Tourism in Africa: harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington
World Bank
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Africa development forum series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 295 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781464801907 9781464801976 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Tourism |z Africa, Sub-Saharan |v Case studies | |
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| adam_text | Tourism is a powerful vehicle for economic growth and job creation that benefits
both host populations and travelers. It is growing faster in the world s emerging and
developing regions than in the rest of the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the growth
potential in tourism is significant and compelling. The region has abundant tourism
resources: extensive nature, culture, adventure opportunities, plentiful wildlife, and
expansive beaches. Yet it is not simple to develop and sustain a successful tourism
economy.
Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods
acknowledges the risks that tourism entails, analyzes persistent constraints, and
lays out an achievable framework for sustainable tourism in Africa. It identifies
policies and institutional approaches to improve the tourism competitiveness of
African countries. This book clearly explains the opportunities and challenges,
and suggests practical strategies based on 24 case studies of successful tourism
development from across the world.
This book is the first to examine tourism as an economic development tool
in Africa comprehensively and regionally and the first to recommend practical,
evidence-based measures enabling the sector s full economic and development
power. It gives new impetus to the continent s development progress by leveraging
tourism in pursuit of lasting poverty alleviation and the creation of significantly
more jobs and opportunities for all Africans.
As the tourism industry plays a more direct and critical role in the economic and
social growth and development of nations, the World Bank is playing an increas-
ingly important role as a source of not just critical funding for African tourism
development, but essential insight. Through this report, countries are able to
access expertise that they need for their destinations and for all stakeholders
to benefit from tourism development.
—Taleb Rifai, Secretary General, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Through a collection of 24 destination examples, the World Bank s report, Tourism
in Africa, exposes how the tourism industry—a sector responsible for just under
20 million jobs and almost 10 percent of total GDP in Africa in total contribution-
can put in place the fundamental building blocks for sustainable destination
development. Importantly, the report shows how public-private sector partner-
ships can be used to maximize opportunity for all players, for the long term.
—David Scowsill, President and CEO, World Travel and Tourism Council
Contents
________B
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Overview
Performance 3
Constraints 4
Strategies 7
Recommendations 8
Case Studies 9
Role of Donors 12
Notes 12
References 13
Part I Regional Perspective: A Framework for
Tourism Development in Sub-Saharan Africa 15
1 Introduction yj
Methodology 17
Evidence Base 19
A Note on African Tourism Research 20
Notes 22
References 22
xvii
xxi
xxiii
xxv
1
IX
x CONTENTS
2 Why Tourism? 23
Ten Reasons to Develop Tourism 24
Complexities of Tourism 28
Managing Tourisms Risks 28
Competitiveness 32
Role of the Government 34
Examples of Governments’ Success in Tourism Development 37
Role of the Private Sector 38
Role of Donors 39
Notes 40
References 41
3 Tourism Performance and Potential in Sub-Saharan Africa 43
Sub-Saharan African Countries’ Share of the World Tourism Market 43
Value of Tourism to Sub-Saharan African Economies 46
Tourism Employment 48
Tourism Investment 48
Notes 49
References 50
4 Essential Tourism Services 51
Accommodation 51
Air Transport 52
Road Transport 58
Tour Operators 58
Notes 60
References 60
5 Tourists and Tourism Products in Sub-Saharan Africa 61
Tourism Products 62
References 65
6 Constraints on and Solutions for Tourism Growth 67
A Typology of Sub-Saharan African Countries by Level of Tourism
Development 67
Common Constraints 69
CONTENTS
XI
Availability of Land 71
Examples of How Other Countries Resolved Land Issues 72
Access to Finance 73
