Understanding syntax:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2015
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| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Understanding language
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 341 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780415746991 9780415746984 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Understanding syntax
Autor: Tallerman, Maggie
Jahr: 2015
Contents List of tables and figures xii Note to the instructor xiii Note to the student xiv Acknowledgements xvi List of abbreviations used in examples xvii 1 What is syntax? 1 1.1 Some concepts and misconceptions 1 1.1.1 What is the study of syntax about? 1 1.1.2 Language change 7 1.2 Use of linguistic examples 11 1.2.1 Why not just use examples from English? 11 1.2.2 How to read linguistic examples 13 1.3 Why do languages have syntax? 19 1.3.1 Word order 19 1.3.2 Promotion and demotion processes 22 1.3.3 All languages have structure 24 Further reading 27 Exercises 27 2 Words belong to different classes 33 2.1 Identifying word classes 33 2.1.1 How can we tell that words belong to different classes? 33 2.1.2 Starting to identify nouns, adjectives and verbs 34 2.1.3 An illustration: How do speakers of a language identify word classes? 37 2.2 Verbs 40 2.2.1 An introduction to verb classes 40 2.2.2 Verbs and their grammatical categories 43 2.3 Nouns 48 2.3.1 Semantic roles for noun phrases 48 2.3.2 Syntactic roles for noun phrases 49 2.3.3 Nouns and their grammatical categories 52 2.3.4 Nouns, definiteness and determiners 55 2.4 Adjectives 58 2.4.1 Positions and functions of adjectives 58
viii Contents 2.4.2 Adjectives and intensifiers 59 2.4.3 Adjectives and their grammatical categories 60 2.4.4 Are adjectives essential? 60 2.5 Adverbs 63 2.5.1 Adverbs and adjectives 63 2.5.2 The adjunct function 65 2.6 Prepositions 66 2.6.1 Identifying prepositions in English 66 2.6.2 Postpositions 67 2.6.3 Grammatical categories for adpositions 68 2.7 Conclusion 68 Further reading 69 Exercises 70 3 Looking inside sentences 77 3.1 Finiteness and auxiliaries 77 3.1.1 Independent clauses 77 3.1.2 Finiteness 78 3.1.3 Main verbs and verbal auxiliaries 80 3.1.4 Ways to express the grammatical categories for verbs 82 3.1.5 Non-finite verbs 84 3.1.6 Co-ordination of clauses 88 3.1.7 Summary 88 3.2 Introduction to subordination 89 3.2.1 Complement clauses 89 3.2.2 Adjunct or adverbial clauses 92 3.2.3 Identifying subordinate clauses 93 3.2.4 Special properties of root clauses 94 3.2.5 Some cross-linguistic variation in subordination 97 3.2.6 Summary: Properties of subordinate clauses and root clauses 98 3.3 Major cross-linguistic variations 99 3.3.1 The co-ordination strategy 99 3.3.2 Nominalization 101 3.3.3 Serial verbs 102 3.3.4 Summary 105 Further reading 105 Exercises 105 4 Heads and their dependents 114 4.1 Heads and their dependents 114 4.1.1 What is a head? 114 4.1.2 The influence of heads on their dependents 115 4.1.3 Summary: The properties of heads 117 4.1.4 More about dependents: Adjuncts and complements 118 4.1.5 More about verb classes: Verbs and their complements 120
Contents IX 4.1.6 Other heads and their complements 123 4.1.7 Summary: The main properties of complements vs. adjuncts 124 4.1.8 Is the noun phrase really a determiner phrase? 125 4.1.9 Phrases within phrases 126 4.2 Where does the head occur in a phrase? Head-initial and head- final languages 126 4.2.1 Head-initial languages 127 4.2.2 Head-final languages 128 4.2.3 An exercise on head-initial and head-final constructions 129 4.3 Head-marking and dependent-marking languages 130 4.3.1 Definitions and illustrations: Syntactic relationships between heads and dependents 130 4.3.2 Head adposition and its NP object 131 4.3.3 The clause: A head verb and the arguments of the verb 133 4.3.4 Head noun and dependent possessor NP 136 4.3.5 Head noun and dependent AP 137 4.3.6 An exercise on head-marking and dependent-marking 138 4.3.7 Some typological distinctions between languages 139 4.3.8 Summary 142 Further reading 142 Exercises 143 5 How do we identify constituents? 