Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lʹviv
Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | kostenfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sparche |
| Beschreibung: | 175 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789660268357 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni |c Viktor Vojnarovsʹkyj |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lʹviv |b Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča |c 2013 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152549635260416 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Зміст
Вступ
..............................................................................................................................5
Розділ І. Топографія пам ятки та опис об єктів
.....................................................9
Розділ
II.
Аналіз матеріалів:
-
споруди, їх функціональне призначення
............................................29
-кераміка
................................................................................................... 36
-
окремі знахідки, датування пам ятки,
її культурна належність
..............................................................................40
Розділ НІ. Ряд археологічних ознак шкірвиробництва
на матеріалі з Добринівців І:
.................................................................94
-
стаціонарні артефакти шкіробробки
....................................................97
-
рухомі артефакти
....................................................................................101
-
палеоекономічний аналіз комплексу
................................................106
Висновки
.................................................................................................................. 126
Додаток: Об єкти ранньоримського часу з Добринівців І
...............................128
Література
................................................................................................................ 143
Summary
....................................................................................................................155
- *
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175
Summary
Of all human activities of the time, ancient production is the one most
easily elucidated through archaeological means. The manufacturing process must
follow clearly outlined technological requirements; these can largely be specificat-
ed and reconstructed by applying to ancient products modern analysis methods,
which include modeling of the production process and comparison with well-doc-
umented ethnographic parallels. At the same time, the author notes a paradox:
from an archaeological standpoint, production and craft are the human activities
easiest to explore - primitive technologies are well-preserved and relatively easy to
recreate - yet ancient production and economics remain on the margins of archae-
ological studies. This production hiatus is especially relevant in the case of those
crafts of which no stationary objects persist and which are characterized by their
produce and tools only. Currying, skin tanning is one such craft - common in the
ancient world but going largely beneath the notice of modern archaeology. As such,
skin production is often underestimated in the context of its role in the economy
of ancient societies. This holds especially true in light of the extreme importance
leather and its produce had in all areas of life and work in these times. Chernyakh-
iv culture of the 3rd-5th c. A.D. also suffers from these issues, even being called
a product of craft and trade .
This work describes and analyzes materials gathered by the author over
the course of several years (1985-1991) from Dobrynivtsi I, a specialized currying
cell from the 4th c. A.D. belonging to the Chernyakhiv culture. These Late Roman
time production facilities were situated separate from the main settlement, sta-
tioned near a limestone quarry. Overall, 9 currying workshops have been explored;
these range in size from 33 to 108 sq. m and are immersed 1-3 m below the ground
level of that time. The workshops share a number of distinctive features: large (4-
10 sq. m, possibly more) pit-vats of oval or figure-8 shape, often filled with rem-
nants of lime, chalk, gypsum, ash, and tanning solutions, a lime slaking pit, specific
heat-producing devices and inventory. All these objects are characteristic of ancient
currying. Removal of the production complex from the settlement proper, its large
scope, a common design shared by all discovered workshops, results of the paleo-
economlc analysis of the currying and auxiliary facilities and equipment, studies
into the raw material supply of the complex - all of these point towards leather
production in this cell being specialized, highly professional, and market-oriented.
Materials from a lower layer of the site, which belong to a 2nd and 3rd c.
A.D. settlement of the Zubryts culture and also feature multiple indications of skin
processing, will also be published. These directly underlay the Dobrynivtsi I currying
complex and may be related to the Chernyakhiv culture in the region. In order to
present a detailed reconstruction of the leather production process In Dobrynivt-
si I, the author extensively draws upon materials gathered by him from Gryada I,
a specialized currying cell of the Chernyakhiv culture situated near Lviv, and Perun,
a unique (due to well-preserved organics; excavation revealed wooden vats filled
with skins, fur, and hair, barrels with remains of ooze, and a crate of lime) curry-
ing complex of the 15th-16th c. A.D. in the center of Lviv. The author also provides
detailed analogies to leather production facilities of Dobrynivtsi (workshops and
pit-vats most of all), including those excavated, from among materials belonging to
earlier times (ranging between late Neolith and the early Iron Age).
None of their characteristics contradict the possibility of specifically skin
processing taking place in the excavated workshops. Smaller pit-vats could be used
for preparation of liming, pickling, tanning, and dyeing solutions. The lengthy wet
processing of skins could take place in the figure-8 vats as well as some of the
oval pits. The figure-8 vats correspond to the usual shape of an animal hide (wide,
oviform sides, narrower along the spine). The size of the smaller vats is less than
2 sq. m, which is consistent with the hides of small cattle. The larger oval and figue-
8 vats have surface areas between 4 and 8 sq. m, some reaching 10 sq. m; these
figures correspond to the size of large cattle hides.
