Around the world in 18 elements:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 235 S. graph. Darst. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152518635159552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Around the world in 18 elements
Autor: Scott, David A
Jahr: 2014
Contents
Chapter 1 Phosphorus 1
1.1 Phosphorus the Non-metal? 1
1.2 The Discovery of Phosphorus 2
1.3 Oxidation States of Phosphorus 3
1.4 The Phosphorus Cycle 4
1.5 Will Phosphorus ever Run Out? 7
1.6 Phosphorus Extraction and Green Chemistry 8
1.7 Conclusions 8
References 9
Chapter 2 Iron 10
2.1 Journey to the Centre of the Earth 10
2.2 Life on Earth 11
2.3 The Iron Age 12
2.4 Our Iron-clad Civilization 13
2.5 The Versatility of Iron Chemistry 13
2.6 Iron and the Great Oxidation Event 13
2.7 Some Iron Compounds: Mohr s Salt 14
2.8 Iron at the Centre of Things Again 15
2.9 Global Warming! Iron Comes to the Rescue? 17
2.10 Conclusions: Iron and Mars 17
References 18
Chapter 3 Nitrogen 19
3.1 Nitrogen: Life-limiting Element 19
3.2 Activating Nitrogen 20
Around the World in 18 Elements
By David A. Scott
© Scott 2014
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
xi
xü Contents
3.3 Rates of Reaction 21
3.4 The Law of Constant Composition 22
3.5 Producing Nitric Oxide (NO) 22
3.6 Game for a Laugh? 23
3.7 He who Laughs Last... 23
3.8 Air Bags 23
3.9 Amino Acids 24
3.10 Nitrogen: Stable Element, Reactive Compounds 25
3.11 Molecule of the 20th Century? 26
3.12 Conclusions 27
Reference 27
Chapter 4 Sulfur 28
4.1 Sulfur and Alchemy 28
4.2 The Sulfur Cycle 29
4.3 Sulfur in the Earth s Crust 30
4.4 Sulfuric Acid 31
4.5 Sulfates 32
4.6 Sodium Thiosulfate: A Useful Analyte 34
4.7 Organic Sulfur 35
4.8 Sulfur in Proteins 36
4.9 Sulfur: A Role in Getting Life Started? 36
4.10 Sulfur and Hydrothermal Vents 37
4.11 Conclusions 38
References 38
Chapter 5 Calcium 39
5.1 Dalton s Symbol for Lime 40
5.2 Slaked Lime 41
5.3 Extraction of Calcium 42
5.4 Identifying Calcium from its Atomic Emission
Spectrum 42
5.5 Calcium, Cement and Concrete 43
5.6 Hard Water, Scum and Scale 44
5.6.1 Scum 44
5.6.2 How Hard is Your Water? 45
5.6.3 Quantifying Calcium Ions in Solution 45
5.7 Limestone and Soil pH Regulation 46
5.8 Calcium s Biological Role 46
5.8.1 Intracellular Calcium 47
5.8.2 Calcium is there at the Very Beginning of
life... 48
5.8.3 .. .And at the End 48
5.9 Conclusions 48
Contents xiii
Chapter 6 Lead 49
6.1 Plumbers 50
6.2 Lead and Silver 51
6.3 Lead Extraction 52
6.4 The Romans and Lead 53
6.4.1 Roman Wine 53
6.5 Lead in your Bones? 54
6.6 Red Lead 54
6.7 The Lead-acid Accumulator Battery 54
6.8 Lead Isotopes and the Age of the Earth 55
6.9 Tetra-ethyl Lead 55
6.10 Lead Poisoning: Some more Biochemistry 57
6.11 Conclusions 58
References 58
Chapter 7 Lithium 59
7.1 Lithium and Magnesium: A Diagonal Relationship 59
7.2 Stones and Stars 60
7.3 The Electrochemistry of Lithium 61
7.4 Lithium Carbonate 64
7.5 Lithium Compounds in Organic Synthesis 65
7.6 Apollo 13: Lithium Hydroxide to the Rescue 66
7.7 Lithium: Like Walking on the Bottom of the Ocean 67
7.8 Conclusions 68
Reference 68
Chapter 8 Iodine 69
8.1 A New Element from Seaweed 69
8.2 Testing for Iodine with Starch 70
8.3 Extracting Iodine from Seaweed 71
8.4 Iodine Deciency 72
8.4.1 Thyroxine 72
8.5 Iodine and Radioactivity 73
8.6 Iodide as a Catalyst 74
8.7 Iodine, kelp and the Climate 75
8.8 Conclusions 75
References 75
Chapter 9 Copper 76
9.1 Copper in History 77
9.2 Venus, Goddess of Love (and Copper) 78
xiv Contents
9.3 Modern Copper Rening 79
9.4 Copper Coins 80
9.5 Copper, Redox Reactions and the Concept of Free
Energy 81
9.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Determining
Enthalpy of Reaction 81
9.5.2 Results 81
9.6 Copper and Biochemistry 83
9.6.1 Copper as a Micronutrient 84
9.7 Conclusions 85
References 85
Chapter 10 Fluorine 86
