Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken: vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Kecskemét
Bács-Kiskun Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága
2007
|
| Series: | Monumenta muzeologica
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 264 S. Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789637216961 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152382330765312 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TARTALOM ~
CUPRINS
Előszó ~
Prefaţă
....................................................................................... 9
Kővár-vidék
-
Districtus Kőváriensis
.................................................... 11
Zona
Chioar
-
Districtus Kőváriensis
.................................................... 11
Az összeírás
-
Conscripţia
..................................................................... 19
A Teleki família és Kővár-vidék kisnemesei
......................................... 23
Familia
Teleki
şi mica nobilime
din zona Chioar
.................................. 23
Az összeírt települések...........................................................................
29
Aşezământele trecute în conscripţie
....................................................... 29
Berkesz ~ Bérchez
........................................................................... 29
Berkeszpataka ~ Berchezoaia
......................................................... 33
Butyásza ~
Buteasa
......................................................................... 35
Honda ~
Ileanda
............................................................................... 39
Honda
Pataka ~
Dolheni
.................................................................. 40
Szelnyitze ~ Salniţa
......................................................................... 41
Preluka
-
Preluca
............................................................................ 44
Fringfalva ~ Frâncenii de Piatră
...................................................... 46
Kis Berszo ~
Bârseuţa
..................................................................... 47
Remete
-
Remetea Chioarului
........................................................ 48
Gaura
-
Gaura Sângelui
.................................................................. 51
Magosfalva ~
Mogoşeşti
................................................................. 53
Kis Fentős ~
Finteuşu Mic
.............................................................. 53
Jeder ~
Iadăra
.................................................................................. 54
Hosszúfalva ~
Satulung
................................................................... 55
Hidegkút ~
Vidacut
......................................................................... 56
Törökfalva ~
Buciumi
..................................................................... 56
Somkut
-
Şomcuta Mare
................................................................. 57
Tér és társadalom viszonya a vallomásokban
........................................ 61
Relaţia dintre spaţiu şi societate reflectată în mărturii
........................... 61
Társadalom ~
Societatea
................................................................. 61
Településrend ~
Sistemul de aşezare
.............................................. 68
Határhasználat ~ Modul de
cultivare a hotarelor
............................ 75
Természeti környezet ~
Mediul natural ..........................................
82
Irodalom ~
Bibliografie
.......................................................................... 87
Forrásközlés
-
Publicarea izvoarelor .....................................................
95
A parcellák helye ~
Denumirea hotarelor ............................................
223
Latin és táj szavak ~
Expresii latine şi regionalisme
............................ 248
Résumât
................................................................................................ 251
Summary
.............................................................................................. 256
8
RESUMAT
Volumul prezintă conscripţia din
1803,
pe baza mărturiilor, aflate în
custodia Muzeului
Kiskun din Kiskunfélegyháza
(Ungaria). Izvorul
datelor constituie el însuşi o sursă aparte, din moment ce trece în revistă
bunurile şi uzufructurile nobilimii composesorale, bunuri absente din
conscripţia dărilor pentru cele
18
aşezări ale districtului Chioarului.
Districtul Chioarului era o regiune privilegiată, care
s
-а
transformat mult
în secolul
18.
şi asemănând tot mai mult cu un comitat, dar integrarea
căruia în sistemul comitatelor (judeţelor) nu a avut loc decât în
1876.
Din
1877
o parte din localităţile sale făcea parte din componenţa comitatului
Sătmar, iar cealaltă parte din cea a comitatului Solnoc-Dăbâca. Cele
18
aşezări cuprinse în conscripţie aparţin azi de România. Publicarea acestor
date, respectiv a studiului însoţitor permite aprofundarea cunoştinţelor
actuale despre această regiune, indicând şi posibile direcţii pentru cer¬
cetări ulterioare atât în România, cât şi în Ungaria.
Volumul este împărţit în două părţi mari. în prima parte sunt
cuprinse capitolele prezentând regiunea şi conscripţia, în a doua parte are
loc publicarea datelor şi a aparatului ştiinţific auxiliar,
ex.
lista expresiilor
străine, indexul denumirilor geografice.