The pit-vats are characterized by their shallowness, their depth commonly
ranging between 0.4 and 0.8 m below ground or floor level; such figures are opti-
mal for skin processing. The depth does not change between the two sides of the
figure-8 pits, only the border between them being slightly elevated. Evidently, this
notch was used to fixate the skins by their vertebral part, so as not to let them drift
freely in the solution.
An indispensable structural detail of a pit-vat is an incline of a single side about
1.5 m long, whereas the other three walls are vertical. This slope was used to drag
the heavy, wet skins out of the pit without collapsing its walls. On the side turned to
the work platform, each vat features a triangular slanted surface evened by skins,
which also facilitated this action.
In Dobrynivtsi workshops, the pit-vats are situated close to the buildings
walls but not nestling on them, leaving some margin in between. The meaning of
such placement may have been to provide reliable support for a cover formed by
wooden poles laid over the pit. Such platforms could be used to stand on while
working on skins below. Spreading wet skins over these poles to allow part of the
solution drip back into the pit may have been another use for them. The author s
assumption about the role of such placement of the pit-vats is also supported by
ethnographic parallels.
Close to a vat or a group of pit-vats, a work platform for mechanical curry-
ing tasks was usually situated. The platform is a flattened, ground-level part of the
floor on which a greater number of currying inventory and animal bones are found.
.. mmmKmmmmmmMmmmammmMtMmmmmsamBSimam
Here, skins were spread for removal of hair and subcutaneous tissue, staking, oil-
ing, shaving, and ironing. Part of the production process may have been conducted
outside the workshops, seeing as large areas of cleared and flattened ground (work
platforms) and traces of currying have been found.
A few heat-producing devices (hearths and portable hearthstones) or
a large clay stove were necessary for keeping the workshops warm and drying skins,
especially in autumn and winter (the best leather is produced from autumn kills),
heating solutions (a number of tasks can only be conducted in hot solutions), and
heat processing skins. A layer of sand served as the bottom of the stove in build-
ing 1. As sand accumulates heat well, it was used to dry skins, at the same time
degreasing them.
Large flat stones on the floor of building 3 may have been meant for stak-
ing skins or grinding bark. The process of tanning 100 kg of raw skins required up to
500 kg (!) of oak bark. It is possible that the two stone platforms in building 1 were
also used for the latter purpose.
Numerous animal bones are excavated from currying sites. Skulls, jaw
bones, and limbs are the most frequent finds. A possible explanation for such hap-
penings lies in the extensive use of animal brain matter, marrow, fat, grease, and
decomposed liver in the currying process (fatiiquoring, stuffing, and oiling to make
leather softer and water-resistant). Beyond this, rough skins were also soaked in
glue made of bones, horns, and hoofs; powdered bones and hoofs were also used
to make bone oil, with which skins were greased; fish bones and scales were used
to produce phosphate of lime. Furthermore, analyzing the produce of Late Roman
bone carving workshops shows almost complete absence of currying tools in their
nomenclature. This leads the author to believe that curriers made these simple
tools by themselves.
An accumulation of over 100 mollusk shells was discovered in building
1 of the Dobrynivtsi currying cell. To explain their presence, shells consist largely of
limestone, which was used to lime skins. Mollusk meat could have also been used
in stuffing.
That currying was the focus of the production cell is also supported by the
character of the iron and bone tools found in the workshops. Auxiliary artifacts
at and around the cell also serve to attest that leather production took place in
Dobrynivtsi I. Among them are the cell s advanced water system, local deposits of
limestone and gypsum (necessary for liming and degreasing skins; gypsum is also
used in lime production), availability of oak in the nearby forest, traces of lime
and tannins in vats and on floors, and the lime slaking pit (the greatest part of all
lime produced by ancient societies was used for leather production). Additionally,
the availability of gleyed, plastic, watertight clays (the complex was located on an
elevated area where clays are naturally closer to the surface - only 0.2 m deep,
mmm
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whereas this figure stands at 0.8-1 m for the surrounding lowlands) meant that less
earthwork would be necessary for the construction of workshops and pit-vats; such
placement of the complex also protected it from floods and possible rise of ground-
water.
Pottery found on the site is typical of Chernyakhiv culture settlements from
Bukovina and Middle Dniester region. At the same time, it should be noted that this
assortment lacks any traits characteristic of either the earliest stage of Chernyakhiv
culture (3rd c. A.D.; pottery from this period includes a high percentage of hand-
made, rather than wheel-made, wares) or its final stages (late 4th and the first half
of 5th c. A.D.; notable decrease in variety, increased percentage of pithoi, presence
of sand in all clays).