Examples of How Other Countries Resolved Access to Finance Issues 74
Taxes on Tourism Investments 74
Examples of How Other Countries Handled the Imposition of
New Hotel Taxes 74
Low Level of Tourism Skills 75
Examples of Successful Training Programs in Sub-Saharan African
Countries 77
Labor Policy 78
Comparison of Tourism Jobs with Those in Other Sectors 79
Lack of Security and Safety As Well As High Crime Rates 79
Examples of Countries That Have Overcome Tourism Losses Caused by
Internal Conflict and Crime 80
Public Health 80
Visa Requirements 80
Examples of Countries That Have Expedited the Visa Process 82
Red Tape and Bureaucracy 82
Recommendations for Reducing Red Tape and Bureaucracy 83
Notes 85
References 86
7 Strategic Decisions for Tourism Sustainability 89
Scale of Tourism Development 89
Sustainability of the Sector 93
Financing of Tourism and Economic Rents 101
Case Studies 107
Note 112
References 113
8 Recommendations for Tourism Development in
Sub-Saharan African Countries 115
Pre-Emerging Countries 115
Overall Recommendations 115
Recommendations by Stage of Development 116
CONTENTS
xii
Part II Global Perspective: Planning Decisions and
Tourism Development around the World 121
9 Learning from Experience 123
Land 127
Infrastructure 129
Ecotourism Projects 130
Missing Middle 130
Training 131
Outsourcing 131
Managing Growth and Scale 132
Air Access 133
Economic Returns 134
Environmental Management 134
Public Institutions and Regulation 136
Investment Promotion and Financing 136
Social Inclusion 137
Notes 138
References 139
10 Case Studies 141
Cabo Verde: Transformation through Tourism 141
Costa Rica: Ecotourism Certification in Lapa Rios 146
Dominica: Community Involvement and Training in Jungle Bay 151
The Dominican Republic: Political Commitment to Tourism in
Puerto Plata 156
The Dominican Republic: Planning Future Sector Growth 168
United Arab Emirates: Dubais Transformation from Oil to
Tourism 172
Arab Republic of Egypt: Tourism Diversification in Sharm El Sheikh 176
Indonesia: Protecting Cultural Heritage through International Tourism
in Bali 181
Indonesia: Nihiwatu on Sumba 190
Jordan: Integrating Tourism, Transit, and Industry in Aqaba 194
CONTENTS
xiii
Kenya: Business and Conference Tourism in Nairobi 199
Republic of Korea: Tourism in Kyongju 204
Maldives: Incremental Expansion of Tourism and Environmental
Management on Island Resorts 208
Mauritius: Managing the Environment and Creating a Competitive
Tourism Sector 218
Mexico: Building a Resort City in Cancún 222
Morocco: Political Challenges and the Bay of Agadir 230
Morocco: Public Support for Private Action 234
Namibia: Using Land Conservancies to Protect Wildlife and
Improve Welfare 241
Rwanda: Securing Returns to Community Land and Protecting
Gorillas at the Sabyinyo Silverbäck Lodge 245
Singapore: Promoting Peace and Tranquility on Sentosa Island 248
South Africa: Wildlife Tourism and Private Sector Operators 252
Tanzania: Hiking Tourism on Mount Kilimanjaro 257
Tunisia: Infrastructure in Six Tourism Zones 262
Turkey: Government-Led Tourism Development in South Antalya 268
Index 279
Boxes
2.1 Value Chain Analysis 30
7.1 Economic Rent 103
10.1 Lapa Rios 149
10.2 Jungle Bay Resort Mission Statement 154
10.3 Components of the Puerto Plata Project 159
10.4 Agencies Responsible for Managing Puerto Plata Infrastructure 160
10.5 Hotel Finance 162
10.6 Aqaba Special Economic Zone Vision Statement 196
Figures
0.1 Framework for Destination Development 3
2.1 Transformational Effects of Tourism in Thailand 25
XIV
CONTENTS
2.2 Framework for Destination Development 33
3.1 International Tourist Arrivals Worldwide, by Region, 1950-2020 44
3.2 Tourist Arrivals in Africa, by Region, 2010 45
4.1 Average One-Way Fares, by World Region 54
5.1 Typical Mix of Passengers on African Carriers, Intercontinental
Flights 62
10.1 Typical Overall Hotel Expenditure in Nairobi, Kenya 201
10.2 Wilderness Safaris 254
10.3 Beyond Concession, Phinda 255
10.4 Cost of a Mount Kilimanjaro Tour Package, by Category 259
10.5 Government Tourism Organizations in Tunisia 266
Maps
O.l Geographic Location of Each Case Study 11
3.1 Top Sources of Tourists in Africa, by Country, Most Recent
Data Available 46
3.2 Contribution of Tourism to GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa,
Most Recent Data Available 47
4.1 Top 75 Airline Routes to Sub-Saharan Africa, by Daily Seat
Capacity, August 2010 53
4.2 Tourism Potential in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2009 59