în studiul introductiv autoarea
Bánkiné Molnár Erzsébet
oferă
о
scurtă trecere în revistă a izvoarelor maghiare cu referire la districtul
Chioarului, de la descrierea lui
Bél Mátyás
din
1725
până în zilele
noastre, insistând asupra importanţei lucrărilor publicate de
Trócsányi
Zsolt
şi
Szentgyörgyi Mária,
precum şi a lucărilor lui Csetri
Elek
şi Imreh
István
referitoare la zona Partiumului.
întrucât există puţină bibliografie cu privire la zona Chioar, infor¬
maţiile noastre despre această regiune nu sunt nici astăzi satisfăcătoare.
Chioar era o cetate cavalerească, construită după invazia tătarilor,
donată de regele
Leopold,
lui
Báthory Gábor,
domnitorul Transilvaniei. In
jurul cetăţii, pe valea Someşului şi a Lăpuşului
s
-а
format o comunitate
importantă a ţărănimii libere şi a micii nobilimi, care în urma serviciilor
militare pentru locuitorii cetăţii au obţinut diferite privilegii şi drepturi.
Din
1615
cetatea şi împrejurimile sale era declarată de către dieta
ardeleană
dominiu
fiscal cu drepturi proprii. în acelaşi an
s
-а
decretat prin
lege, că domnitorul nu are voie să doneze dominiul prin jure
perpetuo, ci
numai prin inscripţio (acesta însemnând că donatara domeniului nu avea
251
voie să vândă bunul obţinut pentru o sumă fixată putea doar să-1
folosească şi să dispună asupra lui). Cetatea a fost demolată la ordinul lui
Rabutin după învingerea luptei pentru libertate, condusă de
Rákóczi.
Familia
Teleki a
primit domeniile fiscale ca şi contravaloarea sumei
de
45000
de forinţi, împrumutate regelui
Leopold
L, tezaurariatul
rezervându-şi însă dreptul de a le răscumpăra, deoarece din dominiile
fiscale domnitorul nu avea dreptul să doneze domenii familiale, ci numai
să le dea drept gaj. în
1780
împărăteasa
Maria Tereza
a donat dreptul de a
răscumpăra dominiile din districtul Chioarului familiei
Teleki,
pentru a
achita dobânzile constituite după împrumutul original către regele
Leopold.
Această donaţie a avut o importanţă deosebită pentru familia
Teleki,
lezând însă interesele proprietarilor liberi din regiune.
Ştim că această conscripţie efectuată pe baza mărturiilor, publicată
pentru prima dată în acest volum era menită pentru a apăra drepturile
fiscale, identificate de familia Teleki cu propriile drepturi. Mărturiile
oferă descrierea acelor aşezări, care aparţineau de multă vreme familiei
Teleki, pe care însă, în acelaşi timp, deţineau bunuri (câştigate cu diferite
titluri juridice) şi cei aparţinând nobilimii composesorale. Domeniul
alodial
constituia un bun interzis atât nobililor, cât şi ţăranilor din sate, dar
aceste restricţii erau în mod constant încălcate. încălcarea restricţiilor se
manifesta în unele cazuri în ocupări abuzive, defrişări, acaparea uzu-
fructurilor regale mai mărunte. Audierea martorilor avea drept scop
remedierea acestor doleanţe.
Totalul volumelor studiate cuprinde
3850
de pagini scrise în limba
maghiară, latină şi română. Autoarea analizează din punct de vedere
social, economic şi istoric mărturiile depuse, titlurile de proprietate ale
nobililor composesorali, modalităţile şi dimensiunea ocupărilor abuzive şi
a defrişărilor. Totodată sunt prezentate şi cauzele şi modalităţile dividerii
bunurilor denumite
antiqua
sessio (antiqua
sessio
însemna acel teren, care
simboliza toate drepturile şi obligaţiile şi care servea drept dovadă pentru
titlul juridic al dobândirii.) în ţinutul Chioarului era considerată antiqua
sessio locuinţa din sat cu terenul aferent, având pământuri delimitate în
hotare. Nobilimea folosea hotarele comune în funcţie de numărul antiqua
sessio deţinute.