151 5.1 Discovering the structure of sentences 151 5.1.1 Evidence of structure in sentences 151 5.1.2 Some syntactic tests for constituent structure 153 5.1.3 Introduction to constituent structure trees 159 5.1.4 Summary 164 5.2 Relationships within the tree 164 5.3 Developing detailed tree diagrams and tests for constituent structure 167 5.3.1 Verb classes and constituent structure tests 167 5.3.2 The co-ordination test for constituency 174 5.3.3 Do all languages have the same constituents? 176 5.3.4 An introduction to the bar notation 177 5.4 Summary 181 Further reading 181 Exercises 182 6 Relationships within the clause 188 6.1 Indicating grammatical relations in the clause 188 6.2 Order of phrases within the clause 189 6.2.1 Basic and marked orders 189 6.2.2 Statistical patterns 191 6.3 Case systems 193
Contents 6.3.1 Ways of dividing core arguments 193 6.3.2 Nominative/accusative systems 196 6.3.3 Ergative/absolutive systems 197 6.3.4 Split systems I 198 6.3.5 Marked and unmarked forms 201 6.4 Agreement and cross-referencing 201 6.4.1 What does verb agreement involve? 201 6.4.2 Nominative/accusative agreement systems 202 6.4.3 Ergative/absolutive agreement systems 205 6.4.4 Split systems II 206 6.5 Grammatical relations 207 6.5.1 Investigating core grammatical relations 207 6.5.2 Subjects: Typical cross-linguistic properties 208 6.5.3 An examination of subjects in specific languages 209 6.5.4 Objects 217 6.6 Free word order: A case study 219 6.7 Summary 222 Further reading 223 Exercises 223 7 Processes that change grammatical relations 232 7.1 Passives and impersonals 232 7.1.1 The passive construction and transitive verbs 232 7.1.2 The impersonal construction 238 7.2 The antipassive 239 7.2.1 Basic facts 239 7.2.2 Primary grammatical relations and grammatical pivots 241 7.3 The applicative construction 247 7.4 The causative construction 251 7.5 Summary 256 Further reading 256 Exercises 256 8 lV/7-constructlons: Questions and relative clauses 267 8.1 Wfi-questions 267 8.1.1 Languages with wh-movement 267 8.1.2 Languages with wfi-in-situ wh-questions 271 8.1.3 Multiple wfi-questions 273 8.2 Relative clauses 275 8.2.1 Relative clauses in English 275 8.2.2 Cross-linguistic variation in relative clauses 278 8.3 Focus movements and scrambling 283 8.4 Some conclusions 286 Further reading 287 Exercises 287
Contents XI 9 Asking questions about syntax 298 9.1 Syntactic description: What questions to investigate 298 9.2 A case study: Grammatical sketch of Colloquial Welsh 302 9.3 Some questions concerning syntax 309 9.4 Last words: More syntax ahead 312 Sources of data used in examples 315 Glossary 318 References 323 Language index 333 Subject index 336
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| spelling | Tallerman, Maggie 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)136668801 aut Understanding syntax Maggie Tallerman 4. ed. London [u.a.] Routledge 2015 XV, 341 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Understanding language Grammatik Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-315-75808-4 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027499728&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Understanding syntax |
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| title_full | Understanding syntax Maggie Tallerman |
| title_fullStr | Understanding syntax Maggie Tallerman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding syntax Maggie Tallerman |
| title_short | Understanding syntax |
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