5.1 Tourism Product Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa 63
6.1 Visa Requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa SI
9.1 Geographic Location of Each Case Study 125
10.1 Dominica 152
10.2 Dominican Republic 158
10.3 Puerto Plata Region, Dominican Republic 160
10.4 Current and Projected Tourism Development Programs in
the Dominican Republic 170
10.5 Bali, Indonesia 183
10.6 Sumba Island, Indonesia 191
10.7 Aqaba, Jordan 195
10.8 Maldives 211
10.9 Mauritius 219
10.10 Cancún, Mexico 224
CONTENTS xv
10.11 Morocco 237
10.12 Tunisia 263
Tables
O.1 Summary of Case Studies 10
2.1 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
Ranking for Selected Countries, 2011 36
3.1 International Tourist Arrivals Worldwide, by Region, 1990-2010 44
3.2 International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts in Sub-Saharan Africa,
by Region, 2010 45
4.1 Top Six Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Number of
Hotel Rooms 52
4.2 Prices of Tours and Flights to Sub-Saharan Africa and
Comparable Destinations 55
6.1 Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Level of Tourism
Development and World Bank Income Ranking 68
6.2 Types of Skills and Training Needed in Sub-Saharan Africa 76
6.3 Sun International Formal and Informal Learning 78
6.4 Performance of Tourism Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2011 83
7.1 Steps Involved in Pro-Poor Value Chain Analysis 98
7.2 Case Studies, by Key Areas Considered 108
9.1 Summary of Case Studies 124
10.1 Growth of Tourism in Costa Rica, 1986-2009 147
10.2 Hotels and Tour Operators in Costa Rica, by Level of
Certification, June 2011 148
10.3 Costs of Puerto Plata Tourism Project I in the Dominican Republic 159
10.4 Costs of Puerto Plata Tourism Project II in the Dominican Republic 162
10.5 Hotel Capacity in Dubai, 1993-2010 173
10.6 Hotel Guests in Dubai, by Source Region, 2002 and 2009 173
10.7 Costs of the Nusa Dua Project in Bali, Indonesia 184
10.8 Build-up of Hotel Capacity in Bali, Indonesia, 1978-89 186
10.9 Tourism in Mexico, 2005-09 223
10.10 Investment in Public-Private Partnerships in Morocco in 2004,
by Site 238
10.11 Impact of Concessioning Program in Entenda, Palmwag
Conservancy, Namibia 242
XVI
CONTENTS
10.12 Wages of Mount Kilimanjaro Staff in about 2008 259
10.13 Tourist Expenditure per Bednight in Selected Mediterranean
Countries, 2004 265
10.14 Components of the South Antalya Resort Project in Turkey 271
10.15 Hotel Capacity in Turkey, 1973 and 2008 272
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Africa development forum series |
| spelling | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward Washington World Bank 2014 xxvi, 295 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Africa development forum series Includes bibliographical references and index Wirtschaftsentwicklung Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf Lebensbedingungen (DE-588)4130642-9 gnd rswk-swf Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 g Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 s Lebensbedingungen (DE-588)4130642-9 s b DE-604 Christie, Iain Sonstige (DE-588)1056990090 oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods Wirtschaftsentwicklung Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Lebensbedingungen (DE-588)4130642-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066527-6 (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4130642-9 (DE-588)4053770-5 (DE-588)4522595-3 |
| title | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods |
| title_auth | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods |
| title_exact_search | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods |
| title_full | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward |
| title_fullStr | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tourism in Africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward |
| title_short | Tourism in Africa |
| title_sort | tourism in africa harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods |
| title_sub | harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Lebensbedingungen (DE-588)4130642-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Tourism Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan Case studies Wirtschaftswachstum Tourismus Lebensbedingungen Subsaharisches Afrika Fallstudiensammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT christieiain tourisminafricaharnessingtourismforgrowthandimprovedlivelihoods |