Except for pottery of their time, the buildings of Dobrynivtsi I held no house-
hold inventory usually found in housing (spindle whorls, awls, needles, sinkers, fibu-
lae, combs, keys, netting bone needles). Beyond all doubt, this indicates that the ex-
cavated objects were non-residential. Other items found at the site include pieces
of iron knives, an iron hook, scattered parts of decorations, bone scrapers and bone
pegs. Iron (long-lasting) tools are dominant at the site. The author makes interest-
ing observations about the so called pegs: the wide upper part (epiphysis) often
has incisions that accentuate the tool s head, one too small to serve as a handle or
to tie one to, there are traces of friction underneath the epiphysis or the orifice in
it (evidently used for tying rope and stretching a skin on the ground this way), pegs
have often been found driven vertically into the floor (Chornivka I, excavated by the
author). This, along with their correlation to other currying artifacts show beyond
doubt that the general utilization of bone pegs was to fixate skins stretched on the
ground or, more likely, as a rest to which ropes stretching the skin were tied. The
common shape of the bone pegs regardless of territory or time period points to
a universal (main or possibly only) function in skin processing.
All in all, analysis of ceramics and material finds from Dobrynivtsi I allows to
accurately date the production cell at 4th c. A.D. and classify it as belonging to the
Chernyakhiv culture.
The Chernyakhiv currying complex of Dobrynivtsi I is an object of special-
ized and highly professional trade. Aside from those cited above, there are several
additional arguments favoring this statement. First of all, Chernyakhiv culture was
market-oriented and inclusive of foreign markets; Northern Bukovina had an incli-
nation towards animal husbandry, producing high quantities of cattle ֊ domina-
tion of animal husbandry in the local population s household economy holds true
throughout the entirety of Medieval and Early Modern times. Secondly, Chernyakh-
iv culture had specialized pottery, iron smelting and metalworking, jewellery and
glassmaking; however, these productions were focused entirely on the domestic
158:
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market. The extreme importance of leather in the population s everyday life and its
role as the main export in return for imported goods (which are found aplenty in
Chernyakiv culture settlements in the region; the needs of Rome and its provinces
in raw materials for their own leather productions, primarily to satisfy the rising
demand of the Roman army, in the second quarter of the 1st millennium A.D. had
become staggering; in the author s own observations, unlike its well known sewing
and leather working workshops, Rome did not have large scale specialized currying
productions of their own, neither in its ancient towns and their vicinity, nor even
deep in the countryside) point towards the possible and even necessary (!) market
orientation of Chernyakhiv leather productions; thus, specialized currying.
The specifics of the currying process in Late Roman times also affirm its
specialization. The skin processing season lasted approximately 7 months a year,
starting in May and ending in November. This overlaps with the majority of agricul-
tural field work. Furthermore, autumn kills produced the highest quality leather,
meaning their processing had to take place during harvest. Curriers that partook
in mass leather production were occupied over the entire agricultural and cattle-
raising season of that time; as such, it was impossible to combine these activities.
A craftsman from Dobrynivtsi (or craftsmen, or a family - processing large skins
was impossible with just one person) that had a currying workshop was unlikely to
engage in farming or leather crafting - on top of those 7 months dedicated to cur-
rying proper, additional time was required to prepare reagents, procure and burn
out limestone, gather tree bark, build new vats and workshops, and potentially sell
the produce, though the author is convinced that the Chernyakhiv culture currier
was free of this obligation, sales being conducted by dedicated merchants instead.
Additionally, no tools or implements that would hint at leather working have been
found at the site. Even more than affirming the narrow specialization in currying,
the lack of data linking it with leather working shows that leather was produced
specifically for export. Evidently, leather working in Chernyakhiv culture was purely
a household trade.
Finally, paleoeconomic analysis of the complex also points towards special-
ization. For many reasons, such an analysis can only be superficial but even so, con-
clusions made from it are astounding. Going by the sizes of the large figure-8 vats,
up to 10 large skins could be processed simultaneously in each of these (buildings
3, 11, and 12 even had paired figure-8 vats). This number is also supported by Late
Medieval prohibitions to dress more than 10 skins in a single vat due to the ex-
cess decrease in quality. It has been determined that steeping 100 skins in lye took
100 liters of solution; in other words, 1 liter per skin. This process took place in
8 pits on average, meaning each had to hold 12.5 liters of solution; this fits the
needs of lying 10 skins and even the minimal volume of the vats once losses through
seeping of the fluid into the ground and evaporation are accounted for. It took
a month on average to process 10 skins. However, there existed at least 5 work-
shops at any point of time: the excavated part covers but a third of the cell s entire
area, materials from early and final stages of the Chemyakhiv culture are absent,
meaning the cell existed for a relatively short period, and each workshop functioned
for a relatively long time (building a new one required extensive earthwork and
considerable effort overall). Considering that the currying season lasted 7 months,
10x5x7 results in 350 hides processed of large cattle {ox, cow, horse) alone. And this
figure assumes that the pit-vats were not used all year round and workshops had
only one functional vat at a time. According to ethnographic data, the number of
small hides processed at Dobrynivtsi I was four to five times greater. This is compa-
rable to the productivity of an average currying cell from the 16th-18th century.
