER CODE OF 1863 60
1. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS V. MEN IN ARMS 61
2. UNARMED CITIZENS 64
3. CONCLUSION 66
II. THE BRUSSELS DECLARATION OF 1874 66
1. RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY 68
A) REGULAR ARMY 69
B) MILITIAS AND VOLUNTEER CORPS 71
AA) THE CONDITIONS OF BELLIGERENT STATUS 71
(1) RESPONSIBLE PERSON 72
(2) FIXED DISTINCTIVE SIGN RECOGNISABLE AT A DISTANCE 72
(3) OPEN CARRYING OF ARMS 74
(4) OBSERVING THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR DURING THEIR
OPERATIONS 74
(5) BELONGING TO A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT 74
BB) RESISTANCE IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 75
CC) ADDRESSEE OF THE CONDITIONS 75
C) LEVEE EN MASSE 76
D) CASES NOT EXPRESSLY REGULATED BY THE BRUSSELS DECLARATION 76
E) CONCLUSION 77
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 77
3. CONCLUSION 80
III. THE HAGUE REGULATIONS OF 1899 AND 1907 81
1. RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY 81
A) REGULAR ARMY 84
B) MILITIAS AND VOLUNTEER CORPS 86
C) CONCLUSION 90
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 91
II
3. CONCLUSION 94
IV. THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1949 95
1. RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY 95
A) ARMED FORCES 96
B) MILITIAS, VOLUNTEER CORPS AND ORGANISED RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS 102
AA) ORGANISATION AND RESPONSIBLE LEADER 102
BB) FIXED DISTINCTIVE SIGN RECOGNISABLE AT A DISTANCE 103
CC) OPEN CARRYING OF ARMS 106
DD) BELONGING TO A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT 106
EE) ADDRESSEE OF THE CONDITIONS 113
C) CONCLUSION 114
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 114
A) UNPRIVILEGED COMBATANTS 114
B) PROTECTED PERSONS AS CIVILIANS FOR THE PURPOSES OF TARGETING 117
C) PART II OF GENEVA CONVENTION IV OF 1949 119
D) ART. 3GCI-IV 120
E) THE NOTION OF ARMED FORCES 122
F) CONCLUSION 122
V. ICRC DRAFT RULES OF 1956 123
VI. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I OF 1977 126
1. CONSULTATION OF EXPERTS (1969/1970) 127
2. FIRST CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT EXPERTS (1971) 128
3. SECOND CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT EXPERTS (1972) 129
4. THE FINAL DRAFT (1973) 130
5. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I OF 1977 132
A) PRIVILEGED COMBATANTS 132
AA) ARMED FORCES 133
(1) ART. 43(1) CL. 2 AP I 134
(2) BELONGING TO 137
(3) CONCLUSION 139
BB) EXCEPTIONS TO ART. 43(2) AP 1 139
(1) ART. 44(3) AND (4) AP 1 139
(2) ART. 46(1) API 144
(3) ART. 47(1) API 145
(4) CONCLUSION 146
B) THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 146
AA) ART. 43 AP I 146
HI
BB) ART. 4A(1), (2), (3) AND (6) GC III 150
CC) CONCLUSION 152
VII. THE CURRENT STATE OF CUSTOMARY LAW 153
1. CONDITIONS OF COMBATANCY 153
A) THE NOTION OF ARMED FORCES 153
B) REASONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LOSS OF STATUS 154
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION 155
A) THE DEFINITION OF CIVILIAN 155
B) MEMBERSHIP IN THE ARMED FORCES 160
C) PARTICIPANTS IN A LEVEE EN MASSE 167
D) CONCLUSION 167
VIII. CONCLUSION 167
C. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT 169
I. ART. 3GCI-IV 169
II. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II 171
III. CUSTOMARY LAW 174
IV. TERMINOLOGY 179
V. CONCLUSION 180
D. THE NOTION OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES 180
I. THRESHOLD OF HARM 182
II. DIRECT CAUSATION 188
III. BELLIGERENT NEXUS 190
IV. BEGINNING AND END OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES 191
V. FOR SUCH TIME AS 196
VI. CONCLUSION 201
E. CONCLUSION 202
PART III 203
LIMITS TO TARGETING 203
A. THE PROHIBITION OF SUPERFLUOUS INJURY AND UNNECESSARY SUFFERING 205
B. THE MARTENS CLAUSE 207
I. THE MARTENS CLAUSE AS A CATALYST FOR CUSTOMARY LAW 209
II. HUMANITY AND THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE AS SOURCES OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF IHL 211
C. THE PRINCIPLE OF MILITARY NECESSITY 221
D. THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 229
E. CONCLUSION 230
CONCLUSION 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY 237
IV
|
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| spellingShingle | Constantin, Dana Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 gnd Nichtkombattant (DE-588)4564797-5 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd Militärische Intervention (DE-588)4027497-4 gnd |
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| title | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity |
| title_auth | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity |
| title_exact_search | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity |
| title_full | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity vorgelegt von Dana Constantin |
| title_fullStr | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity vorgelegt von Dana Constantin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity vorgelegt von Dana Constantin |
| title_short | Limits to targeting in armed conflict |
| title_sort | limits to targeting in armed conflict the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians humanity and military necessity |
| title_sub | the principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, humanity and military necessity |
| topic | Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 gnd Nichtkombattant (DE-588)4564797-5 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd Militärische Intervention (DE-588)4027497-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zivilbevölkerung Nichtkombattant Humanitäres Völkerrecht Bewaffneter Konflikt Militärische Intervention Hochschulschrift |
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