10.1 Natural Abundance 87
10.2 Apatites 88
10.3 Determining the Bond Enthalpy of F2 using a
Born-Haber Cycle 89
10.4 Fluorine and Redox 89
10.5 Organofluorine Compounds 90
10.6 Noroxacin: An Antibiotic of Last Resort? 91
10.7 Fluoro Polymers 92
10.7.1 Inertness can be a Problem 92
10.8 The Effect of Fluorine on pKa 93
10.9 Sulfur Hexafluoride 93
10.10 Sarin 94
10.11 19F Atoms can give Rise to an NMR Spectrum 94
10.12 Some Microbes can Metabolize Organofluorines 95
10.13 Conclusions 95
Chapter 11 Aluminium 96
11.1 Aluminium: Period Three s Odd Man Out 97
11.2 Aluminium Extraction 97
11.2.1 Electrolysis 98
11.3 Cleaning your Silverware with Aluminium
Foil 99
11.4 Alums 10°
11.5 Molecules with Aluminium 10°
11.6 Aluminium and its Alloys 101
11.7 The Thermite Reaction 101
11.8 Is Aluminium Harmful? 102
11.9 Conclusions 103
Contents xv
Chapter 12 Hydrogen 104
12.1 Hydrogen: A Unique Element 105
12.2 Solving the Sun s Energy Problem 105
12.3 Hydrogen Production and Usage 106
12.4 Water and the Development of Chemistry 108
12.5 Water and the pH Scale 109
12.6 Hydrogen Bonding 111
12.7 Proton NMR 111
12.8 Conclusions 113
Reference 113
Chapter 13 Chlorine 114
13.1 Chlorine: A Member of Group VII, the Halogens 115
13.2 Preparation of Chlorine 115
13.3 Chlorine in the Prevention of Infection 116
13.4 Chlorine and Water Sterilization 117
13.5 Chlorate I (or Hypochlorite) 118
13.6 Chlorine s Isotopic Signature 119
13.7 Chlorine-based Medicines and the Treatment
of Cancer 120
13.8 Some more Chlorine-containing Molecules 120
13.9 Chloride Ions and the Cell 121
13.10 CFCs 122
13.11 Conclusions 123
Chapter 14 Zinc 124
14.1 Zinc: d block yes, Transition Metal no 125
14.2 Zinc Isotopes 125
14.3 Zinc: Abundance and Extraction 126
14.3.1 Extraction 126
14.4 Zinc and the Voltaic Pile 127
14.4.1 Humphrey Davy and the Voltaic Pile 128
14.4.2 The Voltaic Pile and Its Impact on
Neuroscience 129
14.5 The Daniell Cell 129
14.6 The Nernst Equation 129
14.7 Zinc Alkaline Electrochemical Cells 131
14.8 Zinc: Galvanizing and the Sacricial Anode 131
14.9 Some Zinc Biochemistry 131
14.10 Conclusions 132
References 132
xvi Contents
Chapter 15 Mercury 133
15.1 Liquid Silver 134
15.2 Mercury and Alchemy 134
15.3 Cinnabar 135
15.4 Mercury II Oxide and the Birth of Modern
Chemistry 135
15.5 Mercury and the Castner-Kellner Process 136
15.6 The Mercury Cell 138
15.7 Mercury: Poison or Cure? 138
15.8 Organomercury 139
15.9 Conclusions 140
Reference 140
Chapter 16 Manganese 141
16.1 Manganese and Redox Chemistry 141
16.1.1 Redox Titrations Involving Manganate VII 142
16.2 Manganese and Biogeochemical Cycles 143
16.3 Some more Redox Reactions of Manganese Ions
in Solution 144
16.4 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen: The Winkler Titration 145
16.5 Some more Useful Manganese Compounds 146
16.6 Manganese and the Evolution of Photosynthesis 147
16.7 Conclusions 147
Chapter 17 Oxygen 149
17.1 Oxygen Above and Below 150
17.2 Oxygen: The First Global Pollutant 151
17.3 The Discovery of Oxygen 152
17.4 Oxygen: Acid Former 153
17.5 Oxygen and the Ozone Layer 154
17.6 Oxygen in Organic Chemistry 155
17.7 Reactive Oxygen Species 156
17.8 Conclusions 157
Reference 157
Chapter 18 Carbon 158
18.1 Carbon: Limitless Potential l59
18.2 Spectroscopic Analysis l61
18.3 Carbon Chemistry and Optical Isomerism l61
18.4 Vitalism and Organic Chemistry l62
18.5 From Organic Chemistry to Biochemistry l62
Contents xvii
18.6 R or S, + or - 163
18.7 Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans 164
18.8 Buffering the Oceans 165
18.9 Buffering the Blood: Carbonic Anhydrases 165
18.10 Carbon Isotopes and Life s Signature 166
18.11 Conclusions 167
References 167
Answers 168
Subject Index 226
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| title_short | Around the world in 18 elements |
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