Studiul oferă detalii cu privire la metodele de cultivare a pămân¬
tului, şi a defrişării, specifice pentru această zonă. în centrul atenţiei se
află folosirea pământurilor de către mica nobilime, dar oferă şi date
referitoare la morărit şi cârciumărit. Mărturiile descriu şi tradiţii locale,
precum obiceiul autoasigurării hopşa.
252
Conscripţia cuprinde
1118
persoane ai nobilimii composesorale,
însă această mică nobilime nu poate fi considerată unitară, din moment ce
majoritatea covârşitoare a acestor proprietari efectua ea însuşi cultivarea
pământului, mulţi fiind obligaţi a presta munci de jeler, doi trăind chiar pe
pământ iobăgesc. De multe ori nici cei care efectuau conscripţia nu erau
convinşi de titlul de nobil ai celor ascultaţi. Mărturiile cuprind de fiecare
dată şi probleme neclare. Obţinerea titlului de nobil era de multe ori
uitată, comunitatea sătească însă întotdeauna îşi amintea de datele
referitoare la dobândirea terenului. Chiar şi după mai multe generaţii se
ştia care dintre familii deţinea în sat antiqua sessio şi cum
s
-а
scindat ea
de-a lungul timpului.
în capitolul denumit Relaţia dintre spaţiu şi societatei, reflectată în
mărturii ne oferă o sintetizare a informaţiilor referitoare la ordinea
terenurilor
extra-
şi intravilane din cele
18
sate, structura societăţii locale
a proprietarilor. Structura nobilimii composesorale se împarte în extranei
şi proprietari ai terenurilor neocupate. Din punct de vedere al sistemului
de aşezare există două grupuri mari: proprietari de antiqua sessio în teren
intravilan structurat de străzi, sau aglomerări de locuinţe şi proprietari
nobili locuind în hotare.
Din datele studiate putem trage concluzia că bucăţile de pământ
antiqua sessio ale terenului intravilan s-au scindat în aşa fel, încât la un
moment dat, doar o casă încăpea pe ele. Din cele
18
aşezări un număr de
45
composesori nu avea deloc teren intravilan. Cei mai mulţi dintre ei
trăiau la Berchezoaia, Dolheni, Sălniţa şi Buteasa. Cel mai mic teren
intravilan constituia
1/16
parte a bunului original, iar cel mai mare era de
10
cubie.
Autoarea exemplifică cu ajutorul tabelelor pentru fiecare aşe¬
zare în parte împărţirea în funcţie de mărimea terenului
Folosirea hotarelor se făcea peste tot după sistemul asolamentului
bienal. Multe exemple ilustrează cum rudele lucrau în comun pământul,
de
ex.
la Frâncenii de Piatră şi Satulung nici un nobil composesoral nu
cultiva pământul independent.
De fapt nobilii împărţeau pământul composesoral cu iobagii şi cu
stăpânul acestora. Din păcate regulile împărţirii nu reies din mărturii.
E
sigur însă, că composesorii considerau pământul composesoral bunul lor
propriu, mai mulţi dintre ei ocupând terenul pentru locuit şi parcelele
exterioare din aceste pământuri. Cele mai stridente sunt însă exemplele de
ocupare abuzivă a pădurilor şi a pământurilor pentru defrişări.
în timpul conscripţiei atât mărimea terenului antiqua sessio, cât şi
regulile pământurilor arondate au devenit mai nesigure. Ajungerea la
consens era îngreunată şi de migrarea continuă. Amestecarea în spaţiu a
253
terenurilor cu diferite titluri juridice era favorizată pe lângă defrişări şi de
zălog. Mai mulţi au preluat pământurile iobagilor în zălog, alţii defrişau
din pădurea ocrotită aparţinătoare familiei Teleki.
Denumirile de hotar, denumirile geografice parafrazate, consemnate
în acest volum oferă exemple cu privire la gruparea ogoarelor şi fâne-
ţurilor în jurul unui asolament. Din confruntarea denumirilor cu pre¬
ponderenţă româneşti din hotare, şi a modului de cultivare a pământului
se poate conclude că terenurile arabile erau situate distanţat în hotare.
Proprietarii executau lucrările de cultivare a pământului la locuri fixate.
Viţele erau îngrădite, de pildă la
Bérchez.
Cu excepţia materialului onomastic maghiar din
Bérchez,
în
celelalte
17
aşezări denumirile maghiare sau numele de familii maghiare
sunt rare, însă în context se indică şi prezenţa populaţiei maghiare şi a
celei secuieşti, precum şi coabitarea populaţiei româneşti şi celei
maghiare în cadrul aceluiaşi sat. Autoarea oferă o scurtă prezentare a
materialului onomastic, mediul natural şi social care se conturează din
aceste nume.
In a doua parte a volumului sunt publicate izvoarele. Metodologia
conscripţiei este unitară, conscriptorii adresând în fiecare aşezare aceleaşi
întrebări martorilor (consemnând numele şi statutul lor).
Martorul este ştie sigur, a văzut sau a ştie din altă parte, respectiv de
unde ştie sau cum a aflat că:
1.
Fiscul regal, în calitate de proprietar al ţinutului Chioarului, în ce
mod a fost lezat în drepturi în această zonă, în special în satul unde se
efectuează conscrierea, de către proprietarii locali în privinţa cărcium-
ăritului, măcelăritului, morăritului, păduritului şi folosinţei hotarelor?
2.
Este adevărat sau nu că atât în sat, cât şi în hotarele şi pădurile
sale s-au efectuat mari ocupări?
3.
Este adevărat, sau nu, că prin scindarea bunului antiqua sessio
printre ei, sau prin separarea şi defrişarea noilor terenuri din suprafeţele
hotarelor şi a pădurilor s-au dobândit noi terenuri pentru antiqua sessiol
4.
Denumiţi sesiunile antiqua sessio dar împărţite între mai multe
familii precum şi proprietarii şi locuitorii lor! Martorul să enumere fiecare
ogor, fânaţ şi viţă de vie veche după astfel de suprafaţă sau suprafeţe
antiqua sessiol Martorul să enumere defrişările care s-au făcut în sat şi în
hotare, în păduri, ogoare, fânaţuri şi viţe de vie! Să declare unde şi ce fel
de păduri au fost distruse, defrişate, transformate în ogoare, fâneţe,
păşuni, viţe de vie sau noi suprafeţe antiqua sessiol
5.
Cine a comis fărădelegea şi când?
254
Răspunsurile au fost consemnate în volume în limba maghiară.
Numele proprii şi denumirile geografice au fost consemnate cum s-au
pronunţat şi după auz, şi în limba în care s-au rostit. în conscripţie s-a
consemnat locul, data, împrejurimile în care
s
-а
efectuat ascultarea,
numele martorilor, vârsta lor, statutul social, jurământul martorilor,
precum şi sinteza răspunsurilor date la cele cinci întrebări.
Conscripţia este efectuată în ordinea caselor de locuit şi consem¬
nează: mărimea terenului şi vecinii săi, ogoarele după parcele şi asola-
ment, fânaţurile după asolament, defrişările după asolament, viţele de vie
şi poziţia lor în hotar. Având în vedere dimensiunea documentului
original, nu este posibilă publicarea în întregime a textelor. Descrierea
bunurilor imobile pentru fiecare persoană în parte este comprimată pe
aşezări şi oferită în forma unei sinteze în prima parte a acestei cărţi.
Cele relatate de martori, observaţiile cu privire la totalitatea com-
posesoratului, precum şi datele trecute în tabele şi grupate după aşezări
sunt transcrise
ad literám.
Tabelele, grupate şi ele după aşezări cuprind
următoarele date: numele a
1118
de nobili composesorali, statutul juridic
şi mărimea proprietăţii lor.
Cititorul găseşte şi o culegere a denumirilor geografice (datorită
complexităţii materialul onomastic acesta nu poate fi reprodus în
întregime), precum şi o listă a expresiilor latine şi a regionalismelor.
255
SUMMARY
The main focus of the publication is a document to be found in the
collection of the
Kiskun
Museum in
Kiskunfélegyháza,
the list of
testimonies dating from
1803.
The document as a historic source is a
rarity, since it is a record of the landed estates, the rights of usufruct and
the beneficial interests of those noblemen of the
18
villages in the
Kővár
region who were public landowners (i.e. individual land ownership but
affairs managed jointly), and who were omitted from the list of tax
assessments. The
Kővár
region, which was considered as a privileged
district, in the course of the 18th century had been taking on a more and
more county-type character, although its actual integration into the county
system took place only in
1876.
From the year
1877
some of the villages
of the region became part of
Szatmár
county, while others were annexed
to Szolnok-Doboka county. The
18
villages included in the list of testi¬
monies today belong to Romania. The publication of the source, together
with the study based on the analysis of the source, may offer an excellent
opportunity for making our knowledge concerning this region more
specified and detailed, and it might even induce further research both in
Hungary and Romania.
The book can be divided into two major parts. In the first part there
are chapters which provide general information on the region, as well as
chapters presenting the analyses of the document, whereas in the second
part you can find information on the sources used, furthermore some
complementary parts, like the indices of foreign words and place-names,
which make precise comprehension easier.
In the introduction of the book the author, Mrs.
Bánki Erzsébet
Molnár
gives a brief overview of the special literature of Hungarian
language concerning the
Kővár
region, covering the period from
1725,
the
date when the description of the country by
Mátyás Bél
was published, to
this day. The author emphasizes that the relevant works of
Zsolt Tró-
csányi
and
Mária Szentgyörgyi,
as well as the studies with an outlook to
the Partium region, written by
Elek Csetri
and
István Imreh,
are of
outstanding importance within the special literature. Since the special
literature concerning the
Kővár
region is extremely scarce, our knowledge
on this region is rather limited to this day.
256
Kővár
was a baronial castle built after the Mongol invasion of
Hungary
(1241-1242),
bestowed by king Louis the Great to Balk, Walla-
chian
voivod.
From
1608
the castle became the hereditary estate of
Gábor
Báthory,
prince of Transylvania. In the district organised around the
castle, in the area located between the
Szamos
and
Lapos
rivers, in the
valley of the
Lapos
river, a considerable number of people lived, mem¬
bers of such layers of the society as free peasants and the lower nobility,
who rendered the castle military and other services, and were granted
various privileges and rights in return. It was from the year
1615
that the
castle and the neighbouring area
-
as a district having specific rights -had
been declared by the Parliament of Transylvania an estate of the Ex¬
chequer. At the same time it was enacted by law that the prince did not
have the right to bestow the estate of the Exchequer on somebody by
jure
perpetuo ,
but only in the legal way called
inscripţio .
The legal
action
inscripţio
meant that the beneficiary of the bestowal was granted
the landed estate as a precisely identified and fix amount of money, and
the beneficiary was only entitled to use it freely, not to pass it on to
anybody else. After the defeat of the war of independence lead by
Rá¬
kóczi,
the castle was laid in ruins upon the order of Rabutin.
The estates of the Exchequer were bestowed on the Teleki-family as
a compensation for the sum of
45,000
florins they had lent to king Leo¬
pold I. However, the right of redemption was retained by the Exchequer,
since the monarch was not entitled to bestow the landed estates of the
Exchequer as hereditary estates, he was only allowed to put these estates
in pawn. The right of redemption concerning the estates in the
Kővár
district was bestowed on the Teleki-family by the queen Maria Theresa in
1780,
as the payment for the accrued interest on the sometime loan. The
grant was of extraordinary importance for the Teleki-family, but it colli¬
ded with the interests of the free landowners of the region.
What we know is that the list, now published in an abbreviated and
summarized form, was compiled in
1803
on the basis of the testimonies
made by witnesses, and it was made for the purpose of protecting the
rights of the Exchequer, which were in fact taken for granted by the
Teleki-family as if they had been their own rights. These testimonies
provide the description of pieces of land located in the villages which had
been part of the Teleki-estates for a very long time, but in which villages
there were other landowners too, noblemen, who owned some pieces of
land which they had somehow acquired, and who belonged to the group
of public landowners. The landlord s estate was equally prohibited terri¬
tory for both the noblemen and the peasants living in the village. But
257
these
prohibitions
were infringed over and over again. The infringement
took the form of either an excessive seizure or occupation of land, or the
clearing of areas in the forest, or the appropriation of less important, mi¬
nor royal rights of usufruct. The aim of the hearing of witnesses was to
investigate and throw light on these grievances.
The total size of the volumes involved in the analysis is
3850
pages
consisting of notes in Hungarian, Latin and Romanian languages. The
author analyzes the testimonies, the ownership of the noblemen who were
public landowners, the quantity of and the methods used by the actions of
clearing and occupying the pieces of land, the analysis being made village
by village, from the points of view of the history of society and economy.
The author explains the reasons leading to and the methods used in
dividing the antiqua sessions into pieces.
Antiqua sessio
is the term
used for the piece of land that played the role of a symbol, expressing and
referring to the relevant rights and responsibilities of the owner, it was a
sort of a measure of the owner s legal title, indicating the extent to which
he had claim to the public fields. In the
Kővár
region the house in the
village and the ground-plot belonging to the house constituted the
antiqua sessio , which was associated with complementary parts located
in the area on the outskirts, in the fields publicly owned by the village.
Noblemen were entitled to use a part of these publicly owned fields pro¬
portional to their antiqua sessio located in the village.
From the analysis the reader can gain detailed knowledge on the
agricultural practices and the methods of clearing that had been used in
the region. The emphasis is on the
lando
wnership of the lower nobility,
but we learn new details concerning the rights to work a mill, and that of
the innkeepers. The testimonies throw light on local customs, like e.g. the
self-insurance scheme.
The investigation covered
1118
members of the public landowners.
This social layer of the lower nobility, however, can by no means be
considered as a uniform layer. The predominant majority of them did the
peasants work in cultivating the land themselves, there were several of
them who lived a cotter s life, and two of them lived on serf s holdings.
There were several noblemen of whose nobility even the commissioners
of the investigation themselves were not convinced. On each occasion the
testimonies went into details in highlighting these doubts. The fact that
someone had been raised to noble rank often became obscure, whereas
detailed knowledge concerning landownership had always been kept in
the remembrance of the community of the village. Even after several
generations it was still common knowledge which family had antiqua
258
ground-plot in the village and how it had been broken up into smaller
pieces in the course of time.
In the chapter under the title The relationship between spatial
features and society as reflected in the testimonies the author summa¬
rizes her conclusions with respect to the
18
villages in question in general,
as well as
-
among others
-
concerning the pattern of land use in the inner
part and on the outskirts of the villages, and the social structure of the
group of local landowners. Within the social group of the noblemen who
were public landowners, three special separate groups have to be also
distinguished: those who were not residents of the village but had some of
their landed estates there, the
extraneus
(non-residents having all their
estates in the village) and the non-resident owners of non-cultivated,
abandoned pieces of land. As far as the structure or the type of settlement
is concerned, a distinction can be made between the owners of antiqua
ground-plots who lived in the inner part of the villages
-
the villages
either being of the type with a layout of streets or of a sort of an agglo¬
meration of ground-plots
-
and noblemen who lived on the outskirts of
the villages either in scattered dwellings or on parcels of land surrounded
by neighbouring plots.
The conclusion can be drawn that the process of breaking up the
antiqua ground-plots located in the inner part of the villages into smaller
and smaller pieces was going on as long as there was enough room on the
plot for at least a house. In the
18
villages included in the investigation
there were
45
compossessors who did not possess any ground-plot in
the village at all. Most of them lived in the villages Berkeszpataka,
Ilondapataka, Szelnitze and
Butyásza.
The area of the smallest of these in-
the-village ground-plots was just
1/16*
of the original size. The biggest
one was of the size of
10
butts (an area that could be put under wheat with
10
butts of seed). The author presents tables, village by village, showing
the distribution of the ground-plots by size.
The characteristic method of cultivation used on the fields on the
outskirts of the villages was everywhere the two-course rotation. It was
reported that in several villages agricultural activities were carried out
jointly by relatives. In Fringfalva and
Hosszúfalva,
e.g. there was not one
single public landowner who managed his farm individually on his own.
In everyday practice noblemen shared the publicly owned land with
the serfs and the landlord of the serfs. Unfortunately the testimonies do
not reveal the rules according to which they divided the land among one
another. It remains certain that the compossessors considered the public
land as if it had been their own property, many of them occupied both
259
ground-plots to build their house and parcels of land on the outskirts from
the public land. The events of occupying and clearing areas in the forests
are the most striking phenomena.
By the time the investigation was carried out and the testimonies
were recorded, the size of the antiqua ground-plot as well as the rules of
proportion associated with this size had become loose, and became sort of
absorbed in the general aim of protecting the privileges of the nobility.
The continuous migration also made it more difficult to reach a consen¬
sus. The process, by which the landed estates of different legal status were
mixing with each other in terms of their spatial distribution, was facilita¬
ted, apart from the clearings, also by the procedures of putting and taking
the estates in pawn. Some people took in pawn pieces of land in copy¬
hold, others cleared grounds in the prohibited forests of the Teleki-estate.
In the local practice of cultivation the parcels of land were connec¬
ted by the courses of rotation. On the basis of the names of the fields
located on the outskirts of the villages, as well as by considering the
periphrastic geographical designations, it can be deducted how the parcels
of plough-land and the hayfields were grouped in each particular course
of rotation. By collating the designations and names of the fields
-
that
are mostly of Romanian language
-
and the type of cultivation, it can be
concluded that in the fields situated on a hilly, wooded terrain, the pieces
of arable land were located separately, in patches. On the area of one
particular arable patch of land, every landowner having a share in the area
cultivated his parcel of land in the same course of rotation. Vineyards
were surrounded with hedge, that was the case e.g. in Berkesz.
Except for the Hungarian stock of names in Berkesz, in the other
17
villages Hungarian geographical designations and family names are only
to be found sporadically. Some references within the text, however, lead
us to believe that in several cases Hungarian and
Székely-Hungarian
population were also present, Hungarian and Romanian population lived
in the village side by side in co-existence. The author gives a brief over¬
view of the sock of names referring to the natural and social environment.
In the second part of the publication you will find information on
the sources used. The structure of the list of testimonies is uniform. The
commissioners carrying out the investigation went from village to village
and asked the witnesses the very same questions, making a precise record
of the names and the social status of the witnesses.
260
Does the witness know, has the witness seen or experienced, or
rather on what basis does he know, and in which way has he experienced
that:
1.
What are the grievances of the Royal Exchequer
-
as the pro-
prietarius of the
Kővár
region
-
against the local landowners, in the
Kővár
region, and in particular in the village where the question is being
asked, with respect to how the inns, the butcher s shop, the mills are kept,
and also concerning the forests, the use of the fields on the outskirts, and
the way law courts are held?
2.
Is that true that both in the village and on its outskirts, as well as
in the forests major actions of occupation of land took place?
3.
Is that true that either by having broken up the antiqua sessions
into several pieces, or by having occupied and cleared new sessio-s from
the fields and forests of the village, these pieces of land are used as if they
were regular antiqua sessions, and the land on the outskirts is also used
according to these new proportions?
4.
Give the names of the owners and residents of those antiqua ses¬
sions that have been broken up! The witness should list all the original,
old pieces of plough-land, hayfield, vineyard and all other appurtenances
which used to be associated with these sessio-s! He should list all the
actions of land occupation that took place in the village, in the fields on
the outskirts, such as in the forests, plough-land, hayfields, and vineyards!
He should specify by giving the names and designations, where and what
kind of forests have been ruined and cleared, and have been converted
into plough-land, hayfield, pasture, vineyard, and new sessio-s.
5.
Who committed these illegal actions, and when?
In our volumes the answers have been recorded in Hungarian lan¬
guage. Personal names and geographical names were written down on the
basis of their pronunciation, i.e. aurally, in the way it was heard and in the
language it was said. In the document the venue, the date and time, the
circumstances of the hearing were always indicated, the name, age, social
status of the witnesses, and the oath taken by the witnesses were all re¬
corded, at last the general answers given to the five questions were sum¬
marized.
The list follows the sequence of the ground-plots and the following
data of the plots are recorded: the size of the ground-plot, and its neigh¬
bours, the pieces of plough-land listed by the courses of rotation and by
the parcels of land, hayfields by the courses of rotation, clearings by the
courses of rotation, the vineyards, as well as the geographical designa-
261
tions
used to identify these places on the outskirts. Given the size of the
original document, there is no opportunity for publishing it in full size. In
the first part of the book you can find an overall analysis of the descrip¬
tions of the landed estates, which in the original document are recorded
individually for each landowner. The analysis is structured village by
village. The comments made by the witnesses concerning the entire social
layer of public landowners, as well as the data registered in the form of a
table are published by Mrs.
Bánki Erzsébet Molnár
village by village,
using facsimile printing type. The tables include the names, the legal
status and the sizes of the landed estates of
1118
public landowners, listed
village by village.
As far as geographical names are concerned, those interested in the
topic can find a selection of them in the book. The entire stock of names
would be far too extensive for the size of our book. At last the index of
Latin and dialect words makes it easier to fully understand the text.
262
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bánkiné Molnár, Erzsébet 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133886972 |
| author_facet | Bánkiné Molnár, Erzsébet 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bánkiné Molnár, Erzsébet 1946- |
| author_variant | m e b me meb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041981312 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)884351398 (DE-599)BVBBV041981312 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1500-1810 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1500-1810 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041981312 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:09:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789637216961 |
| language | Hungarian |
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| publisher | Bács-Kiskun Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Monumenta muzeologica |
| series2 | Monumenta muzeologica |
| spelling | Bánkiné Molnár, Erzsébet 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)133886972 aut Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból Bánkiné Molnár Erzsébet Kecskemét Bács-Kiskun Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága 2007 264 S. Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monumenta muzeologica 1 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1500-1810 gnd rswk-swf Nobility / Romania / Vărai Region / History / 19th century / Sources Land tenure / Romania / Vărai Region / 19th century / Statistics Geschichte Statistik Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Chioar (DE-588)7688738-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content (DE-588)4188171-0 Verzeichnis gnd-content Chioar (DE-588)7688738-8 g Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 s Geschichte 1500-1810 z DE-604 Monumenta muzeologica 1 (DE-604)BV041258340 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027423761&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027423761&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bánkiné Molnár, Erzsébet 1946- Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból Monumenta muzeologica Nobility / Romania / Vărai Region / History / 19th century / Sources Land tenure / Romania / Vărai Region / 19th century / Statistics Geschichte Statistik Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000464-8 (DE-588)7688738-8 (DE-588)4135952-5 (DE-588)4188171-0 |
| title | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból |
| title_auth | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból |
| title_exact_search | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból |
| title_full | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból Bánkiné Molnár Erzsébet |
| title_fullStr | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból Bánkiné Molnár Erzsébet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból Bánkiné Molnár Erzsébet |
| title_short | Nemesi közbirtokosságok a Kővár-vidéken |
| title_sort | nemesi kozbirtokossagok a kovar videken vallomasos osszeiras 1803 bol |
| title_sub | vallomásos összeírás 1803-ból |
| topic | Nobility / Romania / Vărai Region / History / 19th century / Sources Land tenure / Romania / Vărai Region / 19th century / Statistics Geschichte Statistik Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nobility / Romania / Vărai Region / History / 19th century / Sources Land tenure / Romania / Vărai Region / 19th century / Statistics Geschichte Statistik Adel Rumänien Chioar Quelle Verzeichnis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027423761&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027423761&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041258340 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bankinemolnarerzsebet nemesikozbirtokossagokakovarvidekenvallomasososszeiras1803bol |