As currying was an all year round occupation for a Dobrynivtsi craftsman
rather than a seasonal one, it was impossible to combine it with agricultural activ-
ity; this is grounds to assume that this craft was a specialized production. The ab-
sence of signs hinting towards combined currying and leather crafting shows a well
developed professional specialization. Internal specialization (within its field), sepa-
ration of currying, furriery, and saddlery, had evidently not yet occurred, seeing as
the workshops also held small pit-vats, possibly used for processing sheep s hides,
and preparation of leather usable in saddlery is but another stage in the currying
process that could be conducted in these workshops.
Different degrees of specialization in currying during Late Roman times
have been noted by the author not only at the level of cells or settlements but
as characteristic of whole regions, including Upper Dniester region and the lands
along Western Bug (Cherepyn, Ripniv 2, Bovshiv 2, Neslukhiv, Rakobuty), Bukovina
and the neighboring left bank part of the Middle Dniester region (Dobrynivtsi I,
Chornivka I, Sokil, Bakota), Desna s basin (Roiische, Ulianivka), as well as, possibly,
Budjak steppes (Nahorne 2, 3, 4, Etulia, Novoselivka). That is, regions where animal
husbandry dominated as a household activity and showed signs of consumer and
market orientation.
The Chernyakhiv culture currying complex of Dobrynivtsi I allowed to de-
termine a number of indicators of ancient currying, primarily stationary ones. It
helped link auxiliary productions - lime, charcoal, tar, potash production, etc. - to
specialized currying. Finally, it also helped establish discernment and interpretation
(including reinterpretation) methods for ancient currying objects, paleoeconomic
analysis methods for leather production cells and complexes, as well as methods to
determine the roles of different factors (historical circumstance, existence of free
trade and a monetary system, social and material standing of the populace) in the
specialization process of leather production and the transition of multiple other
160 ՝: ֊*.·.·՝. _ v - ■· ·■ ï£
household productions, such as bone carving or woodworking, to market orienta-
tion.
Today, currying is becoming more archeologicaliy existent. It is being steadi-
ly outlined as a most important element of Chernyakhiv tribes economy as well as
that of other ancient societies with similar levels of socioeconomic development.
161
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč |
| author_facet | Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč |
| author_variant | v m v vm vmv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042091805 |
| collection | ebook |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)892337837 (DE-599)BVBBV042091805 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tschernowzy Oblast (DE-588)4472322-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschernowzy Oblast |
| id | DE-604.BV042091805 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:12:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789660268357 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027532649 |
| oclc_num | 892337837 |
| open_access_boolean | 1 |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 175 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | ebook |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč Verfasser aut Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni Viktor Vojnarovsʹkyj Lʹviv Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča 2013 175 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sparche Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschernowzy Oblast (DE-588)4472322-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschernowzy Oblast (DE-588)4472322-2 g Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe http://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/books/book/?newsid=604 Verlag kostenfrei Volltext http://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/books/book/?newsid=604 Resolving-System kostenfrei Volltext Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027532649&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027532649&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vojnarovsʹkyj, Viktor Mykolajovyč Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186375-6 (DE-588)4472322-2 |
| title | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni |
| title_auth | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni |
| title_exact_search | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni |
| title_full | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni Viktor Vojnarovsʹkyj |
| title_fullStr | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni Viktor Vojnarovsʹkyj |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni Viktor Vojnarovsʹkyj |
| title_short | Dobrynivci I - čynbarsʹkyj kompleks černjachivsʹkoï kulʹtury na Bukovyni |
| title_sort | dobrynivci i cynbarsʹkyj kompleks cernjachivsʹkoi kulʹtury na bukovyni |
| topic | Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tschernjachowkultur Tschernowzy Oblast |
| url | http://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/books/book/?newsid=604 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027532649&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027532649&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vojnarovsʹkyjviktormykolajovyc dobrynivciicynbarsʹkyjkomplekscernjachivsʹkoikulʹturynabukovyni |