Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2014
|
| Series: | Green energy and technology
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 265 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783642364082 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |c A. P. Schaffarczyk |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE MEANING OF WIND TURBINE AERODYNAMICS 1
1.2 PROBLEMS 5
REFERENCES 6
2 TYPES OF WIND TURBINES 7
2.1 HISTORICAL AND STATE-OF-THE-ART HORIZONTAL
AXIS WIND TURBINES 8
2.2 NON-STANDARD HAWTS 10
2.3 SMALL WIND TURBINES 10
2.4 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES 12
2.5 DIFFUSER AUGMENTED WIND TURBINES 13
2.6 DRAG-DRIVEN TURBINES 14
2.7 COUNTER-ROTATING WIND TURBINES 17
2.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 18
2.9 PROBLEMS 18
REFERENCES 19
3 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS 21
3.1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF AIR 21
3.2 THE LAWS OF FLUID MECHANICS IN INTEGRAL FORM 22
3.2.1 MASS CONSERVATION 22
3.2.2 BALANCE OF MOMENTUM 22
3.2.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 24
3.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW 25
3.3.1 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM 25
3.3.2 MOMENTUM BALANCE . 26
3.3.3 DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY EQUATION 26
3.4 VISCOSITY AND NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS 27
3.5 POTENTIAL FLOW 28
3.5.1 GENERAL 3D POTENTIAL FLOW 28
3.5.2 2D POTENTIAL ATTACHED FLOW 30
XLLL
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1030084181
XIV CONTENTS
3.5.3 2D POTENTIAL FLOW BEHIND A SEMI-INFINITE
SET OF LAMINA 34
3.5.4 2D SEPARATED FLOW 34
3.6 FORMULATION OF FLUID MECHANICS IN TERMS OF VORTICITY
AND VORTICES 35
3.6.1 FLOW AND FORCES 37
3.6.2 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY 37
3.6.3 VORTEX SHEETS 39
3.6.4 VORTICITY IN INVISCID FLOW 40
3.7 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY 40
3.7.1 THE CONCEPT OF A BOUNDARY LAYER 40
3.7.2 BOUNDARY LAYERS WITH PRESSURE GRADIENT 43
3.7.3 INTEGRAL BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS 43
3.8 STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW 45
3.9 TURBULENCE 46
3.9.1 INTRODUCTION 46
3.9.2 MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF TURBULENCE 47
3.9.3 THE PHYSICS OF TURBULENCE 50
3.9.4 KOLMOGOROV'S THEORY 50
3.9.5 DISSIPATION SCALES 53
3.9.6 TURBULENCE AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS 55
3.9.7 THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER 57
3.9.8 THE LOG LAW OF THE WALL 58
3.10 WIND AS TURBULENT FLOW IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE 59
3.11 PROBLEMS 61
REFERENCES 62
4 INFLOW CONDITIONS TO WIND TURBINES 65
4.1 IMPORTANCE OF INFLOW CONDITIONS TO ROTOR PERFORMANCE 65
4.2 WIND SHEAR 65
4.3 UNSTEADY INFLOW VERSUS TURBULENCE 67
4.4 MEASURING WIND 68
4.5 SYNTHETIC WINDS 69
4.6 PROBLEMS 71
REFERENCES 72
5 MOMENTUM THEORIES 75
5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOMENTUM THEORY 75
5.1.1 FORCES 75
5.1.2 POWER 77
5.1.3 REMARKS ON BEATING BETZ 78
5.2 GENERAL MOMENTUM THEORY 78
5.3 LIMITS AND EXTENSIONS OF GENERAL MOMENTUM THEORIES 84
5.4 THE BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM THEORY 85
CONTENTS XV
5.4.1 THE ORIGINAL FORMULATION 85
5.4.2 ENGINEERING MODIFICATIONS 86
5.4.3 COMPARISON TO ACTUAL DESIGNS 89
5.5 OPTIMUM ROTORS I 91
5.6 VERTICAL ROTORS 91
5.7 PROBLEMS 92
REFERENCES 96
6 APPLICATION OF VORTEX THEORY 99
6.1 VORTICES IN WIND TURBINE FLOW 99
6.2 ANALYTICAL EXAMPLES 100
6.3 VORTEX PATCHES 101
6.4 VORTEX LINES 102
6.4.1 VORTEX LINES OF FINITE LENGTH 102
6.4.2 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON VORTEX CORE SIZES 103
6.4.3 HELICAL VORTEX LINES 104
6.5 HELICAL VORTEX SHEETS 106
6.6 STREAM FUNCTION VORTICITY FORMULATION 109
6.6.1 NONLINEAR ACTUATOR DISK THEORY 109
6.6.2 APPLICATION TO WIND TURBINES 113
6.7 OPTIMUM ROTORS II 116
6.8 PROBLEMS 116
REFERENCES 118
7 APPLICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID MECHANICS 121
7.1 INTRODUCTION 121
7.2 PREPROCESSING 122
7.3 SOLVING THE NUMERICAL EQUATIONS 126
7.3.1 DISCRETIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 126
7.3.2 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 127
7.3.3 NUMERICAL TREATMENT OF THE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 127
7.4 POST-PROCESSING: DISPLAYING AND CHECKING THE RESULTS 127
7.5 TURBULENCE MODELS FOR CFD 127
7.5.1 PRANDTL'S MIXING LENGTH MODEL 129
7.5.2 ONE EQUATION MODELS 129
7.5.3 SPALART-ALLMARAS MODEL 130
7.5.4 TWO EQUATION MODELS 131
7.5.5 STANDARD
K-8
MODEL 132
7.5.6
K-S
MODEL FROM RENORMALIZATION GROUP THEORY 133
7.5.7 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR TURBULENT QUANTITIES
CLOSE TO WALLS 134
7.5.8 LOW-RE MODELS 135
7.5.9 MENTER'S SHEAR STRESS TRANSPORT MODEL 135
7.5.10 REYNOLDS STRESS MODELS 136
XVI CONTENTS
7.5.11 DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION 137
7.5.12 LARGE AND DETACHED EDDY SIMULATION 137
7.6 TRANSITIONAL FLOW 138
7.7 ACTUATOR DISK AND ACTUATOR LINE MODELING OF WIND
TURBINE ROTORS 139
7.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL AND EXAMPLES 139
7.7.2 IMPROVED MODELS FOR FINITE NUMBERS OF BLADES
IN BEM CODES 141
7.8 FULL-SCALE CFD MODELING OF WIND TURBINE ROTORS 142
7.8.1 NREL PHASE VI TURBINE 143
7.8.2 THE MEXICO ROTOR 143
7.8.3 COMMERCIAL WIND TURBINES 148
7.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT USE (AND ABUSE) OF CFD 151
7.10 PROBLEMS 151
REFERENCES 155
8 EXPERIMENTS 159
8.1 MEASUREMENTS OF 2D AIRFOIL DATA 159
8.2 MEASUREMENT OF WIND TURBINE POWER CURVES 162
8.3 IEAWIND FIELD ROTOR EXPERIMENTS 164
8.3.1 THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AND IEAWIND 164
8.3.2 IEAWIND ANNEX XIV AND XVIII 165
8.3.3 ANGLE OF ATTACK IN 3D CONFIGURATION 166
8.4 FFA/CARDC WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS 167
8.5 NREL NASA-AMES WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENT 167
8.6 MEXICO AND MEXNEXT 170
8.6.1 THE 2006 EXPERIMENT 170
8.6.2 USING THE DATA: MEXNEXT \ 172
8.6.3 WIND TURBINES IN YAW 173
8.7 EXPERIMENTS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER 175
8.7.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 175
8.7.2 LAMINAR PARTS ON THE WIND TURBINE BLADES 177
8.7.3 THE DAN-AERO MW EXPERIMENTS 177
8.7.4 HOT FILM MEASUREMENTS 179
8.8 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS IN WIND TURBINE AERODYNAMICS 181
8.9 PROBLEMS 182
REFERENCES 182
9 IMPACT OF AERODYNAMICS ON BLADE DESIGN 185
9.1 THE TASK OF BLADE DESIGN 185
9.2 AIRFOILS FOR WIND TURBINE BLADES 186
9.3 AERODYNAMIC DEVICES 187
9.3.1 VORTEX GENERATORS 188
9.3.2 GURNEY FLAPS 189
CONTENTS XVII
9.4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING 190
9.4.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 190
9.4.2 MANUFACTURING 193
9.5 EXAMPLES OF MODERN BLADE SHAPES 194
9.6 PROBLEMS 196
REFERENCES 196
10 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS 199
10.1 STATE OF THE ART 199
10.2 UPSCALING 199
10.3 OUTLOOK 201
REFERENCES 201
APPENDIX: SOLUTIONS 203
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 259
GLOSSARY 261
INDEX 263 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.45 |
| dewey-search | 621.45 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.45 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Energietechnik |
| format | Book |
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| isbn | 9783642364082 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Schaffarczyk, Alois 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)102623929X aut Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics A. P. Schaffarczyk Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2014 XXII, 265 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Green energy and technology Windturbine (DE-588)4189962-3 gnd rswk-swf Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd rswk-swf Aerodynamik (DE-588)4000589-6 gnd rswk-swf Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 s Windturbine (DE-588)4189962-3 s Aerodynamik (DE-588)4000589-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-36409-9 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4240584&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027435312&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schaffarczyk, Alois 1956- Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics Windturbine (DE-588)4189962-3 gnd Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd Aerodynamik (DE-588)4000589-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189962-3 (DE-588)4128839-7 (DE-588)4000589-6 |
| title | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |
| title_auth | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |
| title_full | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics A. P. Schaffarczyk |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics A. P. Schaffarczyk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics A. P. Schaffarczyk |
| title_short | Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |
| title_sort | introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics |
| topic | Windturbine (DE-588)4189962-3 gnd Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd Aerodynamik (DE-588)4000589-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Windturbine Windkraftwerk Aerodynamik |
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