Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego: analiza funkcjonalna
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Zielona Góra
Wydawnictwo Fundacji Archeologicznej
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Use-wear analysis of lithic inventories from Mesolithic societies in the western Polish Lowlands Bibliogr. s. [256]-269 |
| Physical Description: | 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788393254668 |
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| adam_text | USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF LJTHIC INVENTORIES FROM MESOLITHIC
SOCIETIES IN THE WESTERN POLISH LOWLANDS (SUMMARY)
Introduction
This thesis discusses certain aspects of the daily life
of hunter-gatherer societies in the western Polish
Lowland and contributes to the contemporary re-
search of the Stone Age societies. The understand-
ing of these aspects is based on the microscopic
analysis of the Early and Middle Holocene flint in-
ventories and their comparison to experimental
data.
The presented research is innovative, and so far
unique in two ways:
1. Lithic inventories from the Mesolithic period
in the Polish Lowland have not yet been syntheti-
cally tested in the manner proposed in this thesis,
and
2. The Early Holocene lithic technologies that
were discovered using the microscopic analysis are
first presented in this thesis.
The following is a section-by-section summary
of the thesis.
I. Functional Analysis of Flint
Materials
This section presents the current state of the art
in the use-wear analysis of flint materials in Poland
and worldwide.
First, a brief overview of the development of
the use-wear analysis is presented. Although use-
wear analysis became a popular methodological ap-
proach in the international research community, in
Poland it is still used only by a small group of enthu-
siasts. However, judging from the latest publications
related to the topic of functional analysis, a clear
progress in the adoption of the use-wear analysis
was made recently in Poland.
Next, the potential and the limitations of the
use-wear analysis were outlined. In order to avoid
some of these limitations, the presented research
adopted a special case study model that improves
the reliability of research findings.
II. Research Method
This section discusses the selected research meth-
odology. The primary research methods were the
macro- and microscopic analyses, which were com-
plemented with experimental studies.
Both low- and high-power micro-wear analyses
were applied. Four major groups of traces that could
have resulted from utilization and post-deposition-
al factors were subjected to a detailed analysis: (1)
damages on the edges (fractures, micro-flake scars,
retouches seen either by a naked eye or only under
a microscope), (2) edge rounding, (3) linear traces
(scratches, striations, grooves of varying morphol-
ogy), and most importantly (4) microtraces (in par-
ticular polishes allowed the most accurate insight).
III. Experiments
This section describes experimental studies that
were used to verify and validate the findings of the
use-wear analysis.
Summary
First, the results of numerous relevant experi-
ments from the literature are surveyed. References
to relevant archaeological and ethnographic data
are made for many experimental scenarios.
Next, original experiments are described and
discussed. These are experiments in the use of raw
materials and application of various debitage tech-
niques (direct percussion, indirect percussion and
pressure technique). Additional experiments were
designed to examine utilization of projectile points,
methods of processing animal carcasses, use of
vegetation and fire-making methods. The materials
used in experiments were randomly selected flints
inspired by the artifacts from the Mesolithic period.
Use-wear traces on experimental blades, flakes and
typological tools were meticulously recorded and
analyzed.
Analysis of the experimental results enables a
better understanding of the microscopic traces vis-
ible on the Mesolithic artifacts, provides an insight
into the possible causes of specific micro-deforma-
tions and sheds light on various motives that may
have shaped choices and behavior of the Mesolithic
people when using raw flint materials.
IV. Analysis
Microscopic studies of the lithic artifacts focused on
four inventories - each with different chronology,
but all obtained through rigorous archaeological
excavations:
1. Wojnowo 3, Kargowa county (an Early Meso-
lithic site) included 1200 artifacts.
2. Jastrzębia Góra 4, Władysławowo county (a
Late Mesolithic site) included more than 3600 arti-
facts.
3. Turowiec 3, Brusy county (usually associated
with the Sub-boreal period) included about 3000
artifacts.
4. Żuławka 13, Wyrzysk county (a multicultural
site where remains of a Mesolithic settlement were
found). This assemblage was selected to demon-
strate a proposed approach in use-wear analysis of
sites with numerous stratifications.
The selected assemblages were composed
mainly of erratic flint and its characteristic variety
- the ball flint.
All flint pieces that could potentially serve as
tools were examined. Debitage was also included,
given that it carried a significant cognitive value for
the understanding of a particular production tech-
nique. The studied material included a variety of in-
tentionally retouched artifacts ֊ cores, blades and
flakes - as well as specific technical forms related to
the repair procedures or production of flint tools.
The most significant outcome of the presented
research is the identification of various debitage
techniques (for both blank production and tools re-
touching), including the methods used to immobi-
lize pressure cores. Moreover, the research opened
a clear insight into the ways flint artifacts were ac-
tually utilized, the specific physical actions that left
characteristic traces and the materials to which in-
dividual artifacts were applied. Hafting traces were
detected, indicating methods used to mount such
tools. The detailed quantitative and qualitative de-
scription of use-wear traces revealed a whole spec-
trum of activities performed at four sites.
V. The Life of Holocene hunter-
gatherers in the Western Polish
Lowland as Reflected in the Use-
wear Analysis of Flint Artifacts
Study of lithic technologies in the Western Polish
Lowland followed a comprehensive comparative
meta-analysis of a large set of archaeological data
from other parts of Europe.
The analyzed inventories featured many differ-
ences, as expected from their diversified chronol-
ogy, although many similarities were also detected
in both production technologies and utilization.
The inventory from the Early Mesolithic site
in Wojnowo predominantly features direct percus-
sion using soft hammerstone - a technique associ-
ated with the Late Paleolithic. Jastrzębia Góra (the
Late Mesolithic site) on the other hand, indicates
use of tools from organic materials (antler or bone).
The tool marks and the traces of core immobiliza-
tion suggest that a pressure technique was applied
during the blades production. This is a new trend
in lithic technology that appeared i.a. in Southern
Scandinavia during the Mesolithic and then also in
the Polish Lowland.
Summary
255
The inventory of flint materials from Turowiec
is most diversified internally. It included flints with
microscopic traces of both stone and organic tools.
The microscopic analysis shows that some elements
of the lithic technology from that site are similar
to Wojnowo (Early Holocene groups) and some to
Jastrzębia Góra (the Atlantic period).
Functional research distinguished various
groups of tools.
A functionally diversified group consisting of
blades, flakes and sometimes cores (without inten-
tional retouch) was used in processing of animal
carcasses, bone, antler, skin, wood and herbaceous
plants.
Most of the debitage products were used to cut
a variety of materials, although many of them were
also used for cutting and (less frequently) scraping.
Another group consists of microliths used as
projectiles (featuring slight differences in hafting
methods). Surfaces of some microliths were cov-
ered by traces created through contact with skin or
meat. These marks were either created during the
transportation, or by cutting soft animal tissues.
End scrapers form a uniform functional group.
They were mainly used for scraping of skins or (rare-
ly) other raw materials.
Scrapers were used for hard materials such as
wood, antler or bone.
Single distinguished burins forms a group that is
not very homogeneous. Edges (formed using burin
blow technique) were used for scraping and grinding
antler and wood, or for grooving organic material.
A group of few truncated blades was highly dif-
ferentiated in morphology and its intended use. Their
common feature is the absence of use-wear traces on
the intentionally retouched parts. Perhaps in these
cases the retouched edges were fitted in hafts.
Only two perforators were identified in the
examined groups and they were probably used for
drilling wood.
Tranchet axes were mainly used for chopping
wood, and occasionally, antler or bones.
The other group of core tools - the picks — is
composed of diversified items used for working
wood and antler, although they were also used for
drilling and possibly even punching holes.
Certain types of functional tools mentioned in
the literature were not identified. A possible expla-
nation is the low readability and distinctiveness of
some microscopic traces. Another possible explana-
tion is that such utilization of tools was absent from
the studied sites or that such tools were simply not
preserved.
VI. Conclusion
The combination of use-wear analysis and experi-
mentation provided a clear distinction between
functional classes of tools and improved the char-
acterization of the production technologies, includ-
ing the final retouch. The experiments not only shed
light on the possible origin of use-wear traces, but
also raised additional hypotheses regarding why
certain types of artifacts were deposited in specific
places or why specific classes of artifacts were used
for particular tasks.
Not all questions regarding the production and
utilization can be fully answered. Post-depositional
effects, underdeveloped use-wear traces and many
other factors make it often impossible to present a
reliable history of every flint specimen. Despite
the use of the microscopic equipment, research con-
clusions ultimately reflect a subjective vision of the
past created by a modern-day scientist and based on
the contemporary knowledge and understanding.
One of the major problems encountered when
studying Early and Late Mesolithic sites in the Polish
Lowland is to determine the specific function of a
location. Multiple episodes of prehistoric settlement
resulting in overlapping inventories significantly
complicate all attempts to clearly identify areas of
activity or to determine the function of the whole
site. Moreover, many activities that could have tak-
en place in these sites may have used materials that
cannot be preserved over time.
Comparative use-wear studies of the flint inven-
tories throughout Poland would provide significant
benefits to the future research and could improve
the functional specification of studied sites. Broad-
ening of the microscopic research to organic ma-
terials could further improve research and provide
additional insights.
SPIS TREŚCI
I. WSTĘP.......................................................................9
1.1. Cel i zakres tematyczny pracy............................................9
1.2. Źródła archeologiczne...................................................10
1.3. Sposób opracowania źródeł...............................................11
1.4. Konstrukcja pracy.......................................................12
1.5. Terminologia............................................................12
II. BADANIA FUNKCJI MATERIAŁÓW KRZEMIENNYCH...................................13
11.1. Rozwój badań traseologicznych..........................................13
11.2. Analiza funkcjonalna materiałów krzemiennych
w polskiej archeologii.......................................................16
11.3. Możliwości i ograniczenia metody.......................................17
III. METODYKA.................................................................20
111.1. Wyposażenie techniczne................................................20
111.2. Procedura czyszczenia materiałów krzemiennych.........................20
111.3. Identyfikacja i dokumentacja śladów...................................20
111.4. Rodzaje obserwowalnych śladów.........................................21
111.4.1. Ślady użytkowe...................................................21
Wykruszenia............................................................21
Zaokrąglenia...........................................................21
Ślady liniowe..........................................................21
Wyświecenia............................................................22
Pozostałości organiczne i nieorganiczne................................22
111.4.2. Ślady postdepozycyjne............................................22
IV. EKSPERYMENTY
24
IV.l. Rola eksperymentów w badaniach funkcjonalnych
materiałów krzemiennych - założenia teoretyczne..........................24
IV.2. Charakterystyka eksperymentów oraz wyników analiz mikroskopowych...28
IV.2.1. Technologia obróbki materiałów krzemiennych....................28
IV.2.1.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................29
IV.2.1.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................29
IV.2.1.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................30
IV.2.2. Czynności związane z polowaniem (wykorzystanie mikrolitów
jako elementów broni miotanej).........................................31
IV.2.2.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................31
IV.2.2.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................32
IV.2.2.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................33
IV.2.3. Wyprawianie skóry..............................................36
IV.2.3.1. Dane archeologiczne i etnograficzne.......................36
IV.2.3.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................37
IV.2.3.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................37
IV.2.4. Obróbka kości i poroża.........................................38
IV.2.4.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................38
IV.2.4.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................39
IV.2.4.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................40
IV.2.5. Ćwiartowanie zwierzyny oraz cięcie mięsa.......................41
IV.2.5.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................41
IV.2.5.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................42
IV.2.5.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................42
IV.2.6. Obróbka drewna i roślin zielnych...............................43
IV.2.6.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................43
IV.2.6.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................44
IV.2.6.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................45
IV.2.7. Krzesanie ognia................................................46
IV.2.7.1. Dane archeologiczne i etnograficzne.......................46
IV.2.7.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................46
IV.2.7.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................46
IV.2.8. Obróbka muszli.................................................47
IV.2.8.1. Dane archeologiczne.......................................47
IV.2.8.2. Testy eksperymentalne.....................................47
IV.2.8.3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe...................................47
IV.3. Podsumowanie........................................................48
Tablice 1-50..............................................................51
V. ANALIZA
101
V.l. Materiały krzemienne ze stanowiska Wojnowo 3............................101
V.l.l. Charakterystyka stanowiska..........................................101
V.1.2. Opis materiału......................................................101
V.1.3. Wyniki analiz mikroskopowych........................................102
V.1.3.1. Ślady związane z elementami zastosowanej technologii..........102
V.1.3.2. Elementy broni miotanej........................................105
V.1.3.3. Narzędzia związane z obróbką skóry.............................105
V.1.3.4. Noże do cięcia mięsa...........................................107
V.1.3.5. Narzędzia do obróbki poroża/kości..............................108
V.1.3.6. Pozostałe narzędzia............................................109
V.1.4. Podsumowanie........................................................109
Tablice 51-70.................................................................112
V.2. Materiały krzemienne ze stanowiska Jastrzębia Góra 4....................132
V.2.1. Charakterystyka stanowiska..........................................132
V.2.2. Opis materiału przeznaczonego do badań..............................132
V.2.3. Wyniki analiz mikroskopowych........................................134
V.2.3.1. Ślady związane z elementami zastosowanej technologii..........134
V.2.3.2. Elementy broni miotanej........................................136
V.2.3.3. Noże do cięcia mięsa i skóry...................................138
V.2.3.4. Narzędzia skrobiące do skóry...................................139
V.2.3.5. Narzędzia do obróbki roślin i drewna...........................139
N/.2.3.6. Pozostałe narzędzia...........................................141
V.2.4. Podsumowanie........................................................142
Tablice 71-93.................................................................146
V.3. Materiały krzemienne ze stanowiska Turowiec 3............................169
V.3.1. Charakterystyka stanowiska..........................................169
V.3.2. Opis materiału przeznaczonego do badań..............................169
V.3.3. Wyniki analiz mikroskopowych........................................170
V.3.3.1. Ślady związane z elementami zastosowanej technologii...........170
V.3.3.2. Elementy broni miotanej........................................172
V.3.3.3. Noże do cięcia mięsa i skóry...................................174
N/.3.3.4. Narzędzia skrobiące do skóry..................................175
V.3.3.5. Narzędzia do obróbki drewna i roślin zielnych..................176
N/.3.3.6. Narzędzia do obróbki kości lub poroża.........................178
N/.3.3.7. Pozostałe narzędzia...........................................179
V.3.4. Podsumowanie........................................................179
Tablice 94-118................................................................183
V.4. Materiały krzemienne ze stanowiska Żuławka 13......................208
V.4.I. Charakterystyka stanowiska.....................................208
V.4.2. Opis materiału przeznaczonego do badań.........................208
V.4.3. Wyniki analiz mikroskopowych...................................209
V.4.3.I. Tylczaki...................................................209
V.4.3.2. Półtylczaki............................................... 209
V.4.3.3. Trójkąty...................................................210
V.4.3.4. Fragmenty zbrojników.......................................212
V.4.3.5. Ciosaki....................................................212
V.4.3.6. Piki.......................................................213
V.4.4. Podsumowanie..................................................213
Tablice 119-136..........................................................216
VI. SPOŁECZNOŚCI ZBIERACKO-ŁOWIECKIE W ZACHODNIEJ CZĘŚCI
NIŻU POLSKIEGO W KONTEKŚCIE ANALIZ FUNKCJONALNYCH..........................233
VI.1. Wstęp................................................................233
VI.2. Sposoby obróbki surowców krzemiennych................................233
VI.3. Funkcja narzędzi a technika ich wykonania............................239
VI. 4. Sposoby użytkowania i oprawy poszczególnych typów artefaktów........240
VII. ZAKOŃCZENIE...........................................................250
Summary....................................................................253
Literatura
256
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1259769186 |
| author_facet | Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- |
| author_variant | k p kp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042014002 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1635 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)897276198 (DE-599)BVBBV042014002 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV042014002 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:10:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788393254668 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027455833 |
| oclc_num | 897276198 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Fundacji Archeologicznej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1259769186 aut Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna Katarzyna Pyżewicz Zielona Góra Wydawnictwo Fundacji Archeologicznej 2013 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Use-wear analysis of lithic inventories from Mesolithic societies in the western Polish Lowlands Bibliogr. s. [256]-269 Mezolit / Polska jhpk Narzędzia z kamienia / Polska jhpk Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd rswk-swf Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 s Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455833&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna Mezolit / Polska jhpk Narzędzia z kamienia / Polska jhpk Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169472-7 (DE-588)4057175-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna |
| title_auth | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna |
| title_exact_search | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna |
| title_full | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
| title_fullStr | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego analiza funkcjonalna Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
| title_short | Inwentarze krzemienne społeczności mezolitycznych w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego |
| title_sort | inwentarze krzemienne spolecznosci mezolitycznych w zachodniej czesci nizu polskiego analiza funkcjonalna |
| title_sub | analiza funkcjonalna |
| topic | Mezolit / Polska jhpk Narzędzia z kamienia / Polska jhpk Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mezolit / Polska Narzędzia z kamienia / Polska Mesolithikum Steingerät Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455833&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pyzewiczkatarzyna inwentarzekrzemiennespołecznoscimezolitycznychwzachodniejczescinizupolskiegoanalizafunkcjonalna |