Knock at the door of opportunity: Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919
"Disputing the so-called ghetto studies that depicted the early part of the twentieth century as the nadir of African American society, this thoughtful volume by Christopher Robert Reed investigates black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago, revealing a vibrant community that grew and developed...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Carbonale
Southern Illinois Univ. Press
2014
|
Schlagworte: | |
Zusammenfassung: | "Disputing the so-called ghetto studies that depicted the early part of the twentieth century as the nadir of African American society, this thoughtful volume by Christopher Robert Reed investigates black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago, revealing a vibrant community that grew and developed on Chicago's South Side in the early 1900s. Reed also explores the impact of the fifty thousand black southerners who streamed into the city during the Great Migration of 1916-1918, effectively doubling Chicago's African American population. Those already residing in Chicago's black neighborhoods had a lot in common with those who migrated, Reed demonstrates, and the two groups became unified, building a broad community base able to face discrimination and prejudice while contributing to Chicago's growth and development. Reed not only explains how Chicago's African Americans openly competed with white people for jobs, housing and an independent political voice but also examines the structure of the society migrants entered and helped shame. Other topics include South Side housing, black politics and protest, the role of institutionalized religion, the economic aspects of African American life, the push for citizenship rights and political power for African Americans, and the impact of World War I and the race riot of 1919. The first comprehensive exploration of black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago beyond the mold of a ghetto perspective, this revealing work demonstrates how the melding of migrants and residents allowed for the building of a Black Metropolis in the 1920s".. |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XIV, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0809333333 9780809333332 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV042021167 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20141009 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 140812s2014 xxuad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
010 | |a 013036578 | ||
020 | |a 0809333333 |c hardback |9 0-8093-3333-3 | ||
020 | |a 9780809333332 |c hardback |9 978-0-8093-3333-2 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)891328276 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV042021167 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
049 | |a DE-12 | ||
050 | 0 | |a F548.9.N4 | |
082 | 0 | |a 305.896/073077311 |2 23 | |
100 | 1 | |a Reed, Christopher Robert |d 1942- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1014241383 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Knock at the door of opportunity |b Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 |c Christopher Robert Reed |
264 | 1 | |a Carbonale |b Southern Illinois Univ. Press |c 2014 | |
300 | |a XIV, 390 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
520 | |a "Disputing the so-called ghetto studies that depicted the early part of the twentieth century as the nadir of African American society, this thoughtful volume by Christopher Robert Reed investigates black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago, revealing a vibrant community that grew and developed on Chicago's South Side in the early 1900s. Reed also explores the impact of the fifty thousand black southerners who streamed into the city during the Great Migration of 1916-1918, effectively doubling Chicago's African American population. Those already residing in Chicago's black neighborhoods had a lot in common with those who migrated, Reed demonstrates, and the two groups became unified, building a broad community base able to face discrimination and prejudice while contributing to Chicago's growth and development. Reed not only explains how Chicago's African Americans openly competed with white people for jobs, housing and an independent political voice but also examines the structure of the society migrants entered and helped shame. Other topics include South Side housing, black politics and protest, the role of institutionalized religion, the economic aspects of African American life, the push for citizenship rights and political power for African Americans, and the impact of World War I and the race riot of 1919. The first comprehensive exploration of black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago beyond the mold of a ghetto perspective, this revealing work demonstrates how the melding of migrants and residents allowed for the building of a Black Metropolis in the 1920s".. | ||
648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-1919 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 7 | |a HISTORY / United States / 20th Century |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
650 | 4 | |a Schwarze. USA | |
650 | 4 | |a African Americans |z Illinois |z Chicago |x History |y 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a African Americans |x Migrations |x History |y 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a Migration, Internal |z United States |x History |y 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / United States / 20th Century | |
650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) | |
650 | 4 | |a SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schwarze |0 (DE-588)4116433-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Migration |0 (DE-588)4120730-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 4 | |a USA | |
651 | 4 | |a Chicago (Ill.) |x Race relations |x History |y 20th century | |
651 | 4 | |a Chicago (Ill.) |x Social conditions |y 20th century | |
651 | 7 | |a Chicago, Ill. |0 (DE-588)4009921-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Chicago, Ill. |0 (DE-588)4009921-0 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Migration |0 (DE-588)4120730-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Schwarze |0 (DE-588)4116433-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1900-1919 |A z |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 9780809333349 |
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 307.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 73 |
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 73 |
943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027462838 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1806055699817431040 |
---|---|
adam_text | |
any_adam_object | |
author | Reed, Christopher Robert 1942- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1014241383 |
author_facet | Reed, Christopher Robert 1942- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Reed, Christopher Robert 1942- |
author_variant | c r r cr crr |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV042021167 |
callnumber-first | F - General American History |
callnumber-label | F548 |
callnumber-raw | F548.9.N4 |
callnumber-search | F548.9.N4 |
callnumber-sort | F 3548.9 N4 |
callnumber-subject | F - General American History |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)891328276 (DE-599)BVBBV042021167 |
dewey-full | 305.896/073077311 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 305 - Groups of people |
dewey-raw | 305.896/073077311 |
dewey-search | 305.896/073077311 |
dewey-sort | 3305.896 873077311 |
dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
discipline | Soziologie |
era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-1919 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-1919 |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV042021167</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20141009</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">140812s2014 xxuad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">013036578</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0809333333</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">0-8093-3333-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780809333332</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-8093-3333-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)891328276</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV042021167</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">F548.9.N4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">305.896/073077311</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Reed, Christopher Robert</subfield><subfield code="d">1942-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1014241383</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Knock at the door of opportunity</subfield><subfield code="b">Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919</subfield><subfield code="c">Christopher Robert Reed</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Carbonale</subfield><subfield code="b">Southern Illinois Univ. Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XIV, 390 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Disputing the so-called ghetto studies that depicted the early part of the twentieth century as the nadir of African American society, this thoughtful volume by Christopher Robert Reed investigates black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago, revealing a vibrant community that grew and developed on Chicago's South Side in the early 1900s. Reed also explores the impact of the fifty thousand black southerners who streamed into the city during the Great Migration of 1916-1918, effectively doubling Chicago's African American population. Those already residing in Chicago's black neighborhoods had a lot in common with those who migrated, Reed demonstrates, and the two groups became unified, building a broad community base able to face discrimination and prejudice while contributing to Chicago's growth and development. Reed not only explains how Chicago's African Americans openly competed with white people for jobs, housing and an independent political voice but also examines the structure of the society migrants entered and helped shame. Other topics include South Side housing, black politics and protest, the role of institutionalized religion, the economic aspects of African American life, the push for citizenship rights and political power for African Americans, and the impact of World War I and the race riot of 1919. The first comprehensive exploration of black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago beyond the mold of a ghetto perspective, this revealing work demonstrates how the melding of migrants and residents allowed for the building of a Black Metropolis in the 1920s"..</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-1919</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / United States / 20th Century</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI)</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Schwarze. USA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">African Americans</subfield><subfield code="z">Illinois</subfield><subfield code="z">Chicago</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">African Americans</subfield><subfield code="x">Migrations</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Migration, Internal</subfield><subfield code="z">United States</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / United States / 20th Century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schwarze</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4116433-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Migration</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4120730-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Chicago (Ill.)</subfield><subfield code="x">Race relations</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Chicago (Ill.)</subfield><subfield code="x">Social conditions</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Chicago, Ill.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009921-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Chicago, Ill.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009921-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Migration</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4120730-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Schwarze</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4116433-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-1919</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">9780809333349</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">307.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">73</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">73</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027462838</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | USA Chicago (Ill.) Race relations History 20th century Chicago (Ill.) Social conditions 20th century Chicago, Ill. (DE-588)4009921-0 gnd |
geographic_facet | USA Chicago (Ill.) Race relations History 20th century Chicago (Ill.) Social conditions 20th century Chicago, Ill. |
id | DE-604.BV042021167 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-31T01:22:14Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0809333333 9780809333332 |
language | English |
lccn | 013036578 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027462838 |
oclc_num | 891328276 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | XIV, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2014 |
publishDateSearch | 2014 |
publishDateSort | 2014 |
publisher | Southern Illinois Univ. Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Reed, Christopher Robert 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)1014241383 aut Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 Christopher Robert Reed Carbonale Southern Illinois Univ. Press 2014 XIV, 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index "Disputing the so-called ghetto studies that depicted the early part of the twentieth century as the nadir of African American society, this thoughtful volume by Christopher Robert Reed investigates black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago, revealing a vibrant community that grew and developed on Chicago's South Side in the early 1900s. Reed also explores the impact of the fifty thousand black southerners who streamed into the city during the Great Migration of 1916-1918, effectively doubling Chicago's African American population. Those already residing in Chicago's black neighborhoods had a lot in common with those who migrated, Reed demonstrates, and the two groups became unified, building a broad community base able to face discrimination and prejudice while contributing to Chicago's growth and development. Reed not only explains how Chicago's African Americans openly competed with white people for jobs, housing and an independent political voice but also examines the structure of the society migrants entered and helped shame. Other topics include South Side housing, black politics and protest, the role of institutionalized religion, the economic aspects of African American life, the push for citizenship rights and political power for African Americans, and the impact of World War I and the race riot of 1919. The first comprehensive exploration of black life in turn-of-the-century Chicago beyond the mold of a ghetto perspective, this revealing work demonstrates how the melding of migrants and residents allowed for the building of a Black Metropolis in the 1920s".. Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-1919 gnd rswk-swf HISTORY / United States / 20th Century bisacsh HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) bisacsh SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies bisacsh Geschichte Schwarze. USA African Americans Illinois Chicago History 20th century African Americans Migrations History 20th century Migration, Internal United States History 20th century HISTORY / United States / 20th Century HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd rswk-swf Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd rswk-swf USA Chicago (Ill.) Race relations History 20th century Chicago (Ill.) Social conditions 20th century Chicago, Ill. (DE-588)4009921-0 gnd rswk-swf Chicago, Ill. (DE-588)4009921-0 g Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 s Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 s Geschichte 1900-1919 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780809333349 |
spellingShingle | Reed, Christopher Robert 1942- Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 HISTORY / United States / 20th Century bisacsh HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) bisacsh SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies bisacsh Geschichte Schwarze. USA African Americans Illinois Chicago History 20th century African Americans Migrations History 20th century Migration, Internal United States History 20th century HISTORY / United States / 20th Century HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4116433-7 (DE-588)4120730-0 (DE-588)4009921-0 |
title | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 |
title_auth | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 |
title_exact_search | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 |
title_full | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 Christopher Robert Reed |
title_fullStr | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 Christopher Robert Reed |
title_full_unstemmed | Knock at the door of opportunity Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 Christopher Robert Reed |
title_short | Knock at the door of opportunity |
title_sort | knock at the door of opportunity black migration to chicago 1900 1919 |
title_sub | Black migration to Chicago, 1900 - 1919 |
topic | HISTORY / United States / 20th Century bisacsh HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) bisacsh SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies bisacsh Geschichte Schwarze. USA African Americans Illinois Chicago History 20th century African Americans Migrations History 20th century Migration, Internal United States History 20th century HISTORY / United States / 20th Century HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd |
topic_facet | HISTORY / United States / 20th Century HISTORY / United States / State & Local / Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies Geschichte Schwarze. USA African Americans Illinois Chicago History 20th century African Americans Migrations History 20th century Migration, Internal United States History 20th century Schwarze Migration USA Chicago (Ill.) Race relations History 20th century Chicago (Ill.) Social conditions 20th century Chicago, Ill. |
work_keys_str_mv | AT reedchristopherrobert knockatthedoorofopportunityblackmigrationtochicago